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Objective To investigate anxious and depressive emotions in patients underwent cervical cancer surgery and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods A total of 304 patients who underwent primary cervical cancer surgery in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University from Oct 2018 to Jun 2021, were recruited to evaluate the clinical effect based on cervical cancer-patient reported outcome 137 scale (CC-PRO137 scale). This study focused on dimensions of depressive and anxious emotions within this scale and explored their influencing factors. Results The average scores of their depressive and anxious emotions within half a year after surgery were 4.141±0.798 and 4.020±0.616, respectively; and the average scores of depressive and anxious emotions more than one year after surgery were 4.250±0.802 and 4.097±0.613, respectively. By using statistical methods including analysis of variance and t test, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the scores of depression and anxiety among cervical cancer patients under different postoperative adjuvant treatments and at different postoperative time points (P<0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the scores of depression and anxiety among patients with different ages, surgical methods, and clinical stages of cervical cancer (P>0.05). Conclusion Patients underwent cervical cancer surgery may suffer varying degree of depressive and anxious emotions, and the main influencing factors are different adjuvant treatments and the length of time for postsurgical recovery. Medical practitioners should strengthen comfort and care for patients with cervical cancer, especially those who receive chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments and are in the primary stage after the surgery. Formulating positive intervention measures can effectively reduce the psychological pain of patients and safeguard their physical and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]