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Over the last twenty years, Brazil has staked successive claims to regional leadership, with varying explicitness and unclear success. What factors explain the acceptance or rejection of such claims by South American countries? This article summarises the literature on regional powers and frames regional powerhood as arising from geographical belonging, resources, and will to lead; and leadership/followership as stemming from exclusivity, hierarchy/influence, consensus, and provision. By analysing panel data on Brazil and South America from 1995 to 2015, the study concludes that Brasilia enjoyed higher followership in situations characterised by high exclusivity and consensus, and low hierarchy and provision. These conditions were present in South America in the 1990s, thus rendering that decade more receptive to Brazilian leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el estudio histórico de la región de América Latina. El autor comenta sobre el enfoque en el siglo 16 al siglo 20, así como el desarrollo de las relaciones entre los Estados Unidos y América Latina. También se considera la propagación de comunismo en la región y la eventual democratización en muchos de los países.

El artículo discurre sobre las características geográficas de la región de América Latina. La autora comenta sobre la inclusión de países de América Central, América del Sur y el Caribe en América Latina, y examina su historia desde el periodo colonial. También se considera la organización social y cultural de la región.

El artículo discurre sobre las relaciones regionales entre Brasil y los países de América Latina. La autora comenta sobre la publicación de varios libros y estudios asociados con la región, los cuales examinan la formación de la coalición latinoamericana. También se considera la historia de la región desde fines del periodo colonial a principios del siglo 19.

This article discusses the state of the Colombian government during the period from 1855-1886, with a focus on the adoption of electoral legislation. The authors comment on the democratization of Colombia and other Latin American countries during the 19th century following their respective independence movements from colonial Spain. The development of democratic constitutions and laws is also examined.

This article elaborates on how modernity is appropriated in Latin America in terms of its own decolonial disposition. Accordingly, it is reviewed to what extent cultural agency strategies are constitutive of a transgressive construction of a modernity from below. It is stated that the Latin American condition cannot be considered just as a mere ideological pastiche of discourses of premodernity, modernity and postmodernity, since such a view is buttressed on Eurocentric reductionisms. Hence, it is established that a contextual perspective of historical, political and social conditions is needed in order to understand our particular subaltern condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre las tradiciones y las raíces españolas en los países latinoamericanos. El autor comenta sobre la historia colonial de América Latina y describe el establecimiento de la autonomía de la región, con un enfoque en la doctrina Monroe de los Estados Unidos, la cual prohibió as actividades coloniales europeos en América Latina.

An essay is presented on the conflict between academic and popular understanding on Spanish America's wars of independence, wherein historiography failed to include colonies like Kingdom of Guatemala. Topics include the dissolution of the Spanish empire between 1808 and 1826 as culmination of Spanish imperial crisis, collapse of Spanish empire, and the role of Guatemalan oligarchy. It also discusses how Latin American countries including Mexico, Cuba, and Puerto Rico achieved independence.

The article explores the history of Polish people in Latin America, with a focus on their migration to Peru from the 19th century to the early 20th century. The author discusses the roles of Poland's political turbulence and loss of independence in the exile and migration to other countries, including Latin America and Peru. It is emphasized that Latin America's pro-immigrant policy led to large waves of Polish immigrants arriving in South America, including Peru. Polish workers in Peru included those who built roads and railways, Polish missionaries and nuns and Polish agronomists who managed estates in northern Peru.

This paper draws on Pedro Henriquez Ureña's teachings to present some reflections regarding the philosophical practices used in nineteen-century Latin America. These practices were transmitted by means of orality and gestuality and therefore, they can't be studied merely by accessing the authors' publications. In the paper we suggest some alternatives on how to study the practices of the transmission of philosophical knowledge. This issue is related to the emotional dimension of Latin-American philosophy, the relationship between rhetoric and philosophy and the existence of philosophical "styles" or "ways of doing" philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta un ensayo sobre la libertad en América Latina desde su emancipación a principios del siglo XIX. Se resumen varias fases de la historia política de la región, entre ellos los esfuerzos para adoptar principios liberales después de las guerras de independencia, el período caracterizado por el nacionalismo, las revoluciones y la democracia a partir de los 1930 y la vacilación entre el socialismo marxista-leninista y el desarrollismo de derecha empezando en los 1960.

The new trade data used here document the significance of industrialisation in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico after 1870. By 1910 Brazil and Mexico, in particular, led most of the poor periphery in Asia, Africa and the Middle East. While some of this impressive industrialisation was due to fast productivity growth in manufacturing, perhaps yielding some catch-up on their competitors in the United States and Europe, this article argues that there were even more powerful forces at work. Much of the industrialisation that occurred in Latin America was due to a cessation in the seven-decade rise in its net barter terms of trade, trends that reversed the deindustrialisation and 'Dutch Disease ' forces that had dominated Latin America for almost a century. Equally important for Brazil and Mexico was favourable policy in the form of higher effective rates of protection for manufacturing, and a depreciation of the real exchange rate. These policies were missing in Argentina and Chile, and industrialisation suffered there as a consequence. Changing market conditions and policies seem to have been more important than changing fundamentals in accounting for Latin American industrialisation after 1870. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the political and economic history of Latin America from 1800 to 2000. Success of the Chilean Revolution; Implementation of free-market economic reforms; Relationship between the U.S. and Latin America.