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This study aimed to assess the effect of Croton conduplicatus essential oil (CCEO) in diets for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) (14.50 ± 0.07 g), a native Amazonian fish. Five diets (29.25% digestible protein; 3063.14 kcal digestible energy) were prepared: 0.00 (control), 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50 mL CCEO kg diet–1 and evaluated for 60 days, followed by 14 additional days of bacterial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were fed until apparent satiation four times daily and maintained in 1,000-L tanks (n = 15 fish per tank; 5 tanks per treatment; randomized design) in a recirculatory aquaculture system. The main chemical compounds of CCEO were the monoterpenes 1,8-Cineole (20.72%), p-Cymene (12.45%), and α-Phellandrene (11.46%). Animals had no mortality, even after the bacterial infection, and CCEO did not influence the number of lesions in infected fish. According to quadratic regression analysis, feeding fish diets containing 0.85 mL CCEO kg−1 increased their growth parameters and feed intake. The feed conversion ratio was reduced with 0.25 mL CCEO kg diet–1. Before infection, the regression showed that the 1.00 mL CCEO kg diet–1 reduced erythrocytes and increased hemoglobin, hematimetric indices, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, albumin levels, and plasma and liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. After bacterial infection, quadratic regression analysis showed that the control group had the highest plasma glucose and albumin values, and the treatment 0.50 mL CCEO kg diet−1 increased mean corpuscular volume values and decreased plasma ALT activity. In conclusion, 0.85 mL CCEO kg diet–1 is recommended for tambaqui because it can potentially improve growth performance and hemato-biochemical responses; however, CCEO did not influence responses against aeromoniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Eucalyptus L'Hér., is native to Australia with 61 introduced taxa in Cyprus, including E. torquata Luehm., which has a wide distribution on the island. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the essential oils of juvenile and mature leaves collected from Nicosia, Cyprus, by using multivariate statistical analysis. The leaves of 12 monthly collections were separately hydrodistilled, and GC-FID and GC/MS analyses were conducted. In general, the results revealed 1,8-cineole (mature: 3.6–27.8%; juvenile: 12.7–21.5%) and torquatone (mature: 27.6–48.8%; juvenile: 28.8–41.5%) as major compounds as well as an inverse relation between 1,8-cineole and torquatone content. Other important compounds found were α-pinene, β-eudesmol and α-eudesmol for all samples. The data support the existence of three major clusters, distinguished by the concentration of torquatone and miniatone. Minor compounds were also temporally relevant. The present study is among the first of its kind, analyzing the essential oils for a one-year period in Cyprus as well as conducting statistical analysis on E. torquata to reveal possible temporal variations between heterophyllous leaves, and also performing Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, determining the primary components of variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that 1,8-cineole has anti-inflammatory, antioxidation, antibacterial and anti-tumor effects. It has good antiinflammatory effects in many diseases. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 1,8-cineole on inflammatory response in a rat model of experimental periodontitis. METHODS: Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into normal control group, periodontitis control group and 1,8-cineole group with ten rats in each group according to the completely randomized digital table method. Except for the normal control group, rats in the other groups were induced into experimental periodontitis. The periodontitis model was constructed by the orthodontic ligature wire method. Eight weeks after modeling, in the 1,8-cineole group, 1,8-cineole was placed into periodontal pockets, twice per day for 4 weeks. In the normal control group and the periodontitis control group, the same amount of normal saline was placed into periodontal pockets, twice per day for 4 weeks. After administration, general observation and periodontal clinical indicators were performed. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for periodontal histological evaluation. The expressions of inflammatory factors in the serum and gingiva at mRNA and protein levels were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the normal control group, rats in the periodontitis control group showed increased gingival bleeding index and periodontal probing depth (P < 0.05), increased serum levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 (P < 0.05), decreased serum level of interleukin 10 (P < 0.05), increased mRNA and protein levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 in gingival tissue (P < 0.05), and decreased mRNA and protein level of interleukin 10 in gingival tissue (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining of periodontal tissues showed that compared with the normal control group, periodontal inflammation was obvious in the periodontitis control group. (2) Compared with the periodontitis control group, rats in the 1,8-cineole group showed decreased gingival bleeding index and periodontal probing depth (P < 0.05), decreased serum levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 (P < 0.05), increased serum level of interleukin 10 (P < 0.05), decreased mRNA and protein levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 in gingival tissue (P < 0.05), and increased mRNA and protein level of interleukin 10 in gingival tissue (P < 0.05). Hematoxylineosin staining of periodontal tissues showed that compared with the periodontitis control group, periodontal inflammation was remarkably alleviated in the 1,8-cineole group. To conclude, 1,8-cineole can attenuate the inflammatory response in the rat model of experimental periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucalyptus globulus (Myrtaceae family) is the only recognized medicinal species of the Eucalyptus genus, by Commission E, and its leaves are used to extract essential oil with minimum content of 60% 1,8-cineole content. Eucalyptus essential oil is traditionally used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, muscle joint pains, and inflammation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of Eucalyptus globulus essential oil in the management of pain and inflammation. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of eucalyptus essential oil were confirmed in some pharmacological and clinical studies of pain. Eucalyptus essential oil reduced the pain and inflammation, which is antagonized by naloxone, suggesting the participation of μ-opioid receptors in its analgesic effects. The analgesic effects of eucalyptus essential oil are related to its 1,8-cineole content as its main component, which inhibits the production or synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, by attenuation of TREM pathway surface receptor (TREM-1) and MKP-1 phosphatase. Eucalyptus essential oil and 1,8-cineole are the activators of hTRPM8, the antagonist of hTRPA1, and the inhibitor of the P2X3 receptor, which reduces pain and inflammation. The role of other components in eucalyptus essential oil in pain is confirmed. Eucalyptus essential oil or 1,8-cineole can be used as an alternative treatment in topical pain preparation, but it is better to be evaluated in well-designed clinical trials of pain and inflammation.

Simple Summary: The results indicated that the supply of a blend of essential oils with cinnamon, oregano, and eucalyptus provided the calves with humoral and antioxidant immune system stimulation, minimizing physiological oxidative stress and leading to better efficiency. The health improvement did not enhance the growth of calves that consumed essential oils. The assessments of the abundance and biodiversity of microbiota did not differ between animals that consumed the blend of essential oils and those that did not; however, it allowed the identification of the main genera in the feces of calves in the first weeks of age. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the addition of a blend based on the essential oils of cinnamon, oregano, and eucalyptus to the liquid diets of calves would stimulate the immune system combined with anti-inflammatory action, minimize oxidative responses, and alter the intestinal microbiota, consequently enhancing animal growth. Twenty-four male Holstein calves (approximately five days old) were suckled for 60 days, underwent a weaning process, and were followed up until day 75 of the experiment. The calves were divided into control (n = 12) and phytobiotic (n = 12) groups, receiving commercial milk replacer and pelleted concentrate ad libitum. For the phytobiotic group, we added the blend to the liquid diet twice daily at 5 mL/feeding in the first 15 days and 10 mL/feeding until day 60. We detected no differences in weight gain, but animals in the phytobiotic group tended to consume less feed. Calves treated with phytobiotics showed better conversion and feed efficiency than the animals in the control group. Lower leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were observed, as was a higher cholesterol concentration. Immunoglobulin A, ceruloplasmin, and transferrin also differed between groups, with higher IgA and lower levels of acute-phase proteins (ceruloplasmin and transferrin) in calves that consumed the phytobiotic. Higher glutathione S-transferase activity was found in the serum of calves in the treatment group. The intestinal microbiota did not differ between the groups; however, the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Psychrobacter were the most abundant regardless of treatment. We concluded that the blend of oils based on cinnamon, oregano, and eucalyptus improved the calves' immune and antioxidant systems, improving feed efficiency without affecting the intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), widely valued for its aromatic leaves and essential oil, plays a significant role in traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy. The variability in its essential oil composition and bioactive compounds across different populations underscores its potential for novel therapeutic discoveries and agricultural utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical diversity of 12 selected Iranian M. communis populations in their natural habitats. Leaf samples were collected in 2023 from these native habitats to assess various parameters, including phenolic compounds (total phenols and total flavonoids), antioxidant capacity, essential oil content, and essential oil composition. The results indicated significant variations in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity across the populations. The Khoraman population, used as a control, exhibited the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, followed by the Sar-sarab and Yazd populations, while the Poldokhtar and Kermanshah populations showed the lowest levels. Additionally, the Poldokhtar and Hormozgan populations demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacities. Essential oil content ranged from 0.480 to 1.478%, with the Khoraman and Padeghan populations having the highest percentages of 1.631 and 1.478%, respectively. GC/MS analysis identified 29 distinct compounds in the essential oils, with major components including 1,8-cineole (22.34 to 45.66%), α-pinene (19.25 to 35.96%), linalool (7.79 to 18.76%), and α-terpineol (5.26 to 9.17%). The myrtle populations were categorized into four groups: (1) Khoraman; (2) Shiraz and Yazd; (3) Ilam, Sar-sarab, Poldokhtar, and Padeghan; and (4) Khuzestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh–Boyer–Ahmad, and Hormozgan. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) corroborated the cluster analysis results, as populations within each group displayed similar distributions in the biplot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivorous insects require mechanisms to deal with defence compounds produced by their host plants. Despite an array of secondary compounds associated with defence, eucalypts are hosts to many insect species that readily obtain nutrients also produced by these plants. Gonipterus weevils are foliage-feeding eucalypt specialists as larvae and adults, with a notable characteristic of protecting their eggs with a hardened frass-like substance. The aim of this study was to assess plant, weevil frass and egg capsule chemistry to determine how the weevil eliminates plant secondary metabolites. We hypothesised that noxious compounds would be metabolised prior to elimination and that egg capsules would be composed of frass and additional substances. Weevils were fed on Eucalyptus globulus plants for seven days, with their frass and egg capsules collected daily, and the damaged, first, fully-expanded leaves of the host collected at the end of the assay. Compounds present in each sample were extracted in hexane and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The most abundant compounds in each sample were waxes and terpenoids, and metabolism of 1,8-cineole was evident, with two metabolites that may have semiochemical activity. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences between all samples, with shared compounds varying in relative proportions and exclusive compounds in sample type. These findings contribute to the understanding of Gonipterus physiology and highlight the differences between frass and the cover of egg capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Spanish sage oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis ssp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams (Spanish sage oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum use level of 14 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use of Spanish sage oil in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of Spanish sage oil in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since the oil of the leaves of S. officinalis ssp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams is recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Respiratory diseases, such as chronic sinusitis, asthma, and URTIs, are among the leading global health burdens, affecting tens of millions of people every year. These conditions often involve chronic inflammation, impaired mucociliary function, and obstruction of the airways, leading to deteriorating respiratory health. The natural compound 1,8-cineole is a monoterpene present in eucalyptus oil and has received attention in recent times as an alternative therapeutic agent for respiratory diseases. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mucolytic, bronchodilatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects may be beneficial in the management of these diseases. Clinical evidence has shown that 1,8-cineole provides symptom relief, improves lung function, and enhances quality of life, particularly in patients with COPD, asthma, and chronic sinusitis. Besides, due to its good safety profile and minimal side effects, it represents a very attractive adjunctive treatment option. Methods This review synthesizes both classic and contemporary research findings on the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of 1,8-cineole. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across peer-reviewed journals to provide a balanced and evidence-based overview. Results Evidence indicates that 1,8-cineole effectively modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting cytokine release and suppressing arachidonic acid metabolism. Clinical trials demonstrate its efficacy in reducing symptoms of chronic sinusitis, improving pulmonary function in asthma, and alleviating symptoms in URTIs. Safety data support its tolerability, with mild gastrointestinal discomfort reported in rare cases. Conclusion 1,8-Cineole represents a promising alternative or adjunctive treatment for inflammatory respiratory conditions. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery methods and investigating its synergistic potential with existing therapies.

The biobutanol‐based biofuel fermentation is hindered by the challenge of inadequate fermentation broth concentration and the azeotropic systems of water. The application of eucalyptus oil in diesel fuel makes it a promising extractant for biobutanol extraction and dehydration, thus resulting in product recovery and the development of fuel blend technology. Eucalyptus oil‐derived 1,8‐cineole was applied to acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) and isobutanol systems to enhance the butanol recovery and dehydration. The recovery of n‐butanol and isobutanol reached 92% and 95%, respectively, while the water removal in a 2% butanol system exceeded 99%. These results demonstrated that 1,8‐cineole exhibited a high selectivity toward butanol, thus providing a robust theoretical foundation for the fermentation‐based biofuel recovery and the elimination of azeotropic systems. The introduction of high‐density diesel‐fuel‐like eucalyptus oil into low‐energy‐density biobutanol will increase the energy density of fermentation‐based alcohols, yielding linear and cyclic biofuel blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raw essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus hybrida extracted from the leaves of trees found in Uttarakhand state and nearby areas consists of a mixture of monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and several different volatile compounds of which 1,8-cineole i.e., eucalyptol, a monoterpenoid cyclic ether is a major component. The eucalyptol rich EO also holds antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, broncholytic and mucolytic potential. In this work experimental tests were done to evaluate the feasibility of batch fractionation or fractional distillation (FD) technique in performing value addition of eucalyptus essential oil. The proximity of boiling points of eucalyptol, limonene and p-cymene act as a barrier in separating these compounds. A two-stage FD procedure was devised, which recovers relatively light terpene fractions in first stage and provides eucalyptol rich fractions in second stage. The GC-MS analysis of the fractionated samples revealed good separation results with three stage-B fractions (B8, B9 and B10) containing >90% purity of eucalyptol, while two stage-A fractions (A1 and A2) containing >90% purity of pinene mixture (α-pinene and β-pinene). FD thus proved to be an effective method for adding value to the eucalyptus EO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodborne outbreaks associated with Escherichia coli O157 in the production of fresh cheese typically resulted in several bacterial infections in humans. Therefore, a number of additives-particularly natural additives-were employed to inhibit the growth of these microorganisms. In folk medicine around the world, Myrtus communis L. is a commonly employed traditional plant for treating an assortment of ailments. M. communis essential oil (McEO) is utilized for cosmetic formulations and food additives for covering off some foods' flavors. In this study, the antibacterial effect of McEO against E. coli O157 in Egyptian fresh soft cheese has been evaluated. The results showed that McEO exhibited inhibitory activity (MIC) against E. coli O157 at concentration of 0.8% (v/v) and bactericidal effect (MBC) at concentration of 3.2% (v/v). The bioactive components of McEO were characterized via the GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Twenty-one volatile compounds were identified accounting 98.52% of the total oil mass. Terpenes represented overall identified constituents especially monoterpenes (94.99%). The three antibacterial compounds 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, and D-limonene were assigned as the primary components with corresponding relative concentrations of 42.18, 38.74, and 6.51%. Current findings provided evidence to support the idea of employing McEO as an E. coli O157 inhibitor in manufacturing of the Egyptian fresh soft cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many medicinal plants and their essential oils are used to treat or prevent diseases without the risk of mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or teratogenicity. Eucalyptus essential oils are commonly used as preservatives, flavoring agents, and various consumer goods. Eucalyptus leaves are being widely studied due to their volatile essential oils, including 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, α- and β-pinene, limonene, citronellal, citral, eudesmol, terpinen-4-ol, terpineol, α–phellanderene, and 9β-sitosterol. Among these compounds, 1,8-cineole is the most abundant. Eucalyptus leaves are rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds and are thus a great source of antioxidants. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays were used to measure antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of Eucalyptus essential oil is stronger than that of standard antibiotics such as erythromycin, cefixime, and gentamicin due to the presence of significant terpenoids in addition to phenolic chemicals and flavonoids. A lower IC50 indicates greater antioxidant potential. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are often associated with beneficial health outcomes, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, anticancer properties, reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases, prevention of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Flavonoids also play essential roles in plants, including protecting against reduction, fertility, reproduction, and infection. Due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties, flavonoids are crucial for pharmacological, medical, and nutraceutical applications.

Curcuma caesia Roxb. commonly known as 'black turmeric' is an erect rhizomatous herb characterized by bluish-black rhizomes and leaves with a deep red-violet midrib. It is a native of northeast and central India and also found in Java and Myanmar. The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several metabolic disorders, leukoderma, leprosy, rheumatic complaints, bronchial disorders, menstrual disorders, gastrointestinal problems, neurological disorders, cancer and diabetes. The rhizomes contain 1.3-7.14% anthocyanins which determine its bluish black hue. 1,8-cineole, camphor, ar-turmerone, linalool, ocimene, ar-curcumene, zingiberol, curzerenone and tropolone were reported as the major components of rhizome oil from different geographical locations. The leaf oil is dominated by 1,8-cineole, camphor and borneol. Furanodienone and curzerenone were identified as the marker compounds for determining the quality of rhizomes. The present review is an update of its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oil (EO) from leaves of Eucalyptus robusta was extracted by hydrodistillation, and analyzed the chemical composition using gas chromatography-Flame ionization detector (GCFID), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Thirty constituents from leaf EO were identified accounting for 97.48% of the total composition of EO. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the major chemical classes (83.34%) in which 1,8-cineole (29.23%), α-pinene (18.58%), α-phellandrene (14.05%) and β-pinene (6.40%) were the main components. The larvicidal activity test against Culex quinquefasciatus showed that the essential oil from the leaves of E. robusta strongly inhibited this southern house mosquito with LC50 values at 24 h and 48h to be 30.34 µg/mL and 28.77 µg/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a tincture from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (eucalyptus tincture) when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The product is a ■■■■■ solution, with a dry matter content of ~ 1.86%, which contains on average 0.454% phenolic acids and flavonoids (of which 0.280% was gallic acid), 0.0030% 1,8‐cineole and 0.00012% methyleugenol. In the absence of analytical data on the occurrence of mono‐ or diformylated adducts of acylphloroglucinols with terpenes in the tincture and in the absence of toxicity data, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) could not conclude on the use of eucalyptus tincture for long‐living and reproductive animals. For short‐living animals (species for fattening), the additive was considered of no concern at 4 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening, 5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 6 mg/kg for piglets and rabbits for meat production, 7 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 16 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 14 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goats and horses for fattening, and 15 mg/kg for salmonids. These levels were extrapolated to physiologically related minor species. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of eucalyptus tincture up to the levels in feed considered of no concern. Eucalyptus tincture should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The use of eucalyptus tincture as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the leaves of E. globulus and their preparations were recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of cajuput oil obtained from fresh leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi Maton & Sm. ex R. Powell and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L., when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that cajuput oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 30 mg/kg for sows and dogs, 50 mg/kg for horses and ornamental fish, 40 mg/kg for salmon and 5 mg/kg for cats. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations were 18 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 26 mg/kg for laying hens, 23 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 37 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 31 mg/kg for piglets, 78 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 69 mg/kg for cattle for fattening and sheep/goats, 45 mg/kg for dairy cows and 28 mg/kg for rabbits. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 5 mg/kg complete feed. The use of cajuput oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake does not exceed the daily amount considered safe when consumed via feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the highest safe use level in feed. The essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since cajuput oil was recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea filipendulina is a native aromatic plant with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This research aimed to determine and compare the essential oil content and composition of different populations of this plant in farm condition. Seeds provided by the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran were sown in a field experiment over two years. Essential oils from the aerial parts of all populations, at full flowering stage, were obtained by hydro-distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil yields ranged from 0.13% to 1.20%. Twenty-six compounds were identified with 1,8-cineole (2.0–73.5%), santolina alcohol (14.2–35%) and borneol (0.6–20.4%) as major components. Cluster analysis divided all accessions into two clusters. The main compounds in cluster 1 (two populations) were santolina alcohol, borneol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, bornyl acetate and α-pinene. The oils in Cluster 2 contained borneol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate and high amount of 1,8-cineole (22.6–73.5%) as main components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study examined the synergistic effect of eugenol and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) on anesthesia in female guppy fish. The results showed that eugenol induced fish anesthesia at concentrations of 50 and 70 mg/L, with durations of 256.5 and 171.5 s, respectively. 1,8-cineole did not induce fish anesthesia. Combining eugenol with 1,8-cineole resulted in the faster induction of anesthesia and a longer recovery time. This study concluded that eugenol and 1,8-cineole work better together as anesthetics, demonstrating the safety of using these agents on guppy fish. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect between eugenol and 1,8-cineole on anesthesia in female guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). Experiment I evaluated the concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 75 mg/L of eugenol and 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L of 1,8-cineole for times of induction and recovery from anesthesia. Experiment II divided fish into 16 study groups, combining eugenol and 1,8-cineole in pairs at varying concentrations, based on the dosage of the chemicals in experiment I. The results of the anesthesia showed that eugenol induced fish anesthesia at concentrations of 50 and 70 mg/L, with durations of 256.5 and 171.5 s, respectively. In contrast, 1,8-cineole did not induce fish anesthesia. In combination, using eugenol at 12.5 mg/L along with 1,8-cineole at 400 mg/L resulted in fish anesthesia at a time of 224.5 s. Increasing the eugenol concentration to 25 mg/L, combined with 1,8-cineole at 300 and 400 mg/L, induced fish anesthesia at times of 259.0 and 230.5 s, respectively. For treatments with eugenol at 50 mg/L combined with 1,8-cineole at 100 to 400 mg/L, fish exhibited anesthesia at times of 189.5, 181.5, 166.0, and 157.5 s. In the case of eugenol at 75 mg/L, fish showed anesthesia at times of 175.5, 156.5, 140.5, and 121.5 s, respectively. The testing results revealed that 1,8-cineole as a single treatment could not induce fish anesthesia. However, when supplementing 1,8-cineole in formulations containing eugenol, fish exhibited a significantly faster induction of anesthesia (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all fish that underwent anesthesia were able to fully recover without any mortality. However, the shorter anesthesia duration resulted in a significantly prolonged recovery time. In conclusion, eugenol and 1,8-cineole work better together as anesthetics than when used separately, and demonstrated the safety of using these anesthetic agents on guppy fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sitopaladi churna is one of the Ayurvedic remedies for the treatment of cough, bronchial problems, and congestion in the upper respiratory system. It consists of herbs the Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Elettaria cardamomum, Piper longum, vanshlochan from Bambusa bambos, and cane sugar. A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the quantification of piperine, cinnamaldehyde, and 1,8-cineole. The mobile phase was optimized to achieve proper separation between chromophoric and nonchromophoric chemical markers. The densitometric scanning was done at 307 nm for piperine and cinnamaldehyde and at 599 nm for 1,8-cineole after derivatization with 1% of vanillin‒sulfuric acid. The linearity range was 100–500 ng/band for piperine and cinnamaldehyde and 600–3000 ng/band for 1,8-cineole. The linear regression analysis data show a good linear relationship with correlation coefficient (R) ≥ 0.99 for all three selected chemical markers. The proposed method was fully validated according to analytical method guidelines. The results indicate that the proposed HPTLC method was found to be accurate, simple, and precise and can be used for the quantification of the mentioned markers in sitopaladi churna and other herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myrtus communis L. (Myrtaceae), widely valued for its aromatic leaves and essential oil, plays a significant role in traditional medicine and modern phytotherapy. The variability in its essential oil composition and bioactive compounds across different populations underscores its potential for novel therapeutic discoveries and agricultural utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical diversity of 12 selected Iranian M. communis populations in their natural habitats. Leaf samples were collected in 2023 from these native habitats to assess various parameters, including phenolic compounds (total phenols and total flavonoids), antioxidant capacity, essential oil content, and essential oil composition. The results indicated significant variations in phenolic content and antioxidant capacity across the populations. The Khoraman population, used as a control, exhibited the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, followed by the Sar-sarab and Yazd populations, while the Poldokhtar and Kermanshah populations showed the lowest levels. Additionally, the Poldokhtar and Hormozgan populations demonstrated the highest antioxidant capacities. Essential oil content ranged from 0.480 to 1.478%, with the Khoraman and Padeghan populations having the highest percentages of 1.631 and 1.478%, respectively. GC/MS analysis identified 29 distinct compounds in the essential oils, with major components including 1,8-cineole (22.34 to 45.66%), α-pinene (19.25 to 35.96%), linalool (7.79 to 18.76%), and α-terpineol (5.26 to 9.17%). The myrtle populations were categorized into four groups: (1) Khoraman; (2) Shiraz and Yazd; (3) Ilam, Sar-sarab, Poldokhtar, and Padeghan; and (4) Khuzestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh–Boyer–Ahmad, and Hormozgan. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) corroborated the cluster analysis results, as populations within each group displayed similar distributions in the biplot.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into chemical composition, antibacterial activity and molecular interactions of phytocompounds present in Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was employed to identify and quantify the bioactive compounds present in the extracts. The major phytocompounds are found to be 1,8- cineole, α-pinene and α-guaiene. The antibacterial potential of extracts was evaluated against gram-positive and negative strains using agar well-diffusion assay. The methanolic extract showed more antibacterial activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains having inhibition zone of 17.6 ± 0.94 and 21.3 ± 0.47 mm respectively when compared to petroleum ether extracts having zone of inhibition of 13 ± 0.81 and 17.3 ± 0.47 mm respectively for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. Molecular docking studies provided insights into binding modes and interaction between phytocompounds and bacterial targets. The results shed light on the potential mechanisms of antibacterial action, enhancing our understanding of efficacy of phytocompounds. The ADMET and toxicity studies further validates the phytocompounds as promising candidates for further exploration and development of novel antibacterial agents.

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton originated in the evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of South India. In order to compare the percentage of essential oil and its components of selected small cardamom landraces, the study was conducted at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara, Idukki Dt. of Kerala. Essential oil components of nine farmer's varieties such as Njallani Green Gold, Thiruthali, Panikulangara Green Bold No.1, Wonder Cardamom, Elarajan, Arjun, Pappalu, PNS Vaigai, Pachaikkai; and ICRI-5 as control were compared to evaluate the quality of genotypes. Essential oil content was significantly higher in Najllani Green Gold (9.18%), followed by Wonder Cardamom (8.36%). GC-MS profiling identified twenty-five compounds contributing to 90-93% of essential oil. The higher percentage of 1,8-cineole was observed in PNS Vaigai (38.04%) and the control ICRI-5 (38.99%), while Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 had the lowest percentage (24.30%). a-terpinyl acetate was higher (43.39%) in Panikulangara Green Bold No.1 followed by Thiruthali (39.21%), and was lowest in ICRI-5 (35.97%). Panikulangara Green Bold 1 had a higher percentage of a-terpineol, Geranyl acetate, Geraniol and Linalyl acetate than other genotypes. The percentage of sabinene was higher in Njallani Green Gold (7.56%), and in the genotype, Elarajan (5.46%) was lowest. Due to the medicinal and flavour-contributing properties, the essential oil components can be used in medicinal and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia argyi, Chinese mugwort, is a plant widely used in China for various purposes from traditional medicine to food. The plant is less known in Europe. From plants grown in Austria, essential oils and their respective hydrolates were obtained, and their compositions were studied. Oxidized monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (32–42%), camphor (12–14%), and borneol (10–12%) were the main components present in both the essential oils and hydrolates. The essential oils also contained 6.6–10.5% monoterpene hydrocarbons such as β-caroyphyllene, camphene, and p-cymene. The hydrolate volatile fractions were devoid of hydrocarbons because of the low solubility of these compounds in water. Neointermedeol (selin-11-en-4-α-ol), a rather rare compound, and caryophyllene oxide were the major oxidized sesquiterpenes in the essential oils and were also present in low levels in the hydrolate volatiles. Furthermore, small amounts of eugenol were in the hydrolate volatiles. The essential oils and hydrolates showed some antioxidant activities in the DPPH and FRAP assays. Essential oils diluted 1:100 corresponded to gallic acid equivalents of 212–274 µg/mL in the FRAP assay and 26.1–30.7 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, while the ranges of activity for the hydrolates corresponded to gallic acid equivalents of 109–597 and 10.5–31.7 µg/mL for FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterium is also an important pathogen in animals, resistant to various antibiotics in different ways. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate 1-8 cineole, a new antimicrobial agent derived from medicinal plants. Four male and female goats about two years of age weighing 45 kg were used. To prepare the P. aeruginosa inoculation site, a 30 cm² area in the right and left flank and thorax region were shaved. The inoculum was injected intradermally at five sites, with 0.4 mL in a concentration of 106 CFU/mL of P. aeruginosa per site. After the induction of cutaneous pseudomoniasis, lesions in the right thoracic area were treated with 1-8 cineole, lesions in the left thoracic area treated with gentamicin ointment as a standard drug and lesions in the right flank were treated with glycerin daily until complete recovery. Daily administration of cineole and gentamicin for nine days improved skin lesions. Same as the untreated group (n=4), glycerin did not affect cutaneous lesions. The results of this study showed that 1,8-cineole, same as gentamicin, healed and improved cutaneous lesions in goats caused by Pseudomonas infection within nine days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antrodia cinnamomea is a valuable edible and medicinal mushroom with antitumor, hepatoprotective, and antiviral effects that play a role in intestinal flora regulation. Spore-inoculation submerged fermentation has become the most efficient and well-known artificial culture process for A. cinnamomea. In this study, a specific low-molecular compound named 1,8-cineole (cineole) from Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay was first reported to have remarkably promoted the asexual sporulation of A. cinnamomea in submerged fermentation (AcSmF). Then, RNA sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR, and a literature review were performed to predict the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the cineole-promoted sporulation of AcSmF. The available evidence supports the hypothesis that after receiving the signal of cineole through cell receptors Wsc1 and Mid2, Pkc1 promoted the expression levels of rlm1 and wetA and facilitated their transfer to the cell wall integrity (CWI) signal pathway, and wetA in turn promoted the sporulation of AcSmF. Moreover, cineole changed the membrane functional state of the A. cinnamomea cell and thus activated the heat stress response by the CWI pathway. Then, heat shock protein 90 and its chaperone Cdc37 promoted the expression of stuA and brlA, thus promoting sporulation of AcSmF. In addition, cineole promoted the expression of areA, flbA, and flbD through the transcription factor NCP1 and inhibited the expression of pkaA through the ammonium permease of MEP, finally promoting the sporulation of AcSmF. This study may improve the efficiency of the inoculum (spores) preparation of AcSmF and thereby enhance the production benefits of A. cinnamomea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Salvia L., belonging to the Lamiaceae family, contains more than 900 species distributed in various parts of the world. It is a genus containing aromatic plants used both in the culinary field and above all in the cosmetic area to produce several perfumes. Salvia fruticosa Mill., notoriously known as Greek Salvia, is a plant used since ancient times in traditional medicine, but today cultivated and used in various parts of Europe and Africa. Polar and apolar extracts of this plant confirmed the presence of several metabolites such as abietane and labdane diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and some flavonoids, causing interesting properties such as sedative, carminative, and antiseptic, while its essential oils (EOs) are mainly characterized by compounds such as 1,8-cineole and camphor. The aim of this work concerns the chemical analysis by GC and GC-MS, and the investigation of the biological properties, of the EO of S. fruticosa plants collected in eastern Sicily. The gas-chromatographic analysis confirmed the presence of 1,8-cineole (17.38%) and camphor (12.81%), but at the same time, also moderate amounts of α-terpineol (6.74%), β-myrcene (9.07%), camphene (8.66%), β-pinene (6.55%), and α-pinene (6.45%). To study the protective effect of EOs from S. fruticosa (both the total mixture and the individual compounds) on possible damage induced by heavy metals, an in vitro system was used in which a model organism, the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, was subjected to the effect of a mix of heavy metals (HM) prepared using values of concentrations actually measured in one of the most polluted watercourses of the Campania region, the Regi Lagni. Finally, the antioxidant response and the photosynthetic damage were examined. The exogenous application of the EO yields a resumption of the oxidative stress induced by HM, as demonstrated by the reduction in the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) content and by the increased activity of antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Furthermore, plants treated with HMs and EO showed a higher Fv/Fm (maximal quantum efficiency of PSII in the dark) with respect to HMs-only treated ones. These results clearly indicate the protective capacity of the EO of S. fruticosa against oxidative stress, which is achieved at least in part by modulating the redox state through the antioxidant pathway and on photosynthetic damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orange processing and wood production industries generate wastes in the form of orange peel and eucalyptus leaves. These residues can be valorized as feedstocks to produce essential oils. Therefore, a simultaneous orange peel and eucalyptus leaves essential oil extraction process integrating solar energy was simulated. Biomass and essential oils were simulated by using equivalence models. The coupling of solar collectors allowed the extraction of eucalyptus essential oil, with a saving of 10 % in the total energy load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamomum glanduliferum is an aromatic evergreen plant of family Lauraceae. In this work, various drying conditions like sun, shade and oven (at 40°C and 50°C) were used to explore the variation in the essential oil composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic activities, as well as in silico ADMET and molecular docking study of leaves of the C. glanduliferum species. Fresh and dried samples were hydro-distilled using Clevenger equipment, and the resulting essential oil was analysed by GC and GC-MS. Egg albumin was used to perform in-vitro anti-inflammatory action. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, H2O2 radical scavenging, and iron metal chelating activities. α-Amylase inhibition activity was also performed on all samples. 1,8-Cineole (44.26 to 58.80%), sabinene (16.68 to 20.50%), and α-terpineol (9.04 to 10.50%) were the main components of the oils of the dried samples. The shade-dried sample had the highest essential oil yield, followed by the sun-dried, oven-dried at 50°C, and oven-dried at 40°C. The maximum antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activities were demonstrated by oven -dried plant material at 40°C, whereas the lowest activities were exhibited by an oven sample at 50°C. On the other hand, oven dried samples at 50°C had the highest anti-inflammatory activity; while oven dried samples at 40°C had the lowest. Drying procedures influenced essential oil composition and yield. The sample dried in an oven at 40°C preserved the most 1,8-cineole, indicating it the most effective drying method for C. glanduliferum. Furthermore, the oven 40°C sample demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many chemotherapeutic agents cause various side effects, including nephrotoxicity. Cardamom essential oil (Amomum compactum Soland. ex Maton) contains compounds that exhibit antioxidant activity, such as 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, α‐terpineol, and linalool. This study focused on exploring the potency of cardamom essential oil (CEO) as an anti‐senescent induced by doxorubicin using the Vero kidney cell line. We first obtained the CEO by steam distillation, then evaluated its cytotoxicity using a trypan blue exclusion assay. Moreover, we performed senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) staining and 2’,7’‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) staining to measure the effect of CEO on intracellular ROS level and cell senescence, respectively. Analysis of the compounds with gas chromatography‐mass spectrophotometry (GC‐MS) revealed seven compounds with significant abundance, namely 1,8‐cineole (50.82%), ß‐pinene (12.43%), α‐terpineol (8.50%), fenchone (4.10%), α‐pinene (4.00%), sabinene (3.00%), and linalool (1.98%). The cytotoxicity assay of CEO on Vero cells showed an IC50 value of 178 μg/mL. Thus, CEO is considered low cytotoxic for normal kidney cells (>100 μg/mL). Concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL CEO reduced the cell senescence induced by doxorubicin. Therefore, CEO has potency as a nephroprotective agent in doxorubicin‐induced senescence.

Abstract Amomum subulatum is a popular aromatic and medicinal spice crop being used for centuries to treat a variety of health ailments. The ethnopharmacological use of Amomum subulatum has been described in various medicinal systems including Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese for its therapeutic properties in mitigating gastrointestinal disorders, lung congestions, respiratory ailments, jaundice, tuberculosis, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, ischemic heart diseases, etc. Literature search using Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, Elsevier, Wiley online Library, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus databases was restricted to English‐language articles. Significant information on pharmacological properties of Amomum subulatum, including antioxidant (ROS/RNS pathways), anti‐inflammatory (TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6, COX‐2, NF‐кB, HO‐1, arachidonic acid pathways), antinephrotoxic (urea, creatinine, Cystatin‐C), antihepatotoxic (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), antidiabetic, etc., was collected for the review. The pharmacological properties of this traditional herb may be attributed to the plethora of secondary metabolites present in it. Preliminary phytochemical screening reported the abundance of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acid esters, etc. 1,8‐cineole (60%–80% of total volatile oil), α‐terpineol, limonene, α‐terpinyl acetate, etc., are the notable phytochemicals reported from Amomum subulatum. However, detailed insights into the molecular mechanistic pathways mediating the beneficial role of this traditional herb on cell/animal models and large‐scale clinical trials are lacking. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive description of the current knowledge on Amomum subulatum, including its phytoconstituents, pharmacological uses, and toxicities, its implication in host health effects, including in vitro/in vivo efficacy, and the potential of these emerging species to suggest areas for future research.

Abstract Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad is an endemic and rare perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which grows in a limited area in Binaloud Mountain in northeast of Iran. In this study to evaluate the diversity of 20 populations (localities) of N. binaludensis and the influence of environmental factors on essential oil (EO) content and composition, the plant aerial parts were collected at the full flowering stage. The plant materials dried in shade and subjected to hydro-distillation for obtaining their EOs. Analysis of the EO was carried out using GC and GC/MS. The oil yields were varied from 1.2 to 4.9%. Classification of populations was made based on EO compounds. The results of mean comparison between populations belong to different habitats showed that the populations of Darood and Friezy with average values of 4.91 and 1.2% had the highest and lowest EO yield, respectively. Twenty-two compounds were identified in the oils with 1,8-cineol (25.4–59.0%), 4aα,7α,7aα-nepetalactone (13.8–55.1%), myrcene (2.3–5.5%) and p-cymene (1.1–5.7%) as the main components. Result of correlation analysis showed that the oil yield was positively correlated with precipitation and negatively with temperature. In addition, 1,8-cineole was positively and nepetalactone was negatively correlated with altitude. Cluster analysis by Ward method categorized the populations into two groups. The major compound of the oils in cluster 1 was nepetalactone (with an average of 37.9%), while the oils in cluster 2, contained higher percentage of 1,8-cineole (52–59%). Most of the populations in cluster 2, were originated from high, cold, rainy, and steep areas.

Introduction: The genus Myrcianthes ranges from southern Florida to Chile, including the Caribbean, and the species Myrcianthes storkii is a shrub or tree found in Costa Rica and western Panama, in wet to very rainy, cloud, and oak forests (altitude 1300-3150m). Objective: To identify the chemical composition of essential oils from leaves, floral buds, and twigs of M. storkii of Costa Rica. Methods: We obtained the essential oils through hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus. The chemical composition of the oils was done by GC/FID and GC/MS, using the retention indices on DB-5 and Carbowax types of capillary columns in addition to mass spectra. Results: The oils consisted mainly of terpenoids (55,45-87,75%). A total of 281 compounds accounted for 91,27-74,56% of the total amount of oils. The major constituents from the leaf oil were myrcene (17,44%), cis-calamenene (12,60%), α-pinene (5,48%), (E)-caryophyllene (5,16%), limonene (3,91%), p-cymene (3,71%), 1,8-cineole (2,80%), and α-humulene (2,80%). The floral bud essential oil consisted mainly of α-pinene (15,23%), cis-calamenene (12,70%), myrcene (8,59%), 1,8-cineole (4,26%), germacrene B (3,65%), α-humulene (3,55%), and (E)-caryophyllene oxide (2,93%). The major components of twig oil were cis-calamenene (11,31%), palmitic acid (7,99%), (E)-caryophyllene (4,68%), -cadinene (3,28%), cubenol (3,24%), and (Z)-caryophyllene oxide (2,94%). Conclusion: The presence of a significant quantity of myrcene and cis-calamenene seems to be characteristic of this species.

Aphids (Aphidoidea) and Fusarium spp. are widely recognized as destructive pests that cause significant damage to crops on a global scale. This study aimed to ascertain the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) of four Tunisian Eucalyptus species and evaluate their toxicity against common aphids and phytopathogenic fungi.The EOs were obtained via hydrodistillation and subsequently analyzed using GC-MS. The chemical composition analysis revealed the presence of five distinct chemical classes in the EOs: monoterpene hydrocarbons (3.8–16.7 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (5.5–86.0 %), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (0.2–2.2 %), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.2–86.7 %), and non-terpene derivatives (0.1–14.1 %).Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) of the Eucalyptus leaf EOs highlighted significant differences among them, leading to the generation of distinct HCA clades representing at least twelve major components.The statistical analysis clearly demonstrated a dose-response relationship, indicating the impact of the tested EOs on the growth of insects and fungal mycelium. The observed effects varied due to the variability in the chemical compositions of the EOs.Notably, among the EOs tested, Eucalyptus lesoufii Maiden exhibited particularly potent effects against the targeted insect and fungal species. This research contributes to the ongoing exploration of natural alternatives to chemical pesticides, providing further insights for potential industrial applications. It underscores the versatility of these EOs and their potential as valuable candidates in strategies for pest and disease management.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. Currently, there is no effective treatment for the disease. According to our preliminary data, 1,8-cineole, which is the main active compound of Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton volatile oil and an effective drug for the treatment of pneumonia, showed remarkable anti-inflammatory effects on colitis pathogenesis. However, its mechanism of action and direct targets remain unclear. This study investigated the direct targets and mechanism through which 1,8-cineole exerts its anti-inflammatory effects using a dextran sulfate sodium salt-induced colitis mouse model. The effects of 1,8-cineole on macrophage polarization were investigated using activated bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 cells. In addition, 1,8-cineole targets were revealed by drug affinity responsive target stability, thermal shift assay, cellular thermal shift assay, and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) activity assays. The results showed that 1,8-cineole exhibited powerful anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the macrophage M1 polarization and protecting intestinal barrier function. Mechanistically, 1,8-cineole directly interacted with HSP90 and decreased its ATPase activity, also inhibited nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-, leucine rich repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) binding to HSP90 and suppressor of G-two allele of SKP1 (SGT1) and suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. These results demonstrated that 1,8-cineole is a potential drug candidate for UC treatment. [Display omitted] • 1,8-cineole efficiently relieves DSS-induced intestinal barrier damage in mice. • 1,8-cineole downregulates M1 polarization of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. • 1,8-cineole inhibits the activity of HSP90 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. • The inhibitory effect of 1,8-cineole on HSP90 activity is verified for the first time. • Providing evidence that 1,8-cineole is a new candidate drug for UC by targeting the binding of HSP90-NLRP3-SGT1 complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant, whose the volatile oil from the leaves are commonly used as a raw material in pharmaceutical and perfumery industries. In this study, the influences of the foliar applications of 24-epibrassinolide (BRs: 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 µM) and paclobutrazol (PBZ: 17, 25, and 34 µM) as well as three moisture conditions (non-stress, slight water deficit stress, and mild water deficit stress) on the content and chemical compositions of the essential oil from the sage leaves were investigated. For evaluation of phytochemical characteristics, the essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Substantial effect of the foliar applications of BRs and PBZ under different moisture conditions on the quantity and quality of the essential oil of sage was found. The highest essential oil contents were recorded for sage plants treated with BRs at 3.5 µM under mild drought stress (0.79 mL/100 g dry matter) followed by PBZ at 17 µM under slight drought stress (0.72 mL/100 g dry matter). Using the BRs and PBZ foliar meaningfully enhanced biologically active substances, including 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, and camphor as the major constituents in the essential oil under different moisture conditions. In final, it can be concluded that the applied of the BRs and PBZ mitigate the reducing effects of water shortages on improve the quantity and quality yield of S. officinalis L. under drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisia argyi, Chinese mugwort, is a plant widely used in China for various purposes from traditional medicine to food. The plant is less known in Europe. From plants grown in Austria, essential oils and their respective hydrolates were obtained, and their compositions were studied. Oxidized monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (32–42%), camphor (12–14%), and borneol (10–12%) were the main components present in both the essential oils and hydrolates. The essential oils also contained 6.6–10.5% monoterpene hydrocarbons such as β-caroyphyllene, camphene, and p-cymene. The hydrolate volatile fractions were devoid of hydrocarbons because of the low solubility of these compounds in water. Neointermedeol (selin-11-en-4-α-ol), a rather rare compound, and caryophyllene oxide were the major oxidized sesquiterpenes in the essential oils and were also present in low levels in the hydrolate volatiles. Furthermore, small amounts of eugenol were in the hydrolate volatiles. The essential oils and hydrolates showed some antioxidant activities in the DPPH and FRAP assays. Essential oils diluted 1:100 corresponded to gallic acid equivalents of 212–274 µg/mL in the FRAP assay and 26.1–30.7 µg/mL in the DPPH assay, while the ranges of activity for the hydrolates corresponded to gallic acid equivalents of 109–597 and 10.5–31.7 µg/mL for FRAP and DPPH assays, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]