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Dichloramine (NHCl2) naturally exists in reverse osmosis (RO) permeate due to its application as an antifouling chemical in membrane-based potable reuse treatment. This study investigated mechanisms of background NHCl2 hydrolysis associated with the generation of oxidative radical species in RO permeate, established a kinetic model to predict the oxidative capacity, and examined its removal efficiency on trace organic contaminants in potable reuse. Results showed that NHCl2 hydrolysis generated transient peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and subsequently dissociated into hydroxyl radical (HO•). The maximal HO• exposure was observed at an RO permeate pH of 8.4, higher than that from typical ultraviolet (UV)-based advanced oxidation processes. The HO• exposure during NHCl2 hydrolysis also peaked at a NH2Cl-to-NHCl2 molar ratio of 1:1. The oxidative capacity rapidly degraded 1,4-dioxane, carbamazepine, atenolol, and sulfamethoxazole in RO permeate. Furthermore, background elevated carbonate in fresh RO permeate can convert HO• to carbonate radical (CO3•-). Aeration of the RO permeate removed total carbonate, significantly increased HO• exposure, and enhanced the degradation kinetics of trace organic contaminants. The kinetic model of NHCl2 hydrolysis predicted well the degradation of contaminants in RO permeate. This study provides new mechanistic insights into NHCl2 hydrolysis that contributes to the oxidative degradation of trace organic contaminants in potable reuse systems.

BackgroundA growing literature has reported associations between traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer, however there are fewer investigations into specific ambient agents and any putative risk of breast cancer development, particularly studies occurring in populations residing in higher pollution areas such as Los Angeles.ObjectivesTo estimate breast cancer risks related to ambient air toxics exposure at residential addresses.MethodsWe examined the relationships between ambient air toxics and breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort among 48,665 California female participants followed for cancer from 2003 through 2013. We obtained exposure data on chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors or mammary gland carcinogens from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate breast cancer risk per one interquartile range (IQR) increase in air toxics exposure lagged by 5-years. Stratified analyses were conducted by race, ethnicity, and hormone receptor types.ResultsAmong all women, increased risks of invasive breast cancer were observed with toxicants related to industries [1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.22, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.18-5.60), ethylene dichloride (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 2.20-3.59), and vinyl chloride (HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.81, 2.85); these 3 agents were correlated (r2 = 0.45-0.77)]. Agents related to gasoline production or combustion were related to increased breast cancer risk [benzene (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.24, 1.41), ethylbenzene (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.28), toluene (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.38), naphthalene (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-2.22), acrolein (HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.92, 2.65)]. Higher hazard ratios were observed in African Americans and Whites compared to other racial and ethnic groups (p-heterogeneity

Systemic oxidative stress stemming from increased free radical production and reduced antioxidant capacity are common characteristics of obese individuals. Using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce DNA damage in vitro , in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from obese subjects and controls, the DNA protective ability of dihidroqercetin (DHQ) and biochaga (B) alone or in combination, were evaluated. The effects of DHQ and B were estimated under two experimental conditions: pre-treatment, where cells were pre-incubated with the substances prior to H2O2 exposure; and post-treatment when cells were first exposed to H2 H2O2, and further treated with the compounds. DNA damage was evaluated using the comet assay. The results of pre- and post-treatment showed a significant decrease in DNA damage produced by H2O2 in the obese group. This decrease was not significant in control group probably due to a small number of subjects in this pilot study. More prominent attenuation was noted in the pre-treatment with DHQ (250 μg/ml). Analysis of antioxidant properties revealed that DHQ's remarkable reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, and potent∙OH scavenging properties may contribute to strong attenuation of H2O2-induced DNA damage. Also, B showed strong reducing power, DPPH, and ∙OH scavenging ability, while reducing power and DPPH scavenger effects were increased in the presence of DHQ. Conclusively, DHQ and B may reduce H2O2-induced DNA damage in PBMCs from obese subjects when challenged in vitro , and could be valuable tools in future research against oxidative damage-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CYP24A1 is a multifunctional, P450 mitochondrial enzyme that catabolizes the vitamin D hormone (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3), its precursor (calcifediol, 25(OH)D3), and numerous vitamin D metabolites. In the kidney, Cyp24a1 is induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and potently suppressed by PTH to control the circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. Cyp24a1 is controlled by a pair of promoter proximal (PRO) vitamin D response elements (VDREs) that are aided by distal, downstream (DS) enhancers. The downstream 1 region of Cyp24a1 (DS1) enhancer is kidney-specific and responsible for PTH and FGF23 actions, and the downstream 2 region of Cyp24a1 enhancer responds to 1,25(OH)2D3 in all tissues. Despite this knowledge, in vivo contributions of the PRO VDREs to basal expression, FGF23 activation, and PTH suppression of Cyp24a1 remain unknown. In this study, we selectively mutated the PRO VDREs in the mouse to address these questions. We found mutation of the VDREs leads to a dramatic loss of VDR occupancy, a reduction of 1,25(OH)D3-induced kidney Cyp24a1 expression, and near elimination of intestinal Cyp24a1 induction. FGF23 induction of Cyp24a1 was reduced but not eliminated and still showed a synergistic increase with 1,25(OH)2D3. PTH suppression of Cyp24a1 was unchanged, despite minor reductions in total for phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding protein occupancy. Finally, VDR recruitment was dramatically reduced across the DS enhancers in the Cyp24a1 locus. Taken together, our data suggest a cooperative relationship between the DS and PRO enhancers in the regulation of Cyp24a1 by 1,25(OH)2D3 and FGF23 and points to the DS1 region as a crucial basal switch for Cyp24a1 activity that further defines the interconnected genomic control in vitamin D catabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of ray florets in chrysanthemums is tightly associated with cell division and expansion, both of which require proper progression of the cell cycle. Here, we identified a Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium homolog, CYCLIN A2;1 (CYCA2;1), the expression of which in ray florets is negatively correlated with petal width. We found that CYC2a, a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor in the CYCLOIDEA2 (CYC2) family, interacts with and stabilizes CYC2b, and the latter can bind to the promoter of CYCA2;1 to activate its transcription. Overexpression of CYCA2;1 in C. lavandulifolium reduced the size of capitula and ray florets. Cytological analysis revealed that CYCA2;1 overexpression inhibited both cell division and expansion via repression of the mitotic cell cycle in ray florets, the latitudinal development of which was more relatively negatively influenced, thereby leading to increased ratios of petal length to width at later developmental stages. Yeast two-hybrid library screening revealed multiple proteins that interacted with CYCA2;1 including ACTIN-RELATED PROTEIN7 (ARP7), and silencing ARP7 inhibited the development of ray florets. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that CYCA2;1 could induce the degradation of ARP7 to inhibit the development of ray florets. Taken together, our results indicate the presence of a regulatory network in ray floret development in chrysanthemum consisting of CYC2b–CYCA2;1–ARP7 that acts via governing mitosis. The identification of this network has the potential to facilitate breeding efforts targeted at producing novel ornamental traits in the flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions globally, with increasing urban cases outside of Latin America. Treatment is based on two compounds, namely, benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox, but chronic cases pose several challenges. Targeting lysine acetylation, particularly bromodomain-containing proteins, shows promise as a novel antiparasitic target. Our research focuses on TcBDF3, a cytoplasmic protein, which is crucial for parasite differentiation that recognizes acetylated alpha-tubulin. In our previous study, A1B4 was identified as a high-affinity binder of TcBDF3, showing significant trypanocidal activity with low host toxicity in vitro. In this report, the binding of TcBDF3 to A1B4 was validated using differential scanning fluorescence, fluorescence polarization, and molecular modeling, confirming its specific interaction. Additionally, two new 1,3,4-oxadiazoles derived from A1B4 were identified, which exhibited improved trypanocide activity and cytotoxicity profiles. Furthermore, TcBDF3 was classified for the first time as an atypical divergent member of the bromodomain extraterminal family found in protists and plants. These results make TcBDF3 a unique target due to its localization and known functions not shared with higher eukaryotes, which holds promise for Chagas disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPDL-MSCs) possess a strong ability to modulate the immune response, executed via cytokine-boosted paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact mechanisms. This reciprocal interaction between immune cells and hPDLMSCs is influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). In this study, the participation of different immunomodulatory mechanisms on the hPDLMSCs-based effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on CD4+ T lymphocytes will be elucidated using different co-culture models with various cytokine milieus. Material and Methods: hPDL-MSCs and CD4+ T lymphocytes were co-cultured indirectly and directly with inserts (paracrine interaction only) or directly without inserts (paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact interaction). They were stimulated with TNF-a or IL-1b in the absence/presence of 1,25(OH)2D3. After five days of co-cultivation, the CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation, viability, and cytokine secretion were analyzed. Additionally, the gene expression of soluble and membrane-bound immunomediators was determined in hPDL-MSCs. Results: In the indirect and direct co-culture model with inserts, 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation and viability. The direct co-culture model without inserts caused the opposite effect. 1,25(OH)2D3 mainly decreased the CD4+ T lymphocyte-associated secretion of cytokines via hPDL-MSCs. The degree of these inhibitions varied between the different co-culture setups. 1,25 (OH)2D3 predominantly decreased the expression of the soluble and membranebound immunomediators in hPDL-MSCs to a different extent, depending on the co-culture models. The degree of all these effects depended on the absence and presence of exogenous TNF-a and IL-1b. Conclusion: These data assume that 1,25(OH)2D3 differently affects CD4+ T lymphocytes via the paracrine and direct cell-to-cell contact mechanisms of hPDL-MSCs, showing anti- or pro-inflammatory effects depending on the coculture model type. The local cytokine microenvironment seems to be involved in fine-tuning these effects. Future studies should consider this double-edged observation by executing different co-culture models in parallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with fossil-dependent process, glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) is a green sustainable route with much advantage. The commercial scale of this reaction has been achieved, and catalysts with high efficiency are continuously developed. Cu-based catalysts are considered as the most selective catalysts for 1,2-PDO production, which are widely investigated up to now. Understanding the structure-activity relationship can help the design of new catalytic materials with improved activity, selectivity and stability. In this review, the roles of various active structures on Cu catalysts are summarized. We introduce firstly the pioneering works, showing that Cu species are the primary active sites which can catalyze both the glycerol dehydration and C = O bond hydrogenation steps. Then, we summarize various viewpoints about the structure-sensitive effect of Cu in the reaction. The functions of support and promoter are subsequently discussed in detail, and the roles of the secondary metal site are further overviewed. After that, we propose critical factors that should be considered when investigating the Cu structure sensitive effect, and summarize three general roles of support, promoter and secondary metal. Further important research directions for Cu catalysts in glycerol hydrogenolysis are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new coordination polymers, namely [Ln(L)(NO3)2] n (Ln = La (1), Pr (2) and Sm (3)), [Eu(L)(NO3)2·1.5H2O] n (4) and [Tb(L)(OAc)2(H2O)·3H2O] n (5) (HOAc = CH3COOH), were synthesised by reaction of lanthanide nitrates with 1,3-bis(4-carboxybenzyl)benzimidazolium chloride (H2L+Cl−) under solvothermal conditions. All the coordination polymers were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complexes 1 – 5 exhibit two different 2-D structures due to the variation in reaction temperature. Complexes 1 – 4 are isostructural and crystallised in the monoclinic system, C 2/ c space group, showing a two-dimensional layer with Ln chains linked by L− ligands. Complex 5 crystallised in the P 21/ n space group, featuring a 2-D layer different from 1 – 4 with Tb dimers linked by L− ligands through carboxylates. Further, the luminescence properties of complexes 3 – 5 were investigated. In addition, the fluorescence lifetime and quantum efficiency of complex 4 were measured. Five two-dimensional complexes were obtained and the structures of 1 – 4 differ from that of 5 owing to the distinct coordination modes of the ligand H2L+Cl− at specific reaction temperatures. Further, the luminescence properties of complexes 3 – 5 were investigated. Additionally, the fluorescence lifetime of complex 4 was tested. (Image credit: Li-Xin You.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for and development of combinational chemotherapeutic medicines with various modes of action and low side effects is an essential element of cancer treatment. Aside from developing wholly novel drugs with chemical properties that are obviously distinct from current ones, another strategy involves combining two or more pharmacophores into a sinSgle molecule. The method for making several 1,2,4-triazole derivatives is detailed in the scheme. By 5-Mercapto-3-pyrimidinyl-1,2,4 triazole with various substituted benzyl halides, a total of 7 distinct 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were obtained. Combustion Analysis, TLC, IR, MS and other methods were used to confirm the physical and analytical properties of the newly synthesized 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Compounds TP1-TP7 exhibit IC50 values ranging from 41.12 M to 61.11 M, with compound TP6 having the greatest activity against the murine melanoma (B16F10) cell line. TP6 was discovered to have more strong anticancer action in anti-cancer screening. As a result, we believe that the findings of this study may pave the way for the creation of anticancer drugs with high efficacy and fewer side effects. As a result, 1,2,4-triazol-3-pyrimidine-based compounds may have a broad anticancer range and serve as a potential lead molecule in different malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient copper catalyzed fluoroalkyl‐selenization reaction of olefins has been developed, providing 1,2‐difluoroarylselenides in moderate to excellent yields. The readily available ethyl bromodifluoroacetate and diphenyl diselenide (Ph2Se2) have been employed as efficient radical precursor and selenization reagents to react with olefins. The reaction features a broad substrate scope, including substituted alkenes with various functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of the 1,3-dienes from arylboronic acids with propargyl alcohols using a Ni(II) precatalysts is presented. Through detailed reaction screening NiCl2(PCy3)2 has been identified as the optimal catalyst for this transformation. The reaction is thought to proceed through a Ni(II) allenyl complex, which undergoes a base free Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling through arylboronic acids, with the resultant aryl allene rearranging to its 1,3-diene. Application of these optimized reaction conditions then provides several dienes in reasonable to good, isolated yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe burn patients frequently suffer from 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-[OH]2-D3) deficiency. In this study, we investigated the effect of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 on early mortality post severe burn and potential underlying mechanisms. Our results indicate that 1,25-[OH]2-D3 significantly reduced early mortality in mice post severe burn injury. A decrease in serum lipopolysaccharide levels and an increase in serum superoxide dismutase activity were found after administration of 1,25-[OH]2-D3. Furthermore, 1,25-[OH]2-D3 demonstrated protective effects on both intestinal and lung histology and ameliorated lung inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory effect was further confirmed in airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that 1,25-[OH]2-D3 has a significant impact on the reduction of early mortality post severe burn injury, possibly through its ability to alleviate endotoxemia, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Our findings highlight the potential of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 to protect the intestinal mucosal barrier in the early stage following major burn injury and opens up new avenues for clinical application of 1,25-[OH]2-D3 in burn patients. [Display omitted] ● 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 significantly reduced early mortality in mice post severe burn injury.1,25-[OH]2-D3 markedly reduced early mortality in mice post severe burn injury. ● A decrease in serum lipopolysaccharide levels and an increase in serum superoxide dismutase activity were found after administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 1,25-[OH]2-D3 markedly reduced early mortality in mice post severe burn injury. ● 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 demonstrated protective effects on both intestinal and lung histology and ameliorated lung inflammation. 1,25-[OH]2-D3 had protective effects on both intestinal and lung histology and ameliorated lung inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the RoboCup, a robotics soccer tournament, the Small Size League (SSL) is one of its leagues. The thought of a mechanism in this league that could perform unpredictable kicks and passes inspired study into both the physical mechanism required to do it and the algorithms needed to make the most of it.By introducing new ideas and utilizing a Deep Neural Network, this work contributes by improving a prior algorithm that aims to carry out a real-time inversion of the non-linear ordinary differential equation (ODE) that models the ball’s path in order to determine the parameters to hit a target with a curved kick mechanism (DNN). New techniques are also presented. The two suggested DNN achieved accuracy levels of more than 92% in the outcomes of simulation runs in MATLAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigation of ibuprofen (Ibu) alone and in combination with 1,8-cineol (Cin) effects on the anxiety behavior and oxidative stress in male rats was aimed in this study. A total of 36 rats were divided into six equal groups including the control (recived normal saline), Ibu, Cin5, Cin 10 and Ibu+Cin. Intra-peritoneal injection of ammonium acetate for 4 weeks was used to induce hyperammonia. The animal were then adminstated with normal saline, 15 mg Ibu, 5 and 10 mg Cin and 10 mg Cin +15 mg Ibu/Kg, respectively. Morris water maze and Elevated plus maze was used respectively for evaluation of spatial memory and evaluation of anxiety. Glutathione reductase was measured for evaluation of oxidative stress. The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-1β were evaluated using Real-time PCR in brain tissue.The results showed a significant increase in spatial memory and a significant decrease in axiety behavior (p<0.01) in Ibu group compared to the control group, but no significant change(p>0.05) was observed in glutathione reductase levels. In addition to significant increase in spatial memory and decrease in anxiety behavior in Ibu-Cin group, a significant increase in glutathione reductase levels was seen(p<0.01).The expression level of IL-6 and IL-1β in Ibu-Cin5 and 10, and Ibu+Cin were significantly down-regulated compared to the control group.The results showed that the combination of Ibu and Cin reduces oxidative stress in addition to spatial memory enhancement and reduction of anxiety behavior; therefore, simultaneous application of these two compounds may be beneficial in improvement of hyperammonia-induced anxiety and cognitive impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria is a life‐threatening disease that affects tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Various drugs were used to treat malaria, including artemisinin and derivatives, antibiotics (tetracycline, doxycycline), quinolines (chloroquine, amodiaquine), and folate antagonists (sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine). Since the malarial parasites developed drug resistance, there is a need to develop new chemical entities with high efficacy and low toxicity. In this context, 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes emerged as an essential scaffold and have shown promising antimalarial activity. To improve activity and overcome resistance to various antimalarial drugs; 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes were fused with various aryl/heteroaryl/alicyclic/spiro moieties (steroid‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, triazine‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, aminoquinoline‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, dispiro‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes, piperidine‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes and diaryl‐based 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxanes). The present review aims to focus on covering the relevant literature published during the past 30 years (1992–2022). We summarize the most significant in vitro, in vivo results and structure–activity relationship studies of 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxane‐based hybrids as antimalarial agents. The structural evolution of different hybrids can provide the framework for the future development of 1,2,4,5‐tetraoxane‐based hybrids to treat malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient synthesis of cyclohexenes has been achieved from easily accessible tetrahydropyrans via a tandem 1,5-hydride shift-aldol condensation. We discovered that readily available aluminium reagents, e.g. Al2 O3 or Al(Ot Bu)3 are essential for this process, promoting the 1,5-hydride shift with complete regio- and enantiospecificity (in stark contrast to results obtained under basic conditions). The mild conditions, coupled with multiple methods available to access the tetrahydropyran starting materials makes this a versatile method with exceptional functional group tolerance. A wide range of cyclohexenes (>40 examples) have been prepared, many in enantiopure form, showing our ability to selectively install a substituent at each position around the newly forged cyclohexene ring. Experimental and computational studies revealed that aluminium serves a dual role in facilitating the hydride shift, activating both the alkoxide nucleophile and the electrophilic carbonyl group.

Objective: Rare disease. Background: Terson's syndrome (TS) is a medical condition characterized by intraocular bleeding that can lead to visual impairment and is associated to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The pathophysiology and natural history are not well established in the current literature. This report describes successful treatment of a 52-year-old man with aneurysmal SAH who developed late-onset TS using balloon-assisted coiling and vitrectomy to raise awareness of this important complication of aneurysmal SAH. Case Report: A 52-year-old smoker with no known past medical history presented to the emergency department with a sudden, severe headache that worsened with photophobia and phonophobia. The patient had a diffuse SAH and underwent an embolization procedure. After 48 hours of close Intensive Care Unit monitoring, the patient's vital signs were stable, and the GCS score was consistently 15/15. However, after 3 weeks in the hospital, the patient experienced blurred vision and a right upper quadrantanopia. Further examination revealed TS and the patient underwent a vitrectomy in 1 eye. The surgery was successful and the eye recovered to 20/20 with no complications. However, the other eye showed slow absorption of the hemorrhage, and a vitrectomy was scheduled for that eye as well. Conclusions: TS is a complication of aneurysmal SAH that can lead to vision loss and increased morbidity. It often goes undiagnosed, and ophthalmologists are not regularly consulted. Late manifestation of the condition is exemplified by the present case. Early detection and intervention are crucial for better patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study adsorption of chromium (VI) ion by using blended natural novel adsorbent like neem leaves powder with peanut shell powder. The batch Adsorption experiments were conducted by different proportions of blended neem leaf powder and peanut shells powder and variations in the weight of adsorbents, contact time at room temperature, and various pH. Investigate the concentration of adsorbate before adsorption and after adsorption by 1, 5 Diphenyl Carbazide Colorimetric method with reference to calibration curve. Results obtained by blended neem leaves powder with peanut shell powder adsorbent are more effective at pH 6. Removal of efficiency increases with increasing contact time and dosage of adsorbent. This adsorbent is low cost and readily available in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistent organic pollutants seriously affect the growth and development of crops. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB), as one of the most widely used chlorobenzenes, can affect the yield of japonica rice. However, existing research on the effect of TCB on japonica rice yield is not in-depth, and a basic understanding of commonality has not yet been formed. In this study, 28 conventional japonica rice varieties were selected to investigate the effects of TCB stress on their yield, yield composition, and TCB accumulation. This study also evaluated the efficiency of conventional tolerance indices in evaluating the TCB stress tolerance of japonica rice. The results showed that TCB caused sustained inhibition of the growth of japonica rice, which was considerably manifested in plant height, root length, soil plant analysis development (SPAD), and dry weight at different growth stages. Under TCB stress, TCB accumulation in various tissues of japonica rice increased sharply. TCB stress reduces the yield of japonica rice by reducing the number of panicles per hill, the number of spikelets per panicle, the grain filling percentage, and the grain weight. Overall, the results of this study indicate that TCB stress can cause a decrease in the yield of japonica rice, and the decrease in panicle number is the main reason. The conventional tolerance index can effectively evaluate the tolerance of japonica rice to TCB. The results of this study are substantial for the breeding and cultivation of japonica rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Centella asiatica (CA) is known in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenating herb with particular benefits in the nervous system. Two groups of specialized metabolites found in CA and purported to contribute to its beneficial effects are triterpenes (TTs) and caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs). In order to evaluate the role and interactions of TTs and CQAs in the effects of CA, we examined the neurotrophic effects of a water extract of CA (CAW) and combinations of its TT and CQA components in mouse primary hippocampal neurons in vitro and in Drosophila melanogaster flies in vivo. Methods: Primary hippocampal neurons were isolated from mouse embryos and exposed in vitro for 5 days toCAW(50 µg/mL), mixtures of TTs, CQAs or TT +CQA components or to 4 TTs or 8 individual CQA compounds of CAW. Dendritic arborization was evaluated using Sholl analysis. Drosophila flies were aged to 28 days and treated for 2 weeks with CAW (10 mg/mL) in the food, mixtures of TTs, CQAs or TT + CQA and individual TT and CQA compounds. TTs and CQAs were tested at concentrations matching their levels in the CAW treatment used. After 2 weeks of treatment, Drosophila aged 42 days were evaluated for phototaxis responses. Results: In mouse primary hippocampal neurons, CAW (50 µg/mL), the TT mix, CQA mix, all individual TTs and most CQAs significantly increased dendritic arborization to greater than control levels. However, the TT + CQA combination significantly decreased dendritic arborization. In Drosophila, a marked age-related decline in fast phototaxis response was observed in both males and females over a 60 days period. However, resilience to this decline was afforded in both male and female flies by treatment from 28 days onwards with CAW (10 mg/mL), or equivalent concentrations of mixed TTs, mixed CQAs and a TT + CQA mix. Of all the individual compounds, only 1,5-diCQA slowed age-related decline in phototaxis in male and female flies. Discussion: This study confirmed the ability of CAW to increase mouse neuronal dendritic arborization, and to provide resilience to age-related neurological decline in Drosophila. The TT and CQA components both contribute to these effects but do not have a synergistic effect. While individual TTs and most individual CQAs increased dendritic arborization at CAW equivalent concentrations, in the Drosophila model, only 1,5-diCQA was able to slow down the age-related decline in phototaxis. This suggests that combinations (or potentially higher concentrations) of the other compounds are needed to provide resilience in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Maternal nutritional and vitamin status during pregnancy may have long-term effects on offspring health and disease. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between maternal vitamin A and D status in pregnancy and offspring bone mineral content (BMC) at nine years of age. Methods: This is a post-hoc study of a randomized control trial including 855 pregnant women from two Norwegian cities; Trondheim and Stavanger. The women were randomized into an exercise intervention or standard antenatal care. Mother and child pairs for the present study were recruited from those still living in Trondheim after 8-10 years. Serum vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin D (25 (OH)D) were measured in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, and active vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) in serum was measured in a subgroup. Spine BMC and trabecular bone score were measured in the children at nine years of age. Associations were analyzed with linear regression models. Results: A total of 119 mother and child pairs were included in the analyses. Vitamin A insufficiency (retinol< 1.05 µmol/L) and vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D< 50 mmol/L) increased from ~7% to ~43% and from ~28% to ~33%, respectively, from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester. An increase in serum 1,25(OH)2D from the 2nd to the 3rd trimester was observed in the subgroup. There was a negative association between serum retinol in the 2nd trimester and spine BMC in the boys, but not in the girls, when adjusted for maternal and child confounders. No other associations between maternal serum vitamin A or D and BMC in the children were found. Conclusion: We observed a high prevalence of vitamin A insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy. A negative association between midpregnancy vitamin A status and spine BMC was observed in boys, but not girls, while no associations were found between maternal vitamin D status and child BMC. The implications of optimal vitamin A and D status in pregnancy for offspring bone health, remains a subject for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in medicinal plants significantly benefit human health and well-being. Cardamom essential oil (CEO) exhibits potential as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer agent. A modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to test cardamom essential oil's antimicrobial activity and identify the inhibition zone. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Bacillus cereus (ATCC6629) are two examples of Gram-positive bacteria against which the essential oil was evaluated for antibacterial activity. Gram-negative microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), and yeast Candida albicans were also evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The essential oil was assessed further against human liver (HEPG-2) and breast (MCF7) cell lines for anticancer properties. The findings suggest that, compared to the control, cardamom essential oil exhibits a significant zone of inhibition against all types of microbes except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, for anti-cancer actions, the IC50 values were 42.3 µg/ml for MCF7 and 54 µg/ml for HEPG-2 cell lines, while IC90 results for MCF7 were 68.9 µg/ml and for HEPG-2 cell line were 80.7 µg/ml. The essential oil was developed in functional coating to preserve the postharvest mango fruit for 60 days at cold storage. The treated fruit showed reduced weight loss (10%), with a relative reduction of 78% compared to the control, chilling injury incidence (2.5%) at day 45, and rind pitting (3%) at day 30 compared to the control. This therapeutic plant may yield novel compounds for broad-spectrum antimicrobial and anticancer medicines and be transformed into economical and secure standardized herbal products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although clinical guidelines recommend measuring total plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) to assess vitamin D (VitD) status, this index does not account for 3-fold inter-individual variation in VitD binding protein (VDBP) level. We present 3 individuals with total plasma 25(OH)D levels of 10.8 to 12.3 ng/mL (27-30.7 nmol/L). Because Endocrine Society guidelines define VitD deficiency as 25(OH)D = 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L), all 3 would be judged to be VitD deficient. VitD3 supplementation increased 25(OH)D to the range of 31.7 to 33.8 ng/mL (79.1-84.4 nmol/L). Patient #1 exhibited secondary hyperparathyroidism; VitD3 supplementation decreased parathyroid hormone (PTH) by 34% without a clinically significant change in PTH levels in the other 2 individuals. Thus, 25(OH)D level did not distinguish between the 1 patient who had secondary hyperparathyroidism and the 2 who did not. We therefore inquired whether VitD metabolite ratios (which are VDBP-independent) might distinguish among these 3 individuals. Of all the assessed ratios, the 1,25(OH)2D/24,25(OH)2D ratio was the most informative, which had a value of 102 pg/ng in the individual with secondary hyperparathyroidism but lower values (41 and 20 pg/ng) in the other 2 individuals. These cases illustrate the value of the 1,25(OH)2D/24,25(OH)2D ratio to provide clinically relevant information about VitD status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper investigates the creation of chitosan-based composites on the surface of chemically modified poly-D-lactic acid (PDLA). PDLA was dissolved in chloroform and cast into a glass dish until the complete evaporation of the solvent. The surface of the created PDLA films was modified with 1,6-hexanediamine and glutaraldehyde for the creation of free aldehyde side groups. Composite layers of chitosan (CH) were deposited on the surface of the modified films. The mechanical properties of the composite films were investigated using a dynamometer. The surface morphology of the created composite films was studied with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sessile drop method was used to determine the surface free energy of the created chitosan-based composite layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is defined as abnormal or uncontrolled division of cells and can occupy nearby tissues; this is the major source of mortality. Due to lack of suitable treatments, the numbers of cancer patients are increasing quickly day by day. Insilico evaluation reduces time, expenses and animal studies so it is alternative strategy to justify preclinical drug development. In present work, we predicted novel twelve analogues of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. Five analogs SNT1, SNT2, SNT6, SNT7 and SNT11 were showed very good mol-dock score pasturing in the middle -123.14 to -165.72, whereas both standard drugs Tamoxifen and Raloxifen showed mol-dock score -146.08 and -165.06, respectively. Log P value of all predicted compounds was found less than five except SNT1, SNT4, SNT8, SNT9 and SNT12 (Log P = 5.05 to 5.99), this showed good membrane permeability. As a result, we can conclude that our molecules, particularly the most potent derivatives SNT1, SNT2, SNT7, SNT11 exhibit standard drug-likeness properties. Further research is required to investigate toxicity profiles of given compounds. The compounds SNT1, SNT2, SNT5, SNT6, SNT7, SNT8, SNT9, SNT10 and SNT13 were showed anti-brest cancer activity. Among the predicted 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazoles, compounds SNT1, SNT2, SNT6, SNT7 and SNT11 emerged as lead compounds with good anti-cancer activity and good ADME and with minimum toxicity as compared with the reference drugs Tamoxifen and Raloxifen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain the influence of FOX-7 particle morphology on its thermal properties and outgassing volume, the typical phase transformation process of FOX-7 was confirmed by in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to compare the crystal transformation and thermal decomposition behaviors of raw FOX-7, recrystallized FOX-7 and crushed recrystallized FOX-7 particles. Vacuum stability tests were used to compare the outgassing rates and outgassing volumes of three FOX-7 with typical particle size and morphology differences. The results show that the first step thermal decomposition peak temperature of FOX-7 particles with more defects is lower than that of recrystallized samples. If the particle size of FOX-7 is small, the endothermic peak of/3to y phase transition disappears on DSC curve. The phase transition process can still be observed while increasing the weight of a single test sample or increasing the heating rate to enhance the thermal effect aggregation in the phase transition process. When the heating time is the same, the total outgassing of FOX-7 with small particle size is larger than that of FOX-7 with large particle size. When there are defects on the surface of large-size particles, the outgassing volume will reach the maximum faster. For the small particles with no obvious defects, its initial outgassing volume is small. However, its total outgassing volume will increase significantly and eventually exceed that of large particle size particles with the extension of heating time. The size of FOX-7 particles determines the total outgassing volume, while the morphology of FOX-7 particles determines the outgassing rate. Aniline stabilizers have good outgassing inhibition effect on FOX-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous study, we observed decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increased bone turnover markers in living kidney donors (LKDs) at 3 months and 36 months after kidney donation. In our recent survey-based study, we found no increased risk of fractures of all types but observed significantly more vertebral fractures in LKDs compared with matched controls. To elucidate the long-term effects of kidney donation on bone health, we recruited 139 LKDs and 139 age and sex matched controls from the survey-based participants for further mechanistic analyses. Specifically, we assessed whether LKDs had persistent abnormalities in calcium- and phosphorus-regulating hormones and related factors, in bone formation and resorption markers, and in density and microstructure of bone compared with controls. We measured serum markers, bone mineral density (BMD), bone microstructure and strength (via high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography and micro-finite element analysis [HRpQCT]), and advanced glycation end-products in donors and controls. LKDs had decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations (donors mean 33.89 pg/mL vs. controls 38.79 pg/mL, percent difference = -12.6%; P  < .001), increases in both parathyroid hormone (when corrected for ionized calcium; donors mean 52.98 pg/mL vs. controls 46.89 pg/mL,% difference 13%; P  = .03) and ionized calcium levels (donors mean 5.13 mg/dL vs. controls 5.04 mg/dL; P  < .001), and increases in several bone resorption and formation markers versus controls. LKDs and controls had similar measures of BMD; however, HRpQCT suggested that LKDs have a statistically insignificant tendency toward thinner cortical bone and lower failure loads as measured by micro-finite element analysis. Our findings suggest that changes in the hormonal mileu after kidney donation and the long-term cumulative effects of these changes on bone health persist for decades after kidney donation and may explain later-life increased rates of vertebral fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium α-diimine complexes are widely known for their unique low-lying excited states and potent light absorption capabilities in the visible and NIR regions. A few specially constructed Ru α-diimine complexes have also shown enormous potential in the biomedical field. Several Ru-diimine complexes are well known for their catalytic activity. In this context, the simplest α-diimine system is 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene, abbreviated as (DAB/DAD), which received the greatest attention from the research communities. DAB ligands are redox-active. DAB ligands typically function as effective electron donors by employing lone pairs of nitrogen atoms and the π-electrons of the C=N bonds while coordinating the metal ion. The structural, electronic, and photophysical properties of the metal-mediated (DAB) complexes largely depend on the substitution of the ligand backbone as well as metal precursors. A versatile 'redox noninnocent' 1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene motif can stabilise different oxidation states of ruthenium metal depending on the reaction conditions and the presence of co-ligands. The comparative studies of the structural and electrical characteristics of diverse ruthenium-DAB compounds are intriguing, which opens up a new route for researchers to utilise them in a variety of application domains. It is challenging and fascinating to determine the precise electronic structure of redox noninnocent diimine complexes in the presence of a 'redox active' metal like ruthenium. In this concise review, we provided a brief overview of the structural and electrical features of various Ru DAB complexes that solely comprise (–N=CH–CH=N–) fragments in the skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented here establishes the experimental findings of the reaction between secondary/tertiary propargylic alcohol (PA) and 1,3,5‐trimethoxybenzene (TMB) in the presence of acetonitrile solvent (MeCN) based on theoretical calculations. When secondary PA reacts, the reaction goes via SN2 pathway, where the reaction barrier is about 14.32 kcal/mol. On the other hand, tertiary PA reacts with TMB via SN2′ and SN1′ pathway, and the corresponding reaction barriers are 17.59 and 17.86 kcal/mol. Other possible pathways, namely, SN1, SN1′, etc. for secondary PA, and SN2, SN1 pathways for tertiary PA are also investigated and the associated barrier heights are found higher. Rates of those reactions are also calculated considering the rate‐determining steps only. Reaction of secondary PA with TMB is found to be much faster than the reaction of tertiary PA and the results are in accordance with the experimental findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four 1-D chain coordination polymers containing bent 1,1′-binaphthyl ligands were synthesised with NiII, CuII and AgI. The use of (R)-4,4′-(2,2′-diethoxy-[1,1′-binaphthalene]-6,6′)dipyridine as a ligand yielded isostructural 1-D looping chains with NiII and CuII, whereas the use of AgI yielded both linear and helical 1-D chains. Changing the dipyridyl coordination groups to dicarboxylates in (S)-6,6′-dicarboxyl-2,2′-diethoxy-1,1′-binaphthalene yielded a 1-D looping chain with a CuII paddlewheel motif. The AgI 1-D chain features two crystallographically distinct 1-D chain morphologies with a triple helix and linear strips. The packing arrangement of the 1-D chains differs because of the intermolecular interactions present, with the steric bulk of the ethoxy substituent on the 1,1′-binaphthyl enabling the formation of large void spaces. Chiral supramolecular compounds containing 1,1′-binapthyl are increasingly explored for chiroptical techniques including fluorescence-based sensing. Careful design of these compounds can yield systems with accessible voids and complimentary intermolecular interactions that can be tailored as a function of the 1,1′-binapthyl's steric hinderance and hydrogen bonding ability. (Image credit: Carol Hua.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based surveillance has been used alongside diagnostic testing to monitor infection rates. With the decline in cases reported to public health departments due to at-home testing, wastewater data may serve as the primary input for epidemiological models, but training these models is not straightforward. We explored factors affecting noise and bias in the ratio between wastewater and case data collected in 26 sewersheds in California from October 2020 to March 2022. The strength of the relationship between wastewater and case data appeared dependent on sampling frequency and population size, but was not increased by wastewater normalization to flow rate or case count normalization to testing rates. Additionally, the lead and lag times between wastewater and case data varied over time and space, and the ratio of log-transformed individual cases to wastewater concentrations changed over time. This ratio decreased between the Epsilon/Alpha and Delta variant surges of COVID-19 and increased during the Omicron BA.1 variant surge, and was also related to the diagnostic testing rate. Based on this analysis, we present a framework of scenarios describing the dynamics of the case to wastewater ratio to aid in data handling decisions for ongoing modeling efforts.