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Radio spectrum is fundamental to the operation of wireless communications services. In order to allocate radio spectrum for different services, spectrum is regulated via national laws, coordinated by an international body, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). For the most part, national (state) governments undertake the legal definition and allocation of spectrum. The most common method of allocation is auction, where competing parties bid for the rights to use specific bundles of spectrum, ensuring that the spectrum goes to the users and uses where it is most commercially valuable (Crandall, 1998). Alternatively it is 'gifted' to winners of a 'beauty contest' using predetermined government-specified criteria in order to meet other policy objectives (Prat & Valletti, 2000). Sometimes, spectrum can be reserved for particular government policies or other redistributive agendas (Howell & Potgieter, 2022). In February 2022, the New Zealand Government announced that a yet-to-be-formed 'Māori Spectrum Entity' would “receive an ongoing allocation of 20 percent of future national commercial spectrum allocations, at no cost.” This is in addition to the 25 percent of spectrum designated for 5G technology (mid-band, 3.4-3.8GHz) under the Māori Spectrum Working Group agreement. The policy is novel as it creates a perpetual obligation rather than simply a one-off transfer. The Māori people are the indigenous people in New Zealand. The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed between the British Crown and Māori tribal leaders granted the tribes “exclusive and undisturbed possession of their lands and estates, forests, fisheries and other properties.” (Te Ara, 2022). Māori tribal leaders have asserted that since they exercised control over the air above their lands in 1840, they are entitled to a share of the spectrum within it. This controversial claim was supported by a Waitangi Tribunal (special court) hearing (Wai 776, 1999). Further support for the policy derives from New Zealand’s obligations as a signatory to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, we use comparative policy analysis to examine perpetual allocation of spectrum at no cost to tribal interests while at the same time selling spectrum at positive cost to industry parties, against the espoused objectives of both industry and other policies. While wealth and control is transferred from the Crown to the tribal entity, meeting various legal treaty obligations, it is not clear that the tribal entity faces the same incentives as the firms paying positive sums to deploy the spectrum in the most socially-useful manner. That is, meeting legal obligations may abrogate economic ones.

The Covid in Cartoons project engaged 15-18 year olds with political cartoons and cartoonists to foster processes of meaning-making in relation to the pandemic. Working with Cartooning for Peace and ShoutOut UK we engaged young people in building critical narratives of the crisis and its impact on their lives. We aimed to promote an inclusive, socially-responsive curriculum that supports young people's ability to cope in difficult circumstances. We used surveys, focus groups, and records of the participants' experiences in the form of workbooks to gather data. The project was led by Dr Fransiska Louwagie (PI) and Dr Diane Levine (Co-I), with postdoctoral associates Dr Kara Blackmore and Dr Sarah Weidman, and ran between January 2021 and July 2022. The Covid in Cartoons team carried out focus groups with participants using a 'call and response' approach. These slides were used to structure and support the focus group sessions. These make use of cartoons where copyright is held by the maker.

The Covid in Cartoons project engaged 15-18 year olds with political cartoons and cartoonists to foster processes of meaning-making in relation to the pandemic. Working with Cartooning for Peace and ShoutOut UK we engaged young people in building critical narratives of the crisis and its impact on their lives. We aimed to promote an inclusive, socially-responsive curriculum that supports young people's ability to cope in difficult circumstances. We used surveys, focus groups, and records of the participants' experiences in the form of workbooks to gather data. The project was led by Dr Fransiska Louwagie (PI) and Dr Diane Levine (Co-I), with postdoctoral associates Dr Kara Blackmore and Dr Sarah Weidman, and ran between January 2021 and July 2022. These slideswere produced by SOUK to support teachers delivering the minicourse on meaning making during the pandemic. All teaching materials can be freely and easily accessed by registering for a free account with Shout Out UK here: https://education.shoutoutuk.org/

The Covid in Cartoons project engaged 15-18 year olds with political cartoons and cartoonists to foster processes of meaning-making in relation to the pandemic. Working with Cartooning for Peace and ShoutOut UK we engaged young people in building critical narratives of the crisis and its impact on their lives. We aimed to promote an inclusive, socially-responsive curriculum that supports young people's ability to cope in difficult circumstances. We used surveys, focus groups, and records of the participants' experiences in the form of workbooks to gather data. The project was led by Dr Fransiska Louwagie (PI) and Dr Diane Levine (Co-I), with postdoctoral associates Dr Kara Blackmore and Dr Sarah Weidman, and ran between January 2021 and July 2022.

SPARC 2021 Poster No. 22Social media provides two-way communications and interaction for both brands and customers, and this generates value through relationship marketing. 3.6 billion people were using social media in 2020 globally and this is increasing especially in the realm of sports, consisting of 52.6 % of sports fans accessing online sports content via devices. Compared to other industries, sports fans are more inclined to connect to their favourite brands and this makes sport a unique industry for service-dominant logic (SDL) research. SDL means brands and customers are co-creators of value in both direct and indirect interactions. Relationship marketing through the lens of SDL affects the value of customers, created with the brands by the total co-creation process of all elements. The purpose of this poster is to expand upon the work of “the role of social media in the co-creation of value in relationship marketing: a multi-domain study”. The study will therefore identify and categorise contribution and findings matched to SDL criteria and suggest opportunities for future research from the literature focusing on fans relationships. The role of fans has been increasingly emphasised both in sports marketing and academia; therefore, this will have both academic and practical value to investigate the effective implementation of social media as a relationship marketing tools with SDL perspectives. It also aims to emphasise the role of customers for social media and relationship marketing, contributing fans’ perspectives in sports to customer-dominant logic theory and the lens of fans for sports practitioners.

This report comprises the first of two volumes of research exploring the impact of the 2014 Hazelwood mine fire on the community wellbeing of the people of Morwell and Latrobe Valley. The key aims of the Community Wellbeing Stream project are to investigate community perceptions of: 1. the impact of the smoke event on community wellbeing, 2. the elements that are important for effective communication during and after the smoke event, and 3. the effectiveness of community rebuilding activities. This volume focuses on the first two of these three aims: determining the community perceptions of the impact of the smoke event on community wellbeing and the elements that are important for effective communication during and after the smoke event. The primary significance of this program of work is its ability to inform the community, local government, and various community and health agencies about the way the community’s resilience was affected and how the community perceives its capacity to respond effectively to any similar event in the future. The study also informs these stakeholders of the factors which are most critical for communication during a crisis, and how to ensure communication includes the community, speaks to them through the appropriate channels, and listens and responds to their concerns. The hope is that this report can provide valuable insights that can inform future policy and practice in ways that minimise harmful impacts on community wellbeing by adopting well-informed evidence-based practices in responding to and managing a complex crisis of this kind in the future.

A thesis submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Research Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition, La Trobe Business School, College of Arts, Social Sciences and Commerce, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.

Thu, June 27, 2019 12:00 PM – 5:30 PMhttps://www.meccsa.org.uk/nl/three-d-issue-32-discourses-of-immigration-and-citizenship-from-windrush-to-brexit/The first REaPN event under its new Chair Mita Lad (and Deputy, Dr. Noor Halabi) took place at De Montfort University on 27 June 2019, organised by previous Deputy of the network, Gurvinder Aujla-Sidhu. Across the afternoon the conference heard a selection of timely papers alongside fruitful discussion, culminating with the bringing together of ideas from keynote speaker Patrick Vernon OBE.https://www.windrushday.org.uk/windrush-day-events-2019/windrush-events-east-midlands/discourses-of-windrush/

Conversations about the Internet in the 2010s tended to go along two distinct tracks. One track pointed to the new affordances of digital and social media. The other focused upon the growing concentration of ownership and control over the Internet by a small number of giant digital corporations. This paper identifies the platformization of the Internet as a key development of this period, which raises new issues for media laws and policy.

This article identifies the current global ‘techlash’ towards the major digital and social media platforms as providing the context for a renewed debate about whether these digital platform companies are effectively media companies (publishers and broadcasters of media content), and implications this has for twenty-first-century media policy. It identifies content moderation as a critical site around which such debates are being played out, and considers the challenges arising as national and regionally based regulatory options are considered for digital platforms that are ‘born global’. It considers the shifting balance between the ‘social contract’ of public interest obligations and democratic rights of free speech and freedom of expression.

In this thesis, I investigate the effects of social and political context on the process and outcomes of science communication in two different settings, using Dietram Scheufele’s interpretation of science communication as political communication. In the first setting, I examine the communication of climate tipping points at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) using 26 semi-structured interviews and 271 surveys administered to members of the UNFCCC policy community. Survey results revealed that only a small minority (14.3%) of policymakers defined climate tipping points consistently with the scientific community. Interview responses revealed that many policymakers believed they were not responsible for incorporating new scientific advice into their work on negotiations, and that this was the responsibility of scientists. Scientists interviewed expressed frustration that policymakers were not willing to hear scientific information they saw as irrelevant to their work on the negotiations. Policymakers responding to interviews were also unwilling to defy social norms by introducing a topic they saw as “complicated” into negotiations. Interview respondents who believed climate tipping points should be discussed within formal negotiations also noted that they interpreted the effects of climate change as temporally or spatially immediate to themselves. In the second setting, I examine how the United States print media incorporated discussion of climate change into coverage of the 2017 hurricane season via a content analysis of hurricane coverage in six major US newspapers. Conservative papers and liberal papers displayed significant differences in frequency and directness of references to climate change, as well as a significant difference in the references to climate denial messages, climate consensus messages, and use of proximity cues. However, the conservative paper near a 2017 hurricane consistently displayed significant differences in coverage from the other conservative papers. This paper frequently used social norms in messaging to shift narratives of acceptability of climate change discussion among conservatives. Both conservative and liberal papers near a 2017 hurricane used proximity cues to indicate the effects of climate change are both physically and temporally near at greater rates than elite and regional papers not near a 2017 hurricane. Taken together, these results reveal that three major factors influenced climate change communication in these two settings. First, power to define direction and content of science communication explains the lack of communication about climate tipping points at the UNFCCC. Policymakers’ hold legitimate power over science communication. This power is codified within UNFCCC structure. Policymakers’ expert power is also interpreted as more relevant to negotiations processes than scientists’ expert power; meaning policymakers are free to define what information is “policy relevant” and therefore, what is communicated. Second, social norms influenced how and whether communication occurred. Social norms prohibiting behavior disruptive to consensus building influenced policymaker definitions of “policy relevant.” Social norms among US conservatives prohibiting serious discussion of climate tipping points were also apparent. Finally, perceptions of climate change as immediate and nearby seemed related to willingness to defy social norms around climate change communication.

This report explores the impact social media is having on UK television production and distribution. Whilst there has been significant concern with how social media is changing audience habits, this research focuses on the role it is increasingly playing as a production technology within the TV industry. In particular we set out how financial, organisational and business imperatives intersect with the sector’s production cultures, working practices and skills base to make social media a major concern for the industry’s future.

The creative industries have become a key part of the economic development of many nations, with a particularly lively debate in the developing world taking place now.

On 24 March 2011, Attorney-General Robert McClelland referred the National Classification Scheme to the ALRC and asked it to conduct widespread public consultation across the community and industry. The review considered issues including: existing Commonwealth, State and Territory classification laws the current classification categories contained in the Classification Act, Code and Guidelines the rapid pace of technological change the need to improve classification information available to the community the effect of media on children and the desirability of a strong content and distribution industry in Australia. During the inquiry, the ALRC conducted face-to-face consultations with stakeholders, hosted two online discussion forums, and commissioned pilot community and reference group forums into community attitudes to higher level media content. The ALRC published two consultation documents—an Issues Paper and a Discussion Paper—and invited submissions from the public. The Final Report was tabled in Parliament on 1 March 2012. Recommendations: The report makes 57 recommendations for reform. The net effect of the recommendations would be the establishment of a new National Classification Scheme that: applies consistent rules to content that are sufficiently flexible to be adaptive to technological change; places a regulatory focus on restricting access to adult content, helping to promote cyber-safety and protect children from inappropriate content across media platforms; retains the Classification Board as an independent classification decision maker with an essential role in setting benchmarks; promotes industry co-regulation, encouraging greater industry content classification, with government regulation more directly focused on content of higher community concern; provides for pragmatic regulatory oversight, to meet community expectations and safeguard community standards; reduces the overall regulatory burden on media content industries while ensuring that content obligations are focused on what Australians most expect to be classified; and harmonises classification laws across Australia, for the benefit of consumers and content providers.

This paper reports on an exploratory study of the role of web and social media in e-governments, especially in the context of Malaysia, with some comparisons and contrasts from other countries where such governmental efforts have been underway for awhile. It describes the current e-government efforts in Malaysia, and proposes that applying a theoretical framework would help understand the context and streamline these ongoing efforts. Specifically, it lays out a theoretical and cultural framework based on Mary Douglas’ (1996) Grid-Group Theory, Mircea Georgescu’s (2005) Three Pillars of E-Government, and Gerald Grant’s and Derek Chau’s (2006) Generic Framework for E-Government. Although this study is in its early stages, it has relevance to everyone who is interested in e-government efforts across the world, and especially relevant to developing countries.

This paper investigates the current turbulent state of copyright in the digital age, and explores the viability of alternative compensation systems that aim to achieve the same goals with fewer negative consequences for consumers and artists. To sustain existing business models associated with creative content, increased recourse to DRM (Digital Rights Management) technologies, designed to restrict access to and usage of digital content, is well underway. Considerable technical challenges associated with DRM systems necessitate increasingly aggressive recourse to the law. A number of controversial aspects of copyright enforcement are discussed and contrasted with those inherent in levy based compensation systems. Lateral exploration of the copyright dilemma may help prevent some undesirable societal impacts, but with powerful coalitions of creative, consumer electronics and information technology industries having enormous vested interest in current models, alternative schemes are frequently treated dismissively. This paper focuses on consideration of alternative models that better suit the digital era whilst achieving a more even balance in the copyright bargain.

This paper explores the growing significance of legal questions to innovation and creative practice in what are now being termed the creative industries. Noting that the case for strong copyright protection as the cornerstone of innovation is highly contested, it explores the significance of Creative Commons licences as an alternative to Digital Rights Management and copyright law. It also introduces the case studies of music, online computer games, and ‘remix culture’ that are covered in this special issue of Media and Arts Law Review.