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We generalize our methodology for computing with Zariski dense subgroups of $\mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Z})$ and $\mathrm{Sp}(n, \mathbb{Z})$, to accommodate input dense subgroups $H$ of $\mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Q})$ and $\mathrm{Sp}(n, \mathbb{Q})$. A key task, backgrounded by the Strong Approximation theorem, is computing a minimal congruence overgroup of $H$. Once we have this overgroup, we may describe all congruence quotients of $H$. The case $n=2$ receives particular attention.

We initiate a new, computational approach to a classical problem: certifying non-freeness of ($2$-generator, parabolic) M\"{o}bius subgroups of $\mathrm{SL}(2,\mathbb{Q})$. The main tools used are algorithms for Zariski dense groups and algorithms to compute a presentation of $\mathrm{SL}(2, R)$ for a localization $R= \mathbb{Z}[\frac{1}{b}]$ of $\mathbb{Z}$. We prove that a M\"{o}bius subgroup $G$ is not free by showing that it has finite index in the relevant $\mathrm{SL}(2, R)$. Further information about the structure of $G$ is obtained; for example, we compute the minimal subgroup of finite index in $\mathrm{SL}(2,R)$ that contains $G$.

We develop a practical algorithm to decide whether a finitely generated subgroup of a solvable algebraic group $G$ is arithmetic. This incorporates a procedure to compute a generating set of an arithmetic subgroup of $G$. We also provide a simple new algorithm for integrality testing of finitely generated solvable-by-finite linear groups over the rational field. The algorithms have been implemented in {\sc Magma}.

We obtain a computational realization of the strong approximation theorem. That is, we develop algorithms to compute all congruence quotients modulo rational primes of a finitely generated Zariski dense group $H \leq \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Z})$ for $n \geq 2$. More generally, we are able to compute all congruence quotients of a finitely generated Zariski dense subgroup of $\mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Q})$ for $n > 2$.

We present new computational results for symplectic monodromy groups of hypergeometric differential equations. In particular, we compute the arithmetic closure of each group, sometimes justifying arithmeticity. The results are obtained by extending our previous algorithms for Zariski dense groups, based on the strong approximation and congruence subgroup properties.

We give a method to describe all congruence images of a finitely generated Zariski dense group $H \leq \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Z})$. The method is applied to obtain efficient algorithms for solving this problem in odd prime degree $n$; if $n=2$ then we compute all congruence images only modulo primes. We propose a separate method that works for all $n$ as long as $H$ contains a known transvection. The algorithms have been implemented in GAP, enabling computer experiments with important classes of linear groups that have recently emerged.

For $n > 2$, let $\Gamma$ denote either $SL(n, Z)$ or $Sp(n, Z)$. We give a practical algorithm to compute the level of the maximal principal congruence subgroup in an arithmetic group $H\leq \Gamma$. This forms the main component of our methods for computing with such arithmetic groups $H$. More generally, we provide algorithms for computing with Zariski dense groups in $\Gamma$. We use our GAP implementation of the algorithms to solve problems that have emerged recently for important classes of linear groups.