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To explore the interaction between the fine roots of Picea crassifolia and soil microorganisms in the Qinghai cold region and clarify the contribution of microorganisms in the fine root development process, P. crassifolia forests were selected, incorporating varying degrees of mingling (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) as the focal points of this research. The study aimed to explore the impact of mingling on parameters such as fine root biomass density, root length density, root surface area density, specific root surface area, and specific root length. Additionally, an investigation was conducted on the soil bacterial and fungal communities within the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers. The study also sought to establish connections between fine root morphological indices and soil microorganisms. The results showed that the fine root biomass density, root length density, root surface area density, specific root surface area, and specific root length in the 0-20 cm soil layer of P. crassifolia forest with mingling 0.4 reached the maximum. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Basidiomycota are the dominant microorganisms in the soil, whereas at the genus level, Gp4, Gemmatimonas, Sebacina, and Inocybe are the dominant microorganisms in the soil. The correlation between fine root morphology and microbial community showed that specific root surface area and specific root length were negatively correlated with bacterial ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indexes. Sphingomonas and Sebacina are the key factors affecting biomass density, while Gaiella and Membranomyces are the key factors affecting root length density, root surface area density, specific root surface area, and specific root length. P. crassifolia forest with a mingling of 0.4 can promote the growth of fine roots within the constructive species community and improve the stability of the soil microbial community. In the future, the management of this natural forest area should thoroughly account for the impact of mingling on community stability while also preventing external activities from disrupting the growth of topsoil and fine roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]