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1. Proficiency at object control skills by nine–to ten year old children In South Africa: The NW–child study

Author

24408506 - Leonard, Adele, 10063153 - Pienaar, Anita Elizabeth, 21663033 - Visagie, Marilette, Pienaar, A.E., Visagie, M., Leonard, A., 24408506 - Leonard, Adele, 10063153 - Pienaar, Anita Elizabeth, 21663033 - Visagie, Marilette, Pienaar, A.E., Visagie, M., and Leonard, A.

Abstract

Summary - Adequate profciency at object control skills, which is in?uenced by biological and environmental constraints, underlies the development of more complex sport–specific skills. This study describes profciency at six object control skills and demographic correlates associated with each skill and each skill criteria in 9– to 10–year–old children who were randomly selected from 20 schools (N= 826) and tested with the Test of Gross Motor Development 2. Cross–tabulation and hierarchical linear models were used to analyze the effects of sex (433 boys, 393 girls), ethnicity (619 Black, 207 White), and high (n= 312) and low (n= 514) socioeconomic school environments. Twenty–three percent of the sample showed below average pro?ciency. Signi?cant cant sex and socioeconomic school environment differences were found favoring boys and children from higher socioeconomic environments, although kicking showed significant interaction e?ects. It is concluded that environmental opportunities are the primary cause of differences across skills and the rates at which the skills are learned.

Published
2015

2. PROFICIENCY AT OBJECT CONTROL SKILLS BY NINE- TO TEN-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE NW-CHILD STUDY

Author

Anita E. Pienaar, M. Visagie, A. Leonard, 24408506 - Leonard, Adele, 10063153 - Pienaar, Anita Elizabeth, and 21663033 - Visagie, Marilette

Subjects
Male, Gross motor skill, Multilevel model, education, Ethnic group, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Object control, Child development, behavioral disciplines and activities, Sensory Systems, Test (assessment), Developmental psychology, South Africa, Child Development, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Motor Skills, Humans, Female, Psychology, Child, Socioeconomic status, Motor skill
Abstract

Adequate proficiency at object control skills, which is influenced by biological and environmental constraints, underlies the development of more complex sport-specific skills. This study describes proficiency at six object control skills and demographic correlates associated with each skill and each skill criteria in 9- to 10-year-old children who were randomly selected from 20 schools ( N = 826) and tested with the Test of Gross Motor Development–2. Cross-tabulation and hierarchical linear models were used to analyze the effects of sex (433 boys, 393 girls), ethnicity (619 Black, 207 White), and high ( n = 312) and low ( n = 514) socioeconomic school environments. Twenty-three percent of the sample showed below average proficiency. Significant sex and socioeconomic school environment differences were found favoring boys and children from higher socioeconomic environments, although kicking showed significant interaction effects. It is concluded that environmental opportunities are the primary cause of differences across skills and the rates at which the skills are learned.

Published
2015

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