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The article is concerned with a central contribution of designing to information visualization in the digital humanities. The activity is characterized as one of externalization, instantiation in visible or tangible form of ideas that might otherwise be internal to the minds of the designer and other participants. A spectrum of different interpretations of this process in the existing literature is discussed, focusing on early attempts to theorize designing as a means of creating new knowledge, and especially the ways in which that new knowledge contributes to defining or redefining the question or problem to be addressed. The arguments are illustrated with recent practical examples from the authors’ own work in designing with a range of cultural organizations, museums and archives. The article concludes with reflections on how projects may best benefit from this work of design, empowering the designer as a co-researcher, alongside the historian, curator or other humanities scholar.

Evolutionary multitasking (EMT) is a newly emerging research topic in the community of evolutionary computation, which aims to improve the convergence characteristic across multiple distinct optimization tasks simultaneously by triggering knowledge transfer among them. Unfortunately, most of the existing EMT algorithms are only capable of boosting the optimization performance for homogeneous problems which explicitly share the same (or similar) fitness landscapes. Seldom efforts have been devoted to generalize the EMT for solving heterogeneous problems. A few preliminary studies employ domain adaptation techniques to enhance the transferability between two distinct tasks. However, almost all of these methods encounter a severe issue which is the so-called degradation of intertask mapping. Keeping this in mind, a novel rank loss function for acquiring a superior intertask mapping is proposed in this article. In particular, with an evolutionary-path-based representation model for optimization instance, an analytical solution of affine transformation for bridging the gap between two distinct problems is mathematically derived from the proposed rank loss function. It is worth mentioning that the proposed mapping-based transferability enhancement technique can be seamlessly embedded into an EMT paradigm. Finally, the efficacy of our proposed method against several state-of-the-art EMTs is verified experimentally on a number of synthetic multitasking and many-tasking benchmark problems, as well as a practical case study.

The tippedisk is a mechanical-mathematical archetype for friction-induced instability phenomena that exhibits an interesting inversion phenomenon when spun rapidly. The inversion phenomenon of the tippedisk can be modeled by a rigid eccentric disk in permanent contact with a flat support, and the dynamics of the system can therefore be formulated as a set of ordinary differential equations. The qualitative behavior of the nonlinear system can be analyzed, leading to slow-fast dynamics. Since even a freely rotating rigid body with six degrees of freedom already leads to highly nonlinear system equations, a general analysis for the full system equations is not feasible. In a first step the full system equations are linearized around the inverted spinning solution with the aim to obtain a local stability analysis. However, it turns out that the linear dynamics of the full system cannot properly describe the qualitative behavior of the tippedisk. Therefore, we simplify the equations of motion of the tippedisk in such a way that the qualitative dynamics are preserved in order to obtain a reduced model that will serve as the basis for a following nonlinear stability analysis. The reduced equations are presented here in full detail and are compared numerically with the full model. Furthermore, using the reduced equations we give approximate closed form results for the critical spinning speed of the tippedisk., Projekt DEAL

The memory hierarchy has a high impact on the performance and power consumption in the system. Moreover, current embedded systems, included in mobile devices, are specifically designed to run multimedia applications, which are memory intensive. This increases the pressure on the memory subsystem and affects the performance and energy consumption. In this regard, the thermal problems, performance degradation and high energy consumption, can cause irreversible damage to the devices. We address the optimization of the whole memory subsystem with three approaches integrated as a single methodology. Firstly, the thermal impact of register file is analyzed and optimized. Secondly, the cache memory is addressed by optimizing cache configuration according to running applications and improving both performance and power consumption. Finally, we simplify the design and evaluation process of general-purpose and customized dynamic memory manager, in the main memory. To this aim, we apply different evolutionary algorithms in combination with memory simulators and profiling tools. This way, we are able to evaluate the quality of each candidate solution and take advantage of the exploration of solutions given by the optimization algorithm. We also provide an experimental experience where our proposal is assessed using well-known benchmark applications.

The magnetic gear integrated permanent magnet brushless machine (MG-IPMBM) is a kind of compact structure with high torque density and complex electromagnetic energy transfer. In order to analyze the transient characteristics of the machine, an analysis method of field circuit coupling is proposed. Both magnetic gear and permanent magnet motor are magnetized by Halbach array. Combining the analytical model of the magnetic gear magnetic field with MATLAB motor simulation module, a joint simulation model of field circuit coupling double closed-loop control system based on the Simulink-analytical method is established. The electromechanical transient response characteristics of machine under load starting, load mutation and overload self-protection are analyzed. The simulation results show that the output speed and torque of machine can accurately follow the given value, and its unique overload self-protection ability greatly improves the safety of machine operation. In addition, a prototype is made and an experimental platform is built. The experimental results show that the output torque follows quickly, the torque ripple is small, and transient performance of the machine is good.

International audience; The paper examines the complexity’s concept developed by Edgar Morin in a particular context which is the small enterprise’s one. More specifically, it aims to shed light on the way to apprehend the concept in this type of company. Edgar Morin suggests the importance of viewing disorder as a human construct. Based on this postulate, he mobilizes the dialogical approach to complexity as a mean to consider the relationship between order and disorder and to help develop actions for enterprises.; L’article s’intéresse à l’approche de la complexité développée par Edgar Morin dans un cadre particulier qui est celui des entreprises de petite taille. Plus particulièrement, il s’agit de voir comment aborder la notion dans ce type d’entreprise. L’auteur suggère l’importance de considérer le désordre avant tout comme un construit humain. Partant de ce postulat, il mobilise l’approche dialogique de la complexité pour considérer la relation entre ordre et désordre et permettre de développer des actions pour les entreprises.

Design thinking has been widely embraced as an approach that fosters discussion and facilitates innovations that promote inclusion and empowerment in the public and private sectors. However, recent...

International audience; In large engineering projects, the complexity of organizational and decision-making structures is a challenge for efficient management. Middle management plays a crucial and often underestimated role in the daily life of these complex projects. Our goal is to provide theoretical tools to seize the complexity of large engineering projects from the point of view of the human actors. An analysis of the organization of the ATLAS detector within the LHC at CERN was conducted over a period of several years. This contribution presents work on engineering interfaces in collaborative activities by showing how middle managers (mostly engineers) act as interfaces with other stakeholders and deal with complex socioeconomic and technical issues. The interface model described is human-centric and aims at reflecting the complexity of engineering management situations. Different types of interactions stem from this model, as well as the exchange spaces established through the interface actor. The potential of application of the model is illustrated through two project case studies, one in the field of big science and the second one in high-tech medical equipment.

With the in-depth development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the constant discussion of 6G visions, the future development of indoor location-based services (LBSs) in the 6G-enabled IoT is attracting people’s attention. In fact, due to the continuous updating of network techniques, the complexity of the indoor environment and the number of connected wireless access points (APs) will increase dramatically, which leads to the diversity of the received signal strength (RSS) on the performance of signal propagation distance estimation, resulting in low positioning accuracy and poor robustness. In response to this problem, this article proposes a multisource information fusion-based indoor positioning approach via Gaussian kernel density estimation. First, the heuristic distribution model is used to establish the mathematical relationship between the RSS from different Wi-Fi APs and the signal propagation distance, and then the Gaussian kernel density estimation approach is applied to estimate the signal propagation distance distribution. Second, the normalized signal propagation distance distribution is set as the basic probability assignment in the Dempster–Shafer (D–S) evidence theory, and then the multisource RSS information is fused according to D–S evidence synthesis rules. Meanwhile, the trust function synthesized by the D–S evidence theory is used to select matching reference points (RPs). Finally, the fuzzy decision algorithm is used to select the ideal matching RPs from the matching RPs for the positioning. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has higher positioning accuracy and stronger positioning robustness compared to existing ones.

To take advantages of location-based services (LBS) while protecting user privacy against untrusted LBS providers, privacy preserving LBS have attracted increasing attention. Considering that users in an LBS system are often equipped with resource-constrained mobile devices, most existing privacy preserving LBS methods are based on anonymization techniques. However, these existing schemes still have some privacy and efficiency limitations. In this paper, we propose a novel privacy preserving LBS scheme, which simultaneously achieves user privacy protection and high query efficiency. Specifically, we utilize the k-anonymity technique and the pseudo random function to protect the location privacy and the query message privacy of users. We design an enhanced one-round blind filter protocol (ORBFe) based on the Paillier cryptosystem to securely filter out redundant records generated by the k-anonymity technique. Compared with existing solutions, our ORBFe protocol not only ensures that users receive exactly satisfying results but also incurs a low computation and communication cost on the server side. Through the theoretical analysis and extensive experiments, we demonstrate the security and efficiency of our proposed scheme.

Naive Bayes classifier (NBC) is a fundamental and widely-used data mining tool. To respond to the growing privacy concern, several privacy-preserving NBC schemes have been proposed recently. Generally, the existing schemes mainly exploit two different techniques: one is secure multi-party computation (SMCP); and the other is (local) differential privacy (DP/LDP). However, the approaches with SMCP would employ some encryption algorithms, which results in heavy computation and communication costs and impedes the usage of the approaches in practice. The existing methods with DP/LDP also have some deficiencies. For instance, a trusted data curator is required or the class labels of individuals are revealed. To make up the drawbacks of previous schemes, in this paper, we develop a novel scheme to train a Naive Bayes classifier with privacy guarantee in the local setting. We first design a method (JESS) for joint distribution estimation under LDP. Then we apply JESS to calculate the conditional probability, the key of the Naive Bayes classification and train a Naive Bayes classifier. Additionally, we leverage extensive experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our schemes designed for joint distribution and Naive Bayes classification. Compared with the existing schemes, ours can achieve higher accuracy.

A multidisciplinary design optimization for range maximization process of a canard unmanned aircraft configuration is described. The mission definition as well as stability and maneuverability requirements drive the aero-structural surrogate-based optimization of the configuration including fuselage, wing, canard and vertical surfaces. The stability requirements are included in the optimization as geometrical constraints in the design variables leaving only the structural integrity as a constraint in the optimization. Kriging based surrogate models are generated for both objective function and constraints. A combination of several acquisition functions with engineering knowledge is used for surrogate models enrichment and avoid excessive exploration of the design space. Performance metrics parameters plots show the evolution of the configurations during the iterative optimization process and said evolution is discussed. The optimized configuration analyses estimate an L/D significantly higher and a considerable reduction in structural mass factor when compared to the initial best configuration, with the drawback of increasing the stall speed.

Our aim in this article is to introduce the idea of ‘crafticulation’ as a part of scientific method and to present a case study related to it. A novel course, Materializing in Craft Science, was offered in the first year of the craft teacher master’s degree at the University of Helsinki. The aim of the course was to pilot a method of crafticulation by materializing theoretical mind maps. Crafticulation consists of the words, ‘craft’ and ‘articulation’ and further, crafticulation is seen as a part of practice-led research in which craft plays a key role in eliciting a wide spectrum of knowledge. Our research question is how crafticulation emerged in students’ inquiry processes. The research data included twenty individual mind maps, materializations and reflections of the course. Based on theory-driven data analysis, the results indicated that many students used crafticulation for demonstration purposes. For example, they tested the connection between their craft-making process and well-being. Another approach was to convey a certain experience by way of crafticulation. In some cases, crafticulation was linked to analogies and metaphors in learning theoretical concepts. Furthermore, the students found new avenues in which to reflect research topics and to deepen their inquiry processes.

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. DIY citizen initiatives exploring everyday-life practices such as collective making or repair are on the rise. These are characterised by the resources, local knowledge, and volunteer labour they mobilise but also by fragility of long-term sustainment. To understand what is at stake in sustaining them, the authors conducted a case study of a longstanding DIY citizen initiative in Berlin, cross-checking the findings by interviewing employees of two supporting institutional arrangements and organisers of three further DIY initiatives nearby. The study revealed how the DIY initiatives tie together roles and resources to provide concrete everyday infrastructure for citizens while dependent on resources such as space, insurance, legitimacy, and knowledge to navigate surrounding bureaucracy, provided largely via various institutional arrangements. Conversely, these established institutional arrangements benefit from DIY initiatives’ local knowledge, authenticity, and expertise. Finally, both sides wish to gain fuller mutual understanding and dialogue-related competencies. The findings highlight the generative repair, performed by both citizen initiatives and the institutional arrangements, that makes their change agendas relevant and lasting. They also point to potential value from considering some of these attempts as forms of infrastructuring with relevance for contemporary participatory design practices.

In this research, the natural frequency responses of joined hemispherical–cylindrical–conical shells made of composite three-phase materials have been dealt with in the framework of First-Order Shear Deformation Theory (FOSDT). The joined hemispherical–cylindrical–conical shells are assumed to be made of hybrid porous nanocomposite material with three phases including a matrix of epoxy, macroscale carbon fiber, and nanoscale 3D Graphene Foams (3GFs). For getting the equivalent mechanical properties of the Hybrid Matrix (HM) including polymer epoxy and 3GFs, the well-known rule of the mixture is used. In addition, the effect of porosity throughout the HM is considered using two novel and one well-known porosity distribution pattern. Moreover, the HM is reinforced with transversely isotropic macroscale carbon fibers in which the Halpin–Tsai scheme is used for multiscale homogenization procedure. The governing equations of motion associated with hybrid porous nanocomposite joined hemispherical–cylindrical–conical structures are figured out by implementing Donnell-type shell formulation and Hamilton’s approach. Moreover, an efficient and well-known semi-analytical solution method entitled Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM) is employed to solve the governing differential equations. To verify the proposed formulation some well-known benchmarks, especially those are composed of homogenous materials have been analyzed, and a good agreement has been achieved. Besides, some other new and applicable problems are considered to investigate the effects of different parameters including various boundary conditions, patterns of porosity distributions, and geometric properties of structure on the vibration behavior of joined shells.

A research study conducted by six partners demonstrated that, despite the tangible benefits of integrating co-creation into design processes (as well as other areas), there are still noticeable gaps and deficiencies in the knowledge of how to implement the process of co-creation and co-design—both in many professional design teams and in the area of non-formal learning. This paper focuses on the process of co-creation and the findings obtained in the course of preparing the new curriculum and the accompanying handbook. The aim of the project was to co-create a new co-creation curriculum, which will allow vocational education institutions and creative industries organizations to provide their students and employees with the knowledge they will need to apply the participatory collaborative and co-creation process in their future professional practice.

Periodic topology optimization has been suggested as an effective means to design efficient structures which address a range of practical constraints, such as manufacturability, transportability, replaceability and ease of assembly. This study proposes a new approach for design of finite periodic structures by allowing variable orientation states of individual unit-cells. In some design instances of periodic structures, the unit-cell may exhibit certain geometric features allowing multiple possible assembly orientations (e.g. facing up or down). For the first time, this work incorporates such assembly flexibility within the periodic topology optimization, which enables to greatly expand the conventional periodic design space and take more advantage of structural periodicity. Given its broad applications, a methodology for the design of more efficient periodic structures while maintaining the same degree of periodic constraint may be of significant benefit to engineering practice. In this study, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new approach for both static and vibratory criteria. Brute force analysis is also utilized to compare all possible assembly configurations for several periodic structures with a small number of unit-cells. A heuristic approach is suggested for selecting more beneficially oriented configurations in periodic structures with a large number of unit-cells for which an exhaustive search may be computationally infeasible. It is found that in all the presented cases, the oriented periodic structures outperform the conventional non-oriented (or namely translational) periodic counterparts. Finally, an educational MATLAB code is provided for replication of the design results in this paper.

Research courses are part of many higher education curricula. However, students’ attitudes towards statistics and research courses tend to be negative. One way to measure students’ attitude is with the Revised-Attitudes Towards Research scale (R-ATR). The current study examined: (1) the internal reliability of the R-ATR, (2) the attitude of Dutch second-year architecture students towards research courses, and (3) whether attitude is related to age and gender. It was found that the R-ATR has good internal reliability and that Dutch second-year architecture students’ attitude towards research courses is reasonably favorable. Students generally acknowledge the usefulness of research courses and do not feel anxious, but find them stressful and difficult to some extent and do not enjoy them. Further analyses showed three types of students: relaxed students, virtuous students and worried students, who each require a different approach to improving their attitude towards research courses. No relationship emerged between attitude and age or gender, but female students considered research courses somewhat more useful. Providing a research-friendly, enjoyable, and supportive environment might improve students’ attitude towards research courses.

In recent years, space projects have evolved to faster and more variable projects. To adjust the design processes in accordance, new work methodologies arise, as the Concurrent Engineering (CE). This working discipline is characterized by collaborative design and the flux of information being improved by working in a dedicated environment. CE has been recently adopted by space industry for the preliminary design phase of spacecrafts and other space systems. However, this methodology does not envisage tasks prioritization, which is a fundamental aspect to achieve an optimal design solution with an efficient allocation of resources. In this work a variation of CE discipline by applying Agile methodologies (in which the aspect of task prioritization is essential), is proposed. Agile methodologies allow the proper distribution of the design effort depending on the project priorities, the state of the design and the requirements, in a continuous process to improve the design solution. The general aspects of the proposed method are presented and applied to the design of a space mission, the results being analysed and compared with to the classical CE process in order to outline its differences and similarities with CE and Agile methodologies and show its potential for a new environment for space project design.

This essay focuses on the nascent symbiotic relationship between deepfakes and art museums and galleries, as demonstrated by three case studies. The first one, housed at the Dalí Museum in St Petersburg, Florida, is a life-size talking avatar of the artist generated from archival footage. The second one, Warriors by James Coupe, revisits Walter Hill’s 1979 film of the same name using deepfake algorithms to insert visitors’ faces into key scenes, sorting them into gangs based on data-driven analysis of their demographic and economic markers. Finally, Gillian Wearing’s fake ad, Wearing Gillian, uses deepfake technology to enable a series of actors to appear on screen with the artist’s face as a way of interrogating questions of identity in a networked digital world. Based on these works, my article examines museums’ employment of deepfakes for advertising, audience engagement, and educational outreach, and the curatorial, ethical, and creative opportunities and challenges involved therein. While deepfake esthetics will be discussed wherever relevant, this is not a formalist analysis; my goal is not to focus on close readings of the deepfake pieces themselves, however fascinating their esthetics. Instead, I will look at the promotional and critical discourse around them in order to unpack the ways in which the acquisition of creative deepfake works by cultural institutions functions as a legitimizing force that is already shifting the narrative regarding the artistic value and social functions of this technology.

Obecnie od architektury jako dziedziny zawodowej oczekuje się aktywnego uczestnictwa w rozwiązywaniu aktualnych problemów środowiskowych i społecznych, a od architektury jako kompetentnej i rzetelnej dziedziny naukowej oczekuje się zwiększenia ilości badań i ich zróżnicowania w zakresie wiedzy, osiągnięć i reprezentacji dyscypliny. Analizując wyzwania, przed jakimi stoi architektura, autorzy artykułu uważają, że projektowanie, stanowiąc istotę działań architekta, może być odpowiednim narzędziem, aby odpowiedzialnie kształtować otaczające nas środowisko, a także rozwijać architekturę jako rzetelną i wiarygodną dyscyplinę badań. Projektowanie jest działalnością z natury bogatą w wiedzę. Rozważając potencjał projektowania architektonicznego jako sposobu rozwiązywania problemów charakteryzujących się wysokim stopniem złożoności, w niniejszym artykule podjęto temat dotyczący badań poprzez projektowanie. Na podstawie badań literatury, obserwacji indywidualnych przypadków oraz własnego doświadczenia zawodowego w artykule podjęto próbę określenia niezbędnych warunków do przeprowadzenia badań poprzez projektowanie oraz przedstawiono strukturę procesu projektowego, który mógłby stać się podstawą do przeprowadzenia formalnej procedury badawczej. Autorzy artykułu reprezentują stanowisko, że umocowany w metodologii proces generowania wiedzy podczas projektowania może: pełnić funkcję pomostu łączącego badania teoretyczne z praktycznymi, ograniczyć dystans pomiędzy architektem praktykiem a architektem naukowcem, pozwolić docenić wiedzę praktyczną, a także pomóc architektom świadomie zaangażować się w poprawę jakości otaczającego nas środowiska.

This paper presents a new FE-based stress-related topology optimization approach for finding bending governed flexible designs. Thereby, the knowledge about an output displacement or force as well as the detailed mounting position is not necessary for the application. The newly developed objective function makes use of the varying stress distribution in the cross section of flexible structures. Hence, each element of the design space must be evaluated with respect to its stress state. Therefore, the method prefers elements experiencing a bending or shear load over elements which are mainly subjected to membrane stresses. In order to determine the stress state of the elements, we use the principal stresses at the Gauss points. For demonstrating the feasibility of the new topology optimization approach, three academic examples are presented and discussed. As a result, the developed sensitivity-based algorithm is able to find usable flexible design concepts with a nearly discrete 0 − 1 density distribution for these examples.

This paper is a contribution to the discussion on the ethical and political limitations of institutionalised, dominant design practices and on the need to rethink the ways in which they operate. It points out that institutionalised design processes act as a dispositive of power that not only capture and colonise forms of life, but that also shape territories, bodies and languages through normative models that are exogenous to them. This discussion is crucial when thinking about the role that design has played in nurturing current crises. This paper is an inquiry into the possibility of design practice that is not institutionalised either by sovereign designing designers or by subordinated designed users, but that constitutes itself according to dynamics where design emerges as a common project-process of creative possibilities of being and becoming. Crucial aspects for a non-institutionalised design practice are identified through the analysis of a design experience with communities in Rio de Janeiro favelas. This paper shows how this design experience is based on a design approach that, through discursive structures, dynamically supports and is informed by dissent and consensus, and by the interplay between resistance and counter-resistance.

This article explores the relationship between design methodologies and the scaling of participation in cities. The article recognizes that the scaling of community-led informal settlement upgrading is a central concern in the broader debate on scaling participation, and it interrogates the potential contribution of design methodologies in connecting localized, community-led upgrading initiatives outwards and upwards. We discuss these ideas by drawing on our own experience of devising and facilitating a number of participatory design and planning initiatives titled Change by Design with the non-profit organization Architecture Sans Frontières – UK (ASF-UK). Reflecting on this experience, we argue that the inclusion of a design-based, city-level perspective in localized upgrading initiatives can be a powerful conceptual and practical tool to support horizontal, vertical and deep scaling; and we highlight the importance of constructing this design tool in an embodied and situated manner, so that scaling processes remain firmly grounded in everyday lives and experiences.

PurposeHighly sophisticated digital technologies have distanced architects and designers from intimate and immediate hand-drawing practices. Meanwhile the changes they rapidly bring come with undetected changes in cultural and social norms regarding the built environment. The growing dependence on computers calls for a more holistic, socially inclusive and place-responsive design practice. This paper aims to shed light on what we are losing in the design process as we rapidly transition to communicate architecture using digital media. The authors contemplate the paradigms in which the human body and physical objects still play an important role in today's design environment.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at current trends in developing and establishing “computer imaging” within architectural education, and the architectural profession through parametric design and the area of sustainability. In order to reveal novel and hybrid ways of architectural image-making, it also looks into art forms that already experiment with bodily practices in design by taking an artisanal animation project as a case study.FindingsThe renewed longing for craft, haptic environments, tactile experiences and hand-crafted artifacts and artworks that engage the senses can be exemplified with the success of the documentary Last Dance on the Main, an animated film on the endangered layers of human presence in one of Montreal's downtown neighborhoods. The open possibilities for creative hybridizations between the handmade and the digital in architecture practice and education are exposed.Originality/valueThe influence of film on the perception and consequent design of cities is well documented. There is little literature, however, on how the materiality and process of artisanal film animation can provide alternative, if not additional, insights on how to communicate various aspects of the built environment, particularly those rooted in the human body. Furthermore, handmade film explores a broader understanding of sustainability, which includes considerations for social and cultural contexts.

Derivatives of equations of motion (EOM) describing the dynamics of rigid body systems are becoming increasingly relevant for the robotics community and find many applications in design and control of robotic systems. Controlling robots, and multibody systems comprising elastic components in particular, not only requires smooth trajectories but also the time derivatives of the control forces/torques, hence of the EOM. This paper presents the time derivatives of the EOM in closed form up to second-order as an alternative formulation to the existing recursive algorithms for this purpose, which provides a direct insight into the structure of the derivatives. The Lie group formulation for rigid body systems is used giving rise to very compact and easily parameterized equations.

International audience; Our qualitative survey of young people with projects in so-called "sensitive" neigh-bourhoods highlighted the role of the third party facilitator in the expression andrealisation of the young person's project. The question asked is: can we learn to beentrepreneurs? The answer to this question is contained in the qualities requiredof the third party facilitator. He is a structuring marker and a guide, he revealspotential and facilitates entrepreneurial action. To develop the entrepreneurialculture in the young project leader, the third party facilitates self-confidence andself-esteem. He or she facilitates the creation of a network that gives value to theproject. It is the network that supports the project and defines its intrinsic quality.The limitations of our research lie in the absence of a comparison and longitudinalstudy of young project holders who are the subject of entrepreneurial support andwho live in a so-called 'non-sensitive' neighbourhoo; Notre enquête qualitative relative aux jeunes porteurs de projet dans les quartiers dits « sensibles » a mis en exergue le rôle du tiers-accompagnant comme facilitateur de l’expression et de la réalisation du projet du jeune. La question posée est : peut-on apprendre à être entrepreneur. La réponse à cette question est contenue dans les qualités requises du tiers-accompagnant. Il est un repère structurant et un guide, il est un révélateur de potentiel, il facilite l’agir entrepreneurial. Pour développer la culture entrepreneuriale chez le jeune porteur de projet, le tiers-accompagnant favorise la confiance et l’estime de soi. Il facilite la création d’un réseau qui attribue une valeur au projet. C’est le réseau qui porte le projet et qui définit sa qualité intrinsèque. Les limites de notre recherche s’inscrivent dans l’absence de comparaison et d’étude longitudinale de jeunes porteurs de projet faisant l’objet d’un accompagnement entrepreneurial résidant dans un quartier dit « non sensible ».

PurposeMaterial-based computation has been recently introduced in architectural education, where parameters and rules related to materials are integrated into algorithmic thinking. The authors aim to identify affordances of material-based computation in terms of supporting the understanding of parametric design, informing the process of parametric form finding in an educational setup and augmenting student learning outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose a material-informed holistic systems design framework for parametric form finding. The authors develop a pedagogical approach that employs material-based computation focusing on the interplay between the physical and the digital in a parametrically driven façade design exercise. The approach comprises two phases: (1) enabling physical exploration with different materials to arrive at the design logic of a panel prototype and (2) deducing embedded and controlled parameters, based on the interplay of materials and deriving strategies for pattern propagation of the panel on a façade composition using variation and complexity.FindingsThe results confirmed the initial hypothesis, where the more explicit the material exploration and identification of physical rules and relations, the more nuanced the parametrically driven process, where students expressed a clear goal oriented generative logic and utilized parametric design to inform form finding as a bottom-up approach.Originality/valueMost precedent approaches developed to teach parametric design concepts in architectural education have focused on universal strategies that often result in fixating students on following standard blindly followed scripts and procedures, thus defying the purpose of a bottom-up form finding framework. The approach expands the pedagogical strategies employed to address parametric design as a form finding process.

To cope with an increasingly competitive market environment, manufacturers are utilizing modular technology to guide the production process, and a vital activity in the module partition is to determine the optimal granularity levels. A modular design methodology is developed for obtaining the optimal granularity of a modularized architecture in this paper. A relationship extraction solution is executed to automatically construct the design structure matrix (DSM) from the 3D CAD assembly model. Hierarchical clustering algorithm is implemented to form a hierarchical dendrogram with different granularity levels. An improved Elbow method is proposed to determine the optimum granularity level and corresponding modularity spectrum during the dendrogram process. The computational framework for hierarchical clustering and modularization with improved Elbow assessment operators is explained. Based on a existing literature example and a jaw crusher modular design case, comparative studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method. The methodology is characterized by running independently on the computer in data visualization format without human involvement, and the obtained result with optimized granularity favor further modular design work.

Due to their compactness and power density, planetary gearboxes are used for a wide range of high-performance applications in the automotive, aviation and marine sector. Aerospace applications in particular benefit from a full use of the load capacity potential to meet the requirements for lightweight construction and efficiency. Against this background, the load sharing between the individual planetary gears plays a decisive role. A uniform load sharing enables the design of the single tooth meshes without load increases and oversizing. However, due to manufacturing and assembly deviations, a perfect load sharing is technically not feasible. These load increases are taken into account in the standard calculation of the load capacity of planetary gearboxes by the mesh load factor Kγ. The load sharing in planetary gearboxes is influenced by a number of factors, such as the rigidity of shafts, housing and bearings, the number of planets, the quality of the gear wheels and the operating conditions. Detailed simulations or extensive experimental measurements are required to determine the exact load sharing. For new designs of planetary gearboxes, there are only simplified assumptions available, based on the number of planets and a rough estimation of the operating range. Especially additional dynamic forces, due to operation in high-speed ranges or near resonance frequencies, can lead to a considerable change of the dynamic load sharing compared to the static load sharing and cause an uncertainty in the design. Thus, in this paper the dynamic load sharing behaviour is investigated from 0 to 6800 rpm sun speed for different loads. Based on the experimental data recommendations for the design of planetary gearboxes under consideration of the operating conditions are derived.

In the article, the author considers the concept of humanization in the context of managing business structures. The article focuses on the contribution of classical management scientists to the development of the concept of humanization, and also presents the points of view of various modern authors on the disclosure of the concept of humanization. It is concluded that humanization is the basis of the process of transformation of a bureaucratic organization into a human–centered organization.

PurposeAs the engineering design process becomes increasingly complex, multidisciplinary teams need to work together, integrating diverse expertise across a range of disciplinary models. Where changes arise, these design teams often find it difficult to handle these design changes due to the complexity and interdependencies inherent in engineering systems. This paper aims to develop an innovative approach to clarifying system interdependencies and predicting the design change propagation at the asset level in complex engineering systems based on the digital-twin-driven design structure matrix (DSM).Design/methodology/approachThe paper first defines the digital-twin-driven DSM in terms of elements and interdependencies, where the authors have defined three types of interdependency, namely, geospatial, physical and logical, at the asset level. The digital twin model was then used to generate the large-scale DSMs of complex engineering systems. The cluster analysis was further conducted based on the improved Idicula–Gutierrez–Thebeau algorithm (IGTA-Plus) to decompose such DSMs into modules for the convenience and efficiency of predicting design change propagation. Finally, a design change propagation prediction method based on the digital-twin-driven DSM has been developed by integrating the change prediction method (CPM), a load-capacity model and fuzzy linguistics. A section of an infrastructure mega-project in London was selected as a case study to illustrate and validate the developed approach.FindingsThe digital-twin-driven DSM has been formally defined by the spatial algebra and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) schema. Based on the definitions, an innovative approach has been further developed to (1) automatically generate a digital-twin-driven DSM through the use of IFC files, (2) to decompose these large-scale DSMs into modules through the use of IGTA-Plus and (3) predict the design change propagation by integrating a digital-twin-driven DSM, CPM, a load-capacity model and fuzzy linguistics. From the case study, the results showed that the developed approach can help designers to predict and manage design changes quantitatively and conveniently.Originality/valueThis research contributes to a new perspective of the DSM and digital twin for design change management and can be beneficial to assist designers in making reasonable decisions when changing the designs of complex engineering systems.

A new method is presented for optimum cross-sectional design of planar frame structures combining reinforcement learning (RL) and metaheuristics. The method starts from RL jointly using artificial neural network so that the action taker, or the agent, can choose a proper action on which members to be increased, reduced or kept their size. The size of the neural network is compressed into small numbers of inputs and outputs utilizing story-wise decomposition of the frame. The trained agent is used in the process of generating a neighborhood solution during optimization with simulated annealing (SA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Because the proposed method is able to explore the solution space efficiently, better optimal solutions can be found with less computational cost compared with those obtained solely by metaheuristics. Utilization of RL agent also leads to high-quality optimal solutions regardless of variation of parameters of SA and PSO or initial solution. Furthermore, once the agent is trained, it can be applied to optimization of other frames with different numbers of stories and spans.

Purpose This purpose of this study is to perfrom the analysis of COVID-19 with the help of blood samples. The blood samples used in the study consist of more than 100 features. So to process high dimensional data, feature reduction has been performed by using the genetic algorithm. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors will implement the genetic algorithm for the prediction of COVID-19 from the blood test sample. The sample contains records of around 5,644 patients with 111 attributes. The genetic algorithm such as relief with ant colony optimization algorithm will be used for dimensionality reduction approach. Findings The implementation of this study is done through python programming language and the performance evaluation of the model is done through various parameters such as accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under curve (AUC). Originality/value The implemented model has achieved an accuracy of 98.7%, sensitivity of 96.76%, specificity of 98.80% and AUC of 92%. The results have shown that the implemented algorithm has performed better than other states of the art algorithms.

Most articulated robots comprise multiple joints and links that control the position and posture of the end effector. The kinematic pair arrangement determines characteristics such as output force. The link configurations can be classified as serial link and parallel link mechanisms. A typical parallel link mechanism is the spherical parallel mechanism (SPM), designed to ensure that the end effector has only rotational degrees of freedom. However, the kinematic pair arrangement has not been sufficiently examined in two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) SPMs. Herein, we present a basic design method for the proposed 2-DOF SPM curved biaxial swing mechanism, with inputs comprising arc sliders. The swinging area of the passive link was small, and infinite rotation around a certain axis was achieved without collision or transfer to a singular posture. Using the kinematics of this mechanism, we clarified the linear roll output and non-linear pitch output. Moreover, we fabricated a prototype and measured its basic drive characteristics. The results revealed that the output performance was greatly dependent on the rotation angle, high movable range in the roll axis, and low movable range in the pitch axis.

The design of underactuated fingers using rolling contact joints is addressed in this article in order to increase performance in robotic and prosthetic hands applications. Rolling contact joints have proven to be a promising alternative to revolute joints by increasing the range of motion, introducing compliance and decreasing internal friction. The conditions of optimal design for fingers using such joints are however not well stated. In order to fully exploit the potential of rolling-contact-joint based fingers, their design space is extended and performance metrics adapted to underactuated fingers are used in this letter. An optimization based on these metrics is performed over the large design space using genetic algorithms to find an optimal design. The solution obtained is then used to build a prototype and its performance is compared to that predicted by the model and to a comparative design using a realistic test bench.

A new method is proposed for simultaneous optimization of shape, topology and cross section of plane frames. Compliance against specified loads is minimized under constraint on structural volume. Difficulties caused by the melting nodes can be alleviated to some extent by introducing force density as design variables for defining the geometry, where the side constraints are assigned for force density to indirectly avoid the existence of extremely short members. Force density method is applied to an auxiliary cable-net model with different boundary and loading conditions so that the regularity of force density matrix is ensured by positive force densities. Sensitivity coefficients of the objective and constraint functions with respect to the design variables are also explicitly calculated. After the optimal geometry of the frame is obtained, the topology is further improved by removing the thin members and combining closely spaced nodes. It is demonstrated in the numerical examples of three types of frames that rational geometry and topology can be achieved using the proposed method, and the effect of bending moment on the optimal solution is also discussed.

Constrained optimization problems (COPs) with multiple computational expensive constraints are commonly encountered in simulation-based engineering designs. During the optimization process, the feasibility analysis of the intermediate solutions depends on the computational simulations will be computationally prohibitive. To relieve this computational burden, an active-learning probabilistic neural network (AL-PNN) classification modeling approach is proposed to build a classifier for quickly analyzing the feasibility of the intermediate solutions. In the proposed AL-PNN approach, an interesting region tracking strategy is developed to locate the regions that may contain part of the constraint boundary. The judge rule of the interesting region is based on whether the predicted class labels of pseudo points are different in subregions, which is generated by dividing the design space with the K-means cluster algorithm. Once the interesting region is located, the newly infill sample point used to update the PNN classification model can be obtained by a distance screening criterion. Seven numerical cases and the design of the rocket interstage section are used to demonstrate the performances of the proposed approach. The results illustrate that the proposed AL-PNN approach can provide more accurate classification results than the compared four state-of-the-art algorithms.

Industry 4.0 is changing fundamentally data collection, its storage and analysis in industrial processes, enabling novel application such as flexible manufacturing of highly customized products. Real-time control of these processes, however, has not yet realized its full potential in using the collected data to drive further development. Indeed, typical industrial control systems are tailored to the plant they need to control, making reuse and adaptation a challenge. In the past, the need to solve plant specific problems overshadowed the benefits of physically isolating a control system from its plant. We believe that modern virtualization techniques, specifically application containers, present a unique opportunity to decouple control from plants. This separation permits us to fully realize the potential for highly distributed, and transferable industrial processes even with real-time constraints arising from time-critical sub-processes. In this paper, we explore the challenges and opportunities of shifting industrial control software from dedicated hardware to bare-metal servers or (edge) cloud computing platforms using off-the-shelf technology. We present a migration architecture and show, using a specifically developed orchestration tool, that containerized applications can run on shared resources without compromising scheduled execution within given time constraints. Through latency and computational performance experiments we explore limits of three system setups and summarize lessons learned.

In this paper, a novel nature-inspired optimization algorithm, hazelnut tree search (HST) is proposed for solving numerical and engineering optimization problems. HST is a multi-agent algorithm that simulates the search process for finding the best hazelnut tree in a forest. The algorithm is composed of three main actuators: growth, fruit scattering, and root spreading. In the growth phase, trees compete with each other on shared resources to grow up and improve their fitness. In the fruit scattering phase, HTS performs exploration by simulating the movement of hazelnuts around the forest with the help of animals and rodents. In the root spreading, HTS performs exploitation by modeling the root spreading mechanism of trees around themselves. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on multi-variable unconstraint numerical optimization benchmarks and constraint engineering problems. Comparing the proposed algorithm with a few other optimization algorithms shows the superiority of the HTS in terms of problem-solving success and finding the global optimum on most benchmark problems.

This paper aims to develop a meshfree approach based on the coupling of the Hermite-type point interpolation method (HPIM) and a high order continuation (HOC) Solver for numerical simulation of the geometrically nonlinear problems that require higher order continuity shape functions such as the buckling of a thin plate. The point interpolation method (PIM) and Hermite-type point interpolation method (HPIM) shape functions construction procedure is presented in detail. The first type is used to approximate the in-plane displacements, while the second one is used for the transverse component and its derivatives. The standard Galerkin method is adopted to discretize the governing partial differential equations which were derived from using the Kirchhoff’s plate theory. The resolution of the considered problem is performed thanks to a solver that combines a Taylor series expansion with a continuation procedure. Numerical examples with different geometric shapes, various boundary conditions and loadings are given to verify the efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of the proposed approach.

The design community has an increasing interest in behaviour change and applying it intentionally in design processes. At the same time, practitioners from diverse fields such as health and policy ...

This paper offers a new perspective on the rhetoric of ‘sustainability’ especially within dialogue around ‘design for sustainability’ (DfS) by applying and advancing the work of twentieth-century r...

Since 2000, craft practitioners have increasingly adopted digital fabrication technologies. Simultaneously, the public’s engagement in making through various means has escalated, disrupting the makers’ ecosystem. This study explores craft practitioners’ motivation to acquire new digital skills in the context of informal learning and professional development in Hong Kong and how they perceive potential changes in the maker culture and creative industries. This study’s methods consisted of two rounds of semi-structured interviews with 18 craft practitioners as well as participant observations during a short-term workshop in which they learned the basics of digital fabrication technologies. The findings revealed that external variables, such as social influence and facilitating conditions, are as important as personal motivations for craftspeople’s acceptance of technology. Additionally, the study found that technology has not advanced sufficiently to meet craftspeople’s expectations, and understanding of traditional craft skills is essential to take advantage of these technologies. The participants envisioned that technologies would enhance productivity and creativity in their practice and that their digital craftspeople identity would thrive due to the rise of the maker culture. For more effective incorporation of technologies into craft practices, it is suggested that a new curriculum design customized for various types of craft makers be constructed and implemented.

This study aims to examine the situational flow experiences of students creating 3D designs in 3D multi-user virtual environments. This time series quasi-experimental study included 40 volunteer junior students who studied at the Computer Education and Instructional Technology department and had taken the elective course of “Instructional Design”. The participants in the role of a designer created 3D designs in the OpenSimulator application throughout the process. They worked in groups to solve authentic problems. At the end of each session, the students were applied a flow experience scale individually. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the participants' flow experience did not differ by gender and overall grade point average. Autotelic activity and disappearance of self-consciousness were the highest components of flow experience indicating that the designers felt immersed in the 3D design activities throughout the 15-week implementation process. Considering flow experience by weeks, it was found that conveying theoretical information to the students diminished their flow experience owing to lack of the concentration, control and feedback components, whereas giving feedback after letting them present what they worked on fostered their flow experience by increasing the clear goals and immediate feedback components. The results highlighted the importance of flow experience in design education.

Considering teachers’ attitudes as an important factor influencing pupils’ learning performance, personality, attitudes and actions, this study explored differences in high school general technology teachers’ attitudes towards technology in regard of the personal factors of gender, teaching experience, pre-service major and in-service training frequency. The result showed that Chinese high school general technology teachers were positive about teaching technology, valued the importance of technology and the technology curriculum, enjoyed teaching technology, and had confidence in their teaching. However, some teachers faced difficulties and had gender stereotypes about teaching technology, were worried about their teaching, and felt that there was little external support for their teaching. It was deduced that technology teachers’ gender beliefs about technology may not only be the result of differences in individual cognition, but could also be influenced by the male attributes of technology; the accumulation of teaching experience has a subconscious and implicit impact on technology teachers’ attitudes towards technology; subject matter knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge in technology teachers’ pre-service majors are important factors influencing their attitudes towards technology; and in-service training events could be used as a means of reinforcement and stimulation to improve teachers’ attitudes towards technology.

Purpose This paper aims to identify and compare the graphical shapes and meanings attributed to place/city by the designer/creative/author of a city visual identity (VI) and by the client and designer’s peers. Design/methodology/approach To identify and compare the graphical shapes and meanings attributed to place/city by the designer/creative/author of a city VI and by the client and designer’s peers. Findings This paper analysed the way the visual culture of different stakeholders influenced the process and the construction of the iconographic meanings. Secondly, this paper assessed how the design tools impacted the creative process in that specific context. Practical implications A demanding involvement of more participants in the design process can be worthy for a VI outcome. Visual identity of a city is both designer’s creative as a political process. The several aesthetical options decisions implied adaptation, trade-offs and negotiations. Originality/value This research explains how the design tools and forms were used in the creative process of designers when conceiving the VI of a place. This research also reveals how a design work can have an effective impact on the sensory qualities emanating from city brands which are recognized by tourists and citizens. The consideration of the designer’s tools makes a relevant contribution to understand some underlying procedural issues.

This is the first time the multidirectional-graded porous panel structure modeled numerically using an equivalent single-layer higher-order polynomial model considering the cubic variation of extensional displacement to maintain the necessary stress/strain. The effect of porosity (even and uneven distributions) and variable grading patterns also included achieving the generality. Further, the deflection and stress values, the proposed bidirectional functionally graded (2D-FG) structure, are predicted under the variable loadings, i.e. static and dynamic. Three different types of grading pattern, i.e. power-law, exponential and sigmoid are introduced by varying the material constituents along their principal material axes (longitudinal and transverse). The current numerical solutions (deflection and stress) are obtained through a customized computer code (prepared in MATLAB), under the influences of the static and time-dependent loadings utilizing the higher-order finite element formulations. The dynamic deflections are obtained through the constant acceleration type Newmark’s time-integration steps. The predicted result accuracy is checked by comparing the previously published values in literature and different simulation models (ANSYS and ABAQUS). Besides, the batch input technique is adopted for the simulation material models for both the ANSYS and ABAQUS. Moreover, the python scripting is adopted first time to modify ABAQUS input files for the present 2D graded structure. The influential structure input parameter (power-law exponents, thickness ratio, aspect ratio, end conditions, geometry and curvature ratio) is varied to compute a few final responses (deflection and stress data) of multidirectional FG structure via the derived mathematical model and the final understandings listed the details.

Objective The goals of this study are to describe the value and impact of Project HealthDesign (PHD), a program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation that applied design thinking to personal health records, and to explore the applicability of the PHD model to another challenging translational informatics problem: the integration of AI into the healthcare system. Materials and Methods We assessed PHD’s impact and value in 2 ways. First, we analyzed publication impact by calculating a PHD h-index and characterizing the professional domains of citing journals. Next, we surveyed and interviewed PHD grantees, expert consultants, and codirectors to assess the program’s components and the potential future application of design thinking to artificial intelligence (AI) integration into healthcare. Results There was a total of 1171 unique citations to PHD-funded work (collective h-index of 25). Studies citing PHD span medical, legal, and computational journals. Participants stated that this project transformed their thinking, altered their career trajectory, and resulted in technology transfer into the commercial sector. Participants felt, in general, that the approach would be valuable in solving contemporary challenges integrating AI in healthcare including complex social questions, integrating knowledge from multiple domains, implementation, and governance. Conclusion Design thinking is a systematic approach to problem-solving characterized by cooperation and collaboration. PHD generated significant impacts as measured by citations, reach, and overall effect on participants. PHD’s design thinking methods are potentially useful to other work on cyber–physical systems, such as the use of AI in healthcare, to propose structural or policy-related changes that may affect adoption, value, and improvement of the care delivery system.

The shear strength parameters (SSPs) of slip soil, which control the stability and evolution process of a landslide, exist some uncertainty that should be characterized and considered significantly in the stability analysis. In this paper, a typical reservoir landslide with double-sliding zones is taken as a case study. The statistical characteristics of SSPs in sliding zones are first analyzed using the geostatistical method and the Copula method, especially the spatial variation features, scales of fluctuation, and correlation of SSPs. Then, random variable models for the shallow sliding zone and nonstationary random field models with various vertical scales of fluctuation for the deep sliding zone are established separately. Finally, by employing the nonintrusive stochastic finite element program, the fluid–solid numerical simulation of a real hydrological year is carried out to obtain the landslide displacement, element failure probability, and factor of safety. The results demonstrate that incorporating spatial variability into the SSPs of slip soil led to a fundamental change in landslide stability and deformation. Our study provides some references for the reliability assessment of reservoir landslides considering the uncertainties and the spatial variation characteristics of SSP in the sliding zone.