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The first descriptions of "non-specific" killing of tumor cells by lymphocytes were reported in 1973, and subsequently, the mediators of the activity were named "natural killer" (NK) cells by Rolf Kiessling and colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in 1975. The activity was detected in mice, rats, and humans that had no prior exposure to the tumors, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen matching of the effectors and tumor cells was not required, and the cells responsible were distinct from MHC-restricted, antigen-specific T cells. In the ensuing five decades, research by many labs has extended knowledge of NK cells beyond an in vitro curiosity to demonstrate their in vivo relevance in host defense against tumors and microbial pathogens and their role in regulation of the immune system. This brief Perspective highlights a timeline of a few selected advancements in NK cell biology from a personal perspective of being involved in this quest.

The Get With The Guidelines-Stroke program which, began 20 years ago, is one of the largest and most important nationally representative disease registries in the United States. Its importance to the stroke community can be gauged by its sustained growth and widespread dissemination of findings that demonstrate sustained increases in both the quality of care and patient outcomes over time. The objectives of this narrative review are to provide a brief history of Get With The Guidelines-Stroke, summarize its major successes and impact, and highlight lessons learned. Looking to the next 20 years, we discuss potential challenges and opportunities for the program.

The current learning model emphasizes student involvement, which aims to enable them to participate actively in implementing learning. Collaboration skills are considered one of the critical abilities of the 21st century. These skills are considered to encourage active student participation both in the classroom and in group projects. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of the project-based learning model in improving students' collaboration skills. The research methodology used is quantitative, using a quasi-experimental type. The sample used in this research consisted of 58 students, 29 students in class IX A and 29 in class IX E at MTs Negeri 2 Malang City. The data collection technique uses a research instrument in the form of a questionnaire, while the data analysis technique uses the independent sample t-test. The research results show that applying the project-based learning model significantly influences students' collaborative skills. Implementing a project-based learning model fosters greater student involvement in communication and greater responsibility for the tasks or problems given. The limitations of this research lie in the research respondents. Research respondents were less responsive when filling out the research sample determination questionnaire. This research suggests that the project-based learning model can be an alternative learning model to improve students' collaborative skills. Additionally, further studies might investigate project-based learning models while considering additional characteristics relevant to the 21st century.

The topic of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly attracting attention. The purpose of the article is to present the results of a bibliometric analysis of the document flow on this topic. For the study, various scientometric data from the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) for 2001–2023 are used. The analysis showed the following. In Russia the growth of document flow began in 2016. The most cited publications are both monographs and articles. The vast majority of names named in the ranking are young people who have published their first works in the year of getting into the rating or1-3 years before that, but the authors with the most citations are not those actively publishing. The authors, organizations and leading sources of information are named. The breadth of the topic AI indicates a transition from the general fundamentals and understanding of the topic to specific developments used in a certain field of activity, but the library aspect in AI is practically not developed. In recent years, there have been reports on AI that are reflected in collections of conference proceedings, but scientific articles can be found in the ranking for each year.

Este trabajo se centra en la obra de Romina Paula, en el modo en el que en su producción literaria, teatral y cinematográfica se compone una experiencia temporal a la vez intempestiva e íntima que difiere de la lógica 24/7 de hoy. Mi hipótesis, motivada por el doble interés de explorar, por un lado, cómo se cuenta el presente en la narrativa argentina contemporánea y, por otro, qué salidas ficcionales se proponen para sortear los imperativos aceleracioncitas, sostiene que la obra de Paula, concebida como un verdadero espacio de experimentación con el tiempo, ensaya una alternativa —una solución práctica y terapéutica—, haciendo que sus personajes huyan de su casa. Antes que celebrar que el mundo se haya vuelto menos parsimonioso y más cortoplacista, las adultas de Paula, necesitadas de una pausa, escapan de sus domicilios fijos en busca de algo de tiempo propio. This paper focuses on Romina Paula’s work, on how, within her literary, theatrical and cinematographic production, a temporal experience that is both untimely and intimate and that differs from the 24/7 logic is composed. My hypothesis, motivated by the double interest of exploring, on the one hand, how the present is being narrated in contem-porary Argentine narrative and, on the other, what fictional outlets are being proposed to circumvent the accelerationist imperatives, argues that Paula’s work, conceived as a true space of experimentation with time, rehearses an alternative -a practical and therapeutic solution- by making her characters run away from home. Rather than celebrating that the world has become less slow and enduring, Paula’s women, in need of a break, escape from their fixed abodes in search of some time of their own.

Este artículo analiza la obra Manual práctico del odio de Ferréz a la vista de algunas teo-rías que abordan aquello relegado a los márgenes. El objetivo es demostrar que en la obra de Ferréz todos los personajes, en su situación de sujetos marginalizados, patenti-zan la condición de residuo humano, siendo tanto víctimas rezagadas del progreso eco-nómico como víctimas de estigmas y diatribas que manifiestan seres jerárquicamente superiores. La pesquisa considera como eje vertebral el concepto de residuos humanos de Zygmunt Bauman, planteamiento que se entrelaza con fuentes secundarias (Butler, Lipovetsky, Lynch, Paugam, Silva-Santisteban, Wacquant) referentes a otras formas y dimensiones de la marginalidad. This article analyzes the work Manual Prático do ódio by Ferréz in the light of some theo-ries that deal with what is relegated to the margins. The aim is to demonstrate that in Ferréz’s work all the characters, in their situation of marginalized subjects, show the condition of human waste, being both lagging victims of economic progress and vic-tims of stigmas and diatribes manifested by hierarchically superior beings. The research considers Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of human waste as its backbone, an approach that is intertwined with secondary sources (Butler, Lipovetsky, Lynch, Paugam, Silva-Santisteban, Wacquant) referring to other forms and dimensions of marginality.

En este texto me propongo caracterizar la manera en que el escritor cubano Jorge Enrique Lage configura La Habana. El análisis propuesto busca reconocer en la novela de este autor, Carbono 14. Una novela de culto, las estrategias de configuración de la ciudad habanera, a partir de los personajes que en ella aparecen. Parto de la premisa de que el escritor construye un relato que pone en marcha la identidad y la especificidad habaneras y las reenvía a otros universos deslocalizados al intercambiar y traducir referentes. Los sujetos de La Habana en esta escritura de Lage, errantes, exiliados, migrantes, turistas, robots y zombiestransplantan comportamientos, transcodifican imágenes de aquí y de allá y construyen un relato portátil, movible y expandido del terruño en el que es difícil ubicar una identidad. In this text I propose to characterize the way in which the Cuban writer Jorge Enrique Lage configures Havana. The proposed analysis seeks to recognize in this author’s novel, Carbono 14. Una novela de culto, the strategies of configuration of the Havana city, based on the characters that appear in it. I start from the premise that the writer constructs a story that sets in motion the identity and specificity of Havana and forwards them to other delocalized universes by exchanging and translating referents. Subjects in Lage’s writing, wanderers, exiles, migrants, tourists, robots, zombies transplant behaviors, trans-code images from here and there and build a portable, movable and expanded account of the terroir in which it is difficult to locate an identity.

The maritime sector plays a crucial role in global trade and economics. The competitive and rapidly growing sector requires a highly trained workforce with specific skills, especially for the twenty-first-century revolutions. Since, industry 4.0 entails the modernisation of work, which is likely to impact individuals' required skills, especially for seafarers in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, discussions on future maritime operations competencies frequently emphasize technology as a prerequisite for seafarers' ability to adapt to change. The paper seeks to explore seafarers' required skills, especially for the twenty-first century, using the modified Delphi method and Best Worst Method (BWM), which is a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) technique. Ten skills have been identified from the derived outcomes, divided into two segments: hard skills and soft skills. Technical and theoretical knowledge has been identified as the most influential hard skill, and communication skill as the most critical soft skill. The study will benefit seafarers and organisations related to training and hiring seafarers for making their decisions on the training and hiring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the origin of Chinese sci-fiction literature, Late Qing sci-fiction novels were essential for constructing "imagination" as they were major embodiment and important medium of Late Qing "modernity". As a historical coordinate echoing the late Qing Dynasty, the "21st century" allowed for further development of this "imagination" of modernity. Electric World constructed a world system completely different from the late Qing Dynasty and imagined a highly developed modern society from the aspects of time-space, technology and personalities. It made an early attempt to change the paradigm from "gods and monsters" to "science fiction", and conducted an ideological exploration and preparation for the formation of modern national state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Perífrasis. Revista de Literatura, Teoría y Crítica is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this essay, we analyze three novels published by Caballo de Troya publishing house: Listas, guapas, limpias (2019) by Anna Pacheco, Desencajada (2020) by Margaryta Yakovenko, and Proletaria consentida (2022) by Laura Carneros. Through these three works, with a clear autobiographical background, we examine the portrayal they offer of the precarity experienced by the young people of the authors' generation in a context conditioned by the crisis. Thus, we pay attention to the construction of the three protagonists' identity. They, coming from a working-class background (with a migrant origin in Yakovenko's novel), face a situation determined by uncertainty and instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the methodology used for the data collection and calculation of erosion rates and presents the recent results for the period 2001-2019 for all the beaches of the Andalusian shoreline. This period is divided into two subperiods (2001-2011 and 2001-2019) to detect possible trend changes during the study years. The proxy corresponding to the internal limit of the backshore has been used, which is very useful for medium to long-term coastal erosion rates. The results show the rates calculated for this proxy, which reveal a high presence of artificially stabilised sectors where the inward migration of the shoreline associated with it is hindered, together with an intensification of the retreat rates in natural sections. Similarly, there is a clear differentiation between a relatively dynamic Atlantic façade with a higher percentage of erosive sectors and a Mediterranean façade highly conditioned by anthropic presence, with a lower percentage but a higher intensity in their values.

Industrial Design education is poorly understood by laypeople but is present in Australian curricula from primary through to tertiary education levels. Designers and design researchers have long recognised the value of the broad-ranging skills, knowledge fields, and personal qualities design education imparts, but this understanding is generally not shared by the wider community who may see design as surface decoration. This research identifies indicators of value and relevance taken from the twenty-first century competences literature, then measures their presence in four different Industrial Design education settings. Two studies were undertaken. First, Industrial Design educators from primary, secondary, and tertiary levels were surveyed. Then diverse Industrial Design education stakeholders from education and non-education settings were interviewed. The studies gathered both quantitative and qualitative data on the value and relevance of current Industrial Design education in Australia. The result is a comprehensive analysis of the twenty-first century competences present in Australian Industrial Design education, which concludes with recommendations for ways Industrial Design education can benefit twenty-first century learners, as well as ways it should evolve to remain relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century has brought rapid social, technological, and economic changes that have reshaped the educational landscape worldwide. Within this context, South African school learners face a multifaceted psychological challenge that significantly impacts their well-being and educational outcomes. These challenges are shaped by the unique sociocultural context of South African societies marked by historical inequalities, cultural diversity, and socioeconomic disparities. Thus, this study aimed to explore the understanding of the psychological challenges facing South African learners in the 21st century through the visual explanatory research design. To develop effective interventions and support systems, the study employed a qualitative research approach from the interpretive paradigm perspective to explain the researched issue textually and visually through its participants' perspectives. The research context and the participants were purposefully and conveniently selected from two secondary schools in the Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa. Besides, the study utilised the focus group discussion and drawing as a visual explanatory approach to generate data. Further, thematic data analysis was used to assign codes and themes. The findings indicate that South African learners are negatively impacted by the psychological challenges that come with the advancement of technology in the 21st century. This study suggests that both parents and the teachers must understand that technology brought both pros and cons to young generations; thus, guidance and restrictions should be employed in the use of technological devices for the benefit and well-being of these learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the methodology used for the data collection and calculation of erosion rates and presents the recent results for the period 2001-2019 for all the beaches of the Andalusian shoreline. This period is divided into two subperiods (2001-2011 and 2001-2019) to detect possible trend changes during the study years. The proxy corresponding to the internal limit of the backshore has been used, which is very useful for medium to long-term coastal erosion rates. The results show the rates calculated for this proxy, which reveal a high presence of artificially stabilised sectors where the inward migration of the shoreline associated with it is hindered, together with an intensification of the retreat rates in natural sections. Similarly, there is a clear differentiation between a relatively dynamic Atlantic façade with a higher percentage of erosive sectors and a Mediterranean façade highly conditioned by anthropic presence, with a lower percentage but a higher intensity in their values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Procesos Historicos is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Notes Muzyczny is the property of Akademia Muzyczna im. Grazyny i Kiejstuta Bacewiczow w Lodzi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recial is the property of Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Centro de Investigaciones, Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides a short overview of women’s contributions to type design from the last century to the present day. Inspirational stories that reveal typeface challenges, unmatched talent and professionalism. The article examines female type designers from the second half of the last century. You can also read about some of the modern names in the field of typography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realm of science education is grappling with the growing demand to equip learners with the scientific reasoning and technological capabilities vital for the 21st century. In light of this, the present study delves into how Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) can enhance inquiry-driven approaches in modern-day science education. Using a literature review as its methodological approach, this research ascertains that TPACK is pivotal in making inquiry-based learning more accessible in science pedagogy. Specifically, educators who possess a profound grasp of TPACK can seamlessly weave technology into science lessons, tailor their teaching methods to cater to student requirements, and combine scientific factual knowledge with analytical reasoning abilities. As it pertains to applying an inquiry-driven curriculum, TPACK empowers educators to design engaging, collaborative, and experiential learning scenarios within the ambit of scientific exploration. Consequently, this study sheds light on the instrumental role of TPACK in science education of the 21st century, advocating for a more dynamic and learner-focused approach. This research underscores the need for specialized training and continual professional enhancement with a spotlight on cultivating TPACK skills among science educators. Furthermore, the insights derived from this study can pave the way for avant-garde curriculum frameworks and pedagogical structures, further championing inquiry-oriented instruction in contemporary science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The need for problem-solving and creative thinking skills to be taught well in business studies classrooms can never be overemphasised due to the complexity of the problems and challenges faced by businesses in the 21st-century business environment. Teachers are, therefore, required to adopt pedagogies that would enable learners to acquire problem-solving and creative thinking skills to operate effectively in the new business environment. This study investigates business studies teachers' adoption of learner-centred pedagogy to nurture learners' problem-solving and creative thinking skills. This qualitative study is positioned within the interpretive paradigm. An exploratory case study was employed as a research design. Progressive Learning Theory was adopted as the lens of the study. Semi-structured interviews and classroom observations were used to collect data from six business studies teachers who were sampled purposefully from six secondary schools in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The raw data was analysed thematically. It was found that most teachers managed to adopt learner-centred pedagogy and learning activities that promoted the acquisition of problem-solving and creative thinking skills. The study concluded that business studies teachers are now embracing learner-centred pedagogy in their classrooms, and they understand the importance of teaching learners to equip them with skills that are demanded by the 21st-century business environment. Despite these findings, it is still recommended that workshops and short learning courses be offered to teachers to equip them with pedagogical skills that would help them to engrain and sustain learner-centred pedagogy in their instructional practices.

Education in the twenty-first century is essentially characterised by a contrast between Islamic education, which is seen in strict orthodoxy, and Western education, which tends to be secular. After this error was recognised, a concept known as the Islamization of science (a term used to describe the assimilation of Islamic principles into contemporary science) arose that attempted to reconcile Islam with knowledge. Moreover, internal issues within Islamic Religious Education itself are among the issues the organisation faces, necessitating the continuation of a structural dynamism process in order for it to endure and significantly impact the world. Islamic education faces a variety of issues in the twenty-first century, also referred to as the globalisation age. These issues include power dynamics and the direction of Islamic education, the professionalism and calibre of human resources, and curricular issues. Some people believe that practical demands, such as those of markets, fields, and employment, are the main influences on education. There is a loss of the essence of Islamic education as a basis for culture, morality, and social movement. Thus, in the twenty-first century, it is necessary to contextualise Islamic Religious Education. The findings demonstrated that the community's input, the educational process, and the educational product are the three principles that an Islamic educational institution uses to be adaptive. Several strategies, such as administrative modernization, structural differentiation, and capacity expansion, are employed in the 21st century to contextualise and dynamise Islamic Religious Education. Thus, the result of these contextualization efforts is the output of Islamic Religious Education, which also serves as an input for the community at large. This includes the production of political, economic, social, and cultural outcomes as well as changes in value systems.

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the historical evolution of cyber deterrence strategies, tracing their development from conventional defence paradigms to the contemporary digital domain. By examining case studies, policy frameworks, and international collaborations, the research aims to unearth the pivotal milestones and key transformations in the narrative of cyber deterrence. The 21st century has witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of cyber threats, underscoring the imperative for robust cyber deterrence strategies. This research study delves into the multifaceted landscape of cyber deterrence, aiming to elucidate its evolution, challenges, and future trajectories in an era defined by technological innovation and geopolitical complexities—furthermore, the research endeavours to offer insights into the future perspectives of cyber deterrence strategies. Anticipating future geopolitical shifts and the evolution of cyber threats, the study envisages adaptive strategies and policy recommendations to fortify cyber defences. The methodology involves a comprehensive review of scholarly literature, case analyses and policy documents. The synthesis of these diverse sources aims to present a holistic understanding of cyber deterrence strategies and their implications in the contemporary landscape. This article provides an overview of the research’s scope, objectives, methodology, and anticipated contributions to the field of cybersecurity and international relations.

This article studies the evolution of the poetic imaginary of Chișinău City in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, which represents an overlap of images, of archetypal structures, which we integrated as theoretical support in the interpretation of urban poetic texts. Starting from the eight ensembles or archetypal structures of the imaginary applied to historical evolution, presented by Lucian Boia in For a history of the imaginary, we systematized the artistic images from the researched lyric in eight forms, attributed to each time segment, thus demonstrating the complexity of the urban imaginary and facilitating observing the metamorphosis of the image of Chișinău City during the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Through this system of archetypal structures, we interpreted the lyrical creations that capitalize on the Chișinău urban imaginary, identifying the change of perspective both on the image of the city, in the perception of the poets, and of the city itself, on a historical, political, social, economic and cultural level. Distanced to the point of oblivion (19th century), then raised on the pedestal of admiration (20th century), Chișinău becomes a familiar environment (21st century), an object of culture and not of worship, an architectural space concretized with the generation after 2000.

Historical film – a film genre supported in the Cold War era – has re-emerged in the 21st century in Eastern European cinemas, its success signalled by popularity, dedicated state financing funds or political support. This article frames the phenomenon within the Assmannian model of three communicative generations, suggested to be interlinked on the level of both the creative staff and the audience of Eastern European historical films. Based on box-office data of the Lumiere Database of the European Audiovisual Observatory, and research referring to further elements of canonization, it is argued that titles such as Polish Katyn (2007), Romanian Aferim! (2015) or Hungarian Bet on Revenge (2016) – the first majority production historical films to achieve significant audience, and, consequently, critical success in their domestic markets in the 21st century – signal a successful collective memory-work process. While in the major Polish market this may be inscribed within the three communicative generations of the victims, the forgetters and the mourners doing memory-work – possibly processing collective traumatization too –, the two small national examples fall outside the validity of the Assmannian model. In order to somewhat refine this apparent opposition between 21st century Eastern European major and small national collective memory-work through historical films, further examples from the Polish, Hungarian and Romanian top lists are examined. Poetic-medial features – the actualization of “trauma narratives” (Alexander 2012) or of postmodern irony, the employment of cinematic and/or televisual visuality – seem to facilitate collective memory-work differently for major and small national domestic audiences, activating or not their belonging to the three communicative generations with respect to the historical events represented in the films.

This study examines trends in violence research funding within and across National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes/centers from 2011 to 2020.

Copyright of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology is the property of Issues in Ethnology Anthropology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The emergence of the 21st century requires the younger generation to be able to face increasingly fierce global competition. One of the skills needed by the younger generation in this century is mathematical literacy. This ability needs to be improved in learning at school. One important factor that must be considered in learning mathematics literacy is gender differences. Therefore, this study aimed to identify students’ literacy abilities and find out the differences between male and female students at Madiun State Middle School, Indonesia. This research used a quantitative approach in the form of a comparative study. The research sample of 336 students was analyzed using descriptive analysis and the Mann-Whitney test. The results of the study concluded that the ability of female students’ mathematical literacy was much higher than that of male students. Female students excel in terms of representation, modeling, mathematical communication, and problem posing and solving skills. Meanwhile, male students excel in terms of using math symbols and mathematical thinking and reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the method in which young adults determine their leisure preferences, taking into consideration variables such as income level, gender ender, and availability of free time, and to investigate the potential associations between these characteristics and their ability in 21st-century skills. In this study, correlational research methodology was used to examine the impact of income levels, daily leisure time, 21st-century skill levels, and gender on the recreational activity preferences of university students. A total of 366 students from Necmettin Erbakan University were selected as a representative sample through face-to-face questionnaires, aiming to capture the characteristics of the full population. The data collection instruments comprised of a participant form and the "Multidimensional 21st Century Skills Scale." Recreational activities were classified into various categories. The research employed a multiple logistic regression analysis to forecast individuals' preferences for recreational activities, while considering factors such as income levels, daily leisure time, 21st-century skills, and gender. The results of the research showed that the significant impact of gender on individuals' preferences concerning sports, touristic, leisure, cultural, and artistic activities. In conclusion, this study highlights the factors that affect the recreational activity choices of university students, emphasizing the importance of 21st-century skills and other demographic variables in understanding these choices. This knowledge has the potential to provide insights into the development of initiatives aimed at encouraging a wide range of engaging recreational activities among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Political Thought / Myśl Ekonomiczna & Polityczna is the property of Lazarski University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the results of a field study of transhumant pastoralism which was carried out in June and July 2022 on the Zelengora, Volujak and Lebršnik mountains, on the Morine plateau, i.e. in the areas of the municipalities of Ljubinje, Nevesinje, Kalinovik and Gacko (Republic of Srpska-Bosnia and Herzegovina). The goal of the research was to determine the present state and development trends of transhumant pastoralism in the areas of eastern Herzegovina at the beginning of the 21st century. The paper gives an overview of the previous (ethnological) studies of transhumant pastoralism, and then presents the methodological procedures used in this research. The ethnographic section summarizes interviews with interviewees and field guides. The observed problems, both those that were talked about by the interviewees and those that were independently observed, were jointly expressed in the separate section as development trends that describe and at the same time shape the current state of transhumant pastoralism in the studied area. The problems in question are: the transformation of pastoralism into an individual economic strategy, and in some cases a form of personal leisure; changes in the directions and manner of livestock routes; the persistence of the basic production technology, along with the modernization of its individual elements; the weakening and dissolution of elements of the traditional cultural idiom; legal changes in property rights and the method of making compensations for rights of use; multiple consequences of war; increasingly pronounced neoliberal economic relations and withdrawal of the state; strengthening of personal motivation to engage in pastoralism; growing interest in zoological, ecological and climate topics. In almost all of the aforementioned trends, it is possible to recognize adaptation to the risks that come with changes in the environment, both natural and social. These are changes in the economy, demography, social relations, climate and ecology. The interviewees found ways to more or less successfully manage the mentioned risks.

Across the human genome, there are nearly 500 'ultraconserved' elements: regions of at least 200 contiguous nucleotides that are perfectly conserved in both the mouse and rat genomes. Remarkably, the majority of these sequences are non-coding, and many can function as enhancers that activate tissue-specific gene expression during embryonic development. From their first description more than 15 years ago, their extreme conservation has both fascinated and perplexed researchers in genomics and evolutionary biology. The intrigue around ultraconserved elements only grew with the observation that they are dispensable for viability. Here, we review recent progress towards understanding the general importance and the specific functions of ultraconserved sequences in mammalian development and human disease and discuss possible explanations for their extreme conservation.

In this article, we describe the development of the plant immunity field, starting with efforts to understand the genetic basis for disease resistance, which ∼30 y ago led to the discovery of diverse classes of immune receptors that recognize and respond to infectious microbes. We focus on knowledge gained from studies of the rice XA21 immune receptor that recognizes RaxX (required for activation of XA21 mediated immunity X), a sulfated microbial peptide secreted by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. XA21 is representative of a large class of plant and animal immune receptors that recognize and respond to conserved microbial molecules. We highlight the complexity of this large class of receptors in plants, discuss a possible role for RaxX in Xanthomonas biology, and draw attention to the important role of sulfotyrosine in mediating receptor-ligand interactions.

Radiation therapy (RT) continues to play an important role in the treatment of cancer. Adaptive RT (ART) is a novel method through which RT treatments are evolving. With the ART approach, computed tomography or magnetic resonance (MR) images are obtained as part of the treatment delivery process. This enables the adaptation of the irradiated volume to account for changes in organ and/or tumor position, movement, size, or shape that may occur over the course of treatment. The advantages and challenges of ART maybe somewhat abstract to oncologists and clinicians outside of the specialty of radiation oncology. ART is positioned to affect many different types of cancer. There is a wide spectrum of hypothesized benefits, from small toxicity improvements to meaningful gains in overall survival. The use and application of this novel technology should be understood by the oncologic community at large, such that it can be appropriately contextualized within the landscape of cancer therapies. Likewise, the need to test these advances is pressing. MR-guided ART (MRgART) is an emerging, extended modality of ART that expands upon and further advances the capabilities of ART. MRgART presents unique opportunities to iteratively improve adaptive image guidance. However, although the MRgART adaptive process advances ART to previously unattained levels, it can be more expensive, time-consuming, and complex. In this review, the authors present an overview for clinicians describing the process of ART and specifically MRgART.

In the 21st century, prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous transformations were already underway in the field of employment. However, this unprecedented global health crisis has had a profound influence on employment worldwide, yielding both positive and negative outcomes across various labor aspects. Consequently, while certain effects are anticipated to be temporary, others are likely to instigate enduring changes in employment practices.

Type 1 diabetes is characterised by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cell mass. With the advent of insulin therapy a century ago, type 1 diabetes changed from a progressive, fatal disease to one that requires lifelong complex self-management. Replacing the lost β-cell mass through transplantation has proven successful, but limited donor supply and need for lifelong immunosuppression restricts widespread use. In this Review, we highlight incremental advances over the past 20 years and remaining challenges in regenerative medicine approaches to restoring β-cell mass and function in type 1 diabetes. We begin by summarising the role of endocrine islets in glucose homoeostasis and how this is altered in disease. We then discuss the potential regenerative capacity of the remaining islet cells and the utility of stem cell-derived β-like cells to restore β-cell function. We conclude with tissue engineering approaches that might improve the engraftment, function, and survival of β-cell replacement therapies.

BackgroundNoncompressible torso hemorrhage is a leading cause of preventable death on the battlefield. Intra-aortic balloon occlusion was first used in combat in the 1950s, but military use was rare before Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. During these wars, the combination of an increasing number of deployed vascular surgeons and a significant rise in deaths from hemorrhage resulted in novel adaptations of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) technology, increasing its potential application in combat. We describe the background of REBOA development in response to a need for minimally invasive intervention for hemorrhage control and provide a detailed review of all published cases (n = 47) of REBOA use for combat casualties. The current limitations of REBOA are described, including distal ischemia and reperfusion injury, as well as ongoing research efforts to adapt REBOA for prolonged use in the austere setting.Level of evidenceLevel V.

Professional teachers are teachers who have basic competence within themselves. But most of what happens is still not aware of the importance of competence for teachers. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the professional competence of 21st-century teachers and children's science abilities based on their accreditation. Thus, it can be seen the connection between accreditation and the professional competence of PAUD teachers in children's science abilities. The type of research used in this study is quantitative, using correlational methods. Data collection is done by using a questionnaire. It can be seen that with A accreditation with the achievement of children's natural science abilities for problem-solving abilities with a score of 25%, 28% logical thinking, 22% receiving information, and 25% language skills can see and conclude that the professionalism of teachers in educating children in every learning activity has to keep up with the times. Meanwhile, with schools accredited C, it can be seen that scientific ability is 23%, logical thinking is 29%, information reception is 14%, and language skills are 32%. This can be interpreted as scientific ability with a standard level of achievement in learning activities because educators have not applied it professionally in activities with children. It can be concluded that the competence possessed by a teacher who teaches at a school with different accreditation also has further treatment in the learning process. That way, developing science skills is closely related to teacher professionalism so children can develop their science abilities.

Highlighted even in the Bible within the famous episode of liberation of Israelites from Pharaoh’s slavery under the leadership of prophet Moses, intelligence as an action of collecting information about enemy for the purpose of creating an advantage for own side or as a way of fortifying own security has constituted a realm of ideas from immemorial time. Many scholars illustrated different examples and gave different reasons for researching the paradigm of intelligence yet the aspect less emphasized was the importance of connecting and discussing intelligence in relation with the effectiveness of diplomatic and military undertakings correlated to specific strategic cultural and geopolitical contexts. This paper discusses the importance of reshaping intelligence in accordance with the 21st century security challenges and indicates that intelligence should suffer profound transformations for the purpose of backing the settings of nations’ foreign policies according to their desired geo-strategic status. Overall, intelligence might be nowadays the silver bullet reaching the minds of soldiers, society and policymakers for a secured world.