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Labelled point clouds are crucial to train supervised Deep Learning (DL) methods used for semantic segmentation. The objective of this research is to quantify discordances between the labels made by different people in order to assess whether such discordances can influence the success rates of a DL based semantic segmentation algorithm. An urban point cloud of 30 m road length in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) was labelled two times by ten persons. Discordances and its significance in manual labelling between individuals and rounds were calculated. In addition, a ratio test to signify discordance and concordance was proposed. Results show that most of the points were labelled accordingly with the same class by all the people. However, there were many points that were labelled with two or more classes. Class curb presented 5.9% of discordant points and 3.2 discordances for each point with concordance by all people. In addition, the percentage of significative labelling differences of the class curb was 86.7% comparing all the people in the same round and 100% comparing rounds of each person. Analysing the semantic segmentation results with a DL based algorithm, PointNet++, the percentage of concordance points are related with F-score value in R2 = 0.765, posing that manual labelling has significant impact on results of DL-based semantic segmentation methods. Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2019-061 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID2019-105221RB-C43 Ministère de l’Economie of the G. D. of Luxembourg | Ref. SOLSTICE 2019-05-030-24 Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

This contribution presents the results of numerical simulations in which a high-pier viaduct under lateral and vertical non-stationary spatially variable seismic ground motions is crossed by an articulated high-speed train at several speeds. The spectral representation method is employed to generate the required number of acceleration time-history series at each support location of the railway viaduct studied. Wave passage, local soil conditions and loss of coherency effects have been accounted for in the simulated ground-motion time histories, with several peak ground accelerations. Train and bridge responses have been obtained by means of a non-linear dynamic interaction multibody and finite element model. An analysis of train running safety indices has been carried out. The properties of earthquakes and train speeds which may cause problems to traffic safety are detailed, as is the train derailment probability. The numerical simulation outcomes show that it is not safe for the train to travel over the studied viaduct in earthquakes with peak ground acceleration equal to 0.03 g and for train speeds above 280 km/h. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. The first author would like to acknowledge the support for this study provided by European Erasmus + project: 2020-1-ES01-KA203-083262 “Building BIM digital competences for Tertiary VET in the designing and management of construction projects”. www.BIMVET3.eu. This project is co-funded by the Erasmus + Programme of the European Union.

The growing trend of developing standards of information exchange and management processes is leading to Building Information Models (BIM) being adapted to work with linear infrastructure assets. For this reason, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) has developed standards for linear infrastructure such as roads. Furthermore, the usage of remote sensing technologies, such as Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) systems for infrastructure monitoring is increasingly common. This paper presents an automated methodology that takes as input 3D point cloud tiles from an MLS and its trajectory, and outputs an IFC-compliant file that models the alignment of the road and the width of the roadway along the length of the road. The methodology is evaluated in 48 km of mountain roads, in some cases without road markings, using neither intensity nor colour fields. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I Fundación BBVA

Numerical modeling is a very useful tool in different fields of bridge engineering, such as load-carrying capacity assessment or structural health monitoring. Developing a reliable computational model that accurately represents the actual bridge mechanical behavior entails advanced FEM-based modeling complemented by a comprehensive experimental campaign that provides the necessary supporting information and allows validating simulation outcomes. This paper proposes a unified approach aimed at the experimental characterization and FE model updating of aging steel bridges. It first involves the realization of an extensive experimental campaign aimed at the bridge's geometrical, material, and dynamic behavior characterization. Then, a model calibration framework is developed, where deterministic (optimization) and probabilistic (Bayesian inference) approaches are employed, and techniques such as global variance-based sensitivity analysis and Kriging-based surrogate modeling are further implemented in order to enhance the identification process and reduce the overall computational burden. The methodology has been validated in a historical riveted steel bridge in O Barqueiro, north of Galicia, Spain. The results show a good agreement in the identified model parameter values and a noticeable correlation between numerical and experimental modal properties, with an average relative error in frequencies of 0.34% and 0.44% for the deterministic and probabilistic approaches and an average MAC (Modal Assurance Criterion) ratio of 0.96. Fundación BBVA Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PRE2019-087331 Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

Several methods have been developed for the semantic segmentation of reinforced concrete bridges, however, there is a gap for truss bridges. Therefore, in this study a state-of-the-art methodology for the instance and semantic segmentation of point clouds of truss bridges for modelling purposes is presented, which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first such methodology. This algorithm segments each truss element and classifies them as a chord, diagonal, vertical post, interior lateral brace, bottom lateral brace, or strut. The algorithm consists of a sequence of methods, including principal component analysis or clustering, that analyse each point and its neighbours in the point cloud. Case studies show that by adjusting only six manually measured parameters, the algorithm can automatically segment a truss bridge point cloud. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2021-124236OB-C3 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2021–033560-I Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

This paper develops a methodology for damage identification in steel truss bridges that uses vibration-based monitoring data and a model-based decision tree algorithm. The methodology resorts to a calibrated FE model with an optimization-based parameter identification procedure to simulate and analyze all the potential damages that might affect the structure. The effect of environmental conditions on the modal parameters is also accounted for, which is modeled as structure stiffness variations using the Young’s modulus and forecasted using a surrogate modeling strategy. The feasibility of the methodology is demonstrated on a full-scale bridge in Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain. The underlying hypotheses used in the algorithm implementation were validated, and the error ponderation and selection bound employed to detect and identify damage were optimized. The results show an average success rate of 95.0% and an average false positive rate of 1.0% in identifying damage indicating its robustness to be extrapolated to other case studies. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PRE2019-087331 Fundación BBVA Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. CAS21/00203

In this review paper, first of all, an analysis of the circular economy and its application to steel structures is carried out. It highlights the need to apply the philosophy of Design for Deconstruction or Design for Disassembly (DfD) from the conception of the structure so that it can be truly reconfigurable. Then, a brief review of the different types of connections for steel structures is conducted, comparing the level of research and development of each of them and the degree of reconfiguration that is possible to obtain. Subsequently, the article focuses on the type of connection using clamps, a key point of this work and on which, to date, there are no state-of-the-art studies. It describes the types of clamps, their principle of operation, the types of connections developed with them, and the results of the different investigations that allow for calculating these types of connections. A summary is also given of how these connection types work according to the geometrical characteristics of the clamp and the bolt so that this review work can serve as a driver for the widespread use of clamp-based connections by researchers and engineers in the design and manufacturing of demountable and reconfigurable steel structures. Finally, some conclusions are given, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of this connection system and future lines of research. Ministerio de Ciencia e Información | Ref. TED2021-130497A-I00

The IFC schema has been evolving towards the infrastructure domain. Furthermore, the use of laser scanning technologies as means to digitalize and monitor infrastructures has also significantly increased. This work presents an automated modelling approach for truss bridges that utilizes laser scanning data as its source for geometrical information. The methodology takes a partially instance-segmented point cloud of a truss bridge and generates both an IFC-compliant information model of the truss and the corresponding structural graph. This process uses bounding boxes and their collisions to overcome the missing data from the partial segmentation to create the truss model, as well as to identify the nodes that connect the different truss members. The methodology was tested on a use case made of 272 members and obtained the truss model and structural graph files. Universidade de Vigo | Ref. PREUVIGO-21 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. FJC2020–046370-I Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2021-124236OB-C33 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. FJC2020–046370-I Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG

Road geometry and sun glares play an important role concerning road safety. In this research, the direct sunlight in a roundabout sited in Ávila (Spain) is analysed using Aerial Laser Scanning (ALS) point clouds. First, the roundabout is divided in 8 sections, obtaining the driver bearing vectors of the roundabout. Entrances and exits driver bearing vectors of the roundabout are also considered. Then, sun rays are generated for a specific location of the roundabout and in a specific day and time. The incidence of the sun rays with the driver’s vision angle is analysed based on human vision model. Finally, intersections of sun rays with obstacles are calculated utilizing ALS point clouds. ALS data is processed (removing outliers, reducing point density, and computing a Delaunay Triangulation) in order to obtain accurate intersection results with obstacles and optimise the computational time. The method was tested in a roundabout, considering different driver bearings, the slope of the road and the elevation of the terrain. The results show that sun glares are detected at any day and time of the year, therefore areas with risk of direct sun glare within the roundabout are identified. The sun ray’s incidence in the vision angle of the driver is higher during winter solstice, and intersections with obstacles occur mainly during sunrise and sunset. In roundabout vector 7, during winter solstice there is direct sun glare for 7 hours 30 minutes, at the equinoxes for 6 hours 15 minutes and during summer solstice there is no direct sun glare. Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2019-061 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2020/01 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID2019-105221RB-C43 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. TIN2016-77158 -C4-2-R Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

Nowadays, several historical masonry arch bridges present a deficient state of conservation due to degradation processes induced by natural or human actions. Usually, these constructions have significant economic, cultural, and heritage value. Therefore, they shall be thoroughly assessed to verify their structural integrity and safety condition. For this purpose, reliability-based structural assessments are typically performed. However, the associated outcomes (i.e., reliability index and probability of failure) highly rely on the accuracy of the structural parameters uncertainty quantification. This work presents a study regarding the influence of the scattering of the arches’ thickness dimensions in the load-carrying capacity assessment of the Cernadela Bridge, a historical stone bridge located in Galicia, Spain. The study first involved a comprehensive experimental campaign to characterize the outer and inner bridge geometry through geomatic techniques, i.e., terrestrial laser scanning and ground penetrating radar. Subsequently, a limit analysis model was developed, considering only the arches’ outer (visible) data. From this initial structural assessment, a reliability index of 2.38 was obtained. The influence of the uncertain structural parameters, both geometric features and material properties, in the collapse load was investigated through a global variance-based sensitivity analysis (i.e., Sobol’ indices) complemented by a surrogate modeling strategy based on the Kriging approach. Finally, the measured inner geometry of the arches was introduced in the computational model through Bayesian inference procedures. Thus, two new structural assessments were performed: first, by considering the updated distributions of all arches thicknesses, and second, by considering only the updated distributions of the non-influential ones. Reliability indexes of 1.51 and 2.33 were derived, thus highlighting the importance of a proper uncertainty quantification process and the relevance of the sensitivity analysis outcomes to identify the critical parameters on the bridge mechanical response., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project Ref. TED2021- 130497A-I00. This work has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement No 958171. This document reflects only the views of the author (s) . Neither the Innovation and Networks Executive Agency (INEA) nor the European Commission is in any way responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. M. Solla acknowledges the grant RYC2019-026604-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ESF Investing in your future." O. Bouzas acknowledges the human resources grant: "Axudas para a contratacion de personal investigador predoutoral en formacion da Universidade De Vigo 2022" (PREUVIGO-22) funded by Universidade de Vigo.

Although not many studies have analysed the effects of acid mine drainage (AMD) on the durability of concrete, it is clear that such an aggressive environment affects the different mechanical parameters of this material. AMD is an environmental problem that affects the five continents and is especially widespread in the south western part of the Iberian Peninsula, in an area known as the Iberian Pyrite Belt. In this work, the effect of AMD on tensile and compressive strength of concrete has been evaluated, analysing the evolution of these two fundamental parameters on this structural material. For this purpose, a series of concrete samples were subjected to a controlled AMD environment in the laboratory, using water with pH 2.8 collected from the Tharsis Mine (SW Spain). The concrete samples were prepared in accordance with the parameters required by various international standards. The samples were subjected to the aggressive environment by AMD for two periods of time (3 and 6 months), after which they were subjected to non-destructive testing and destructive testing until breaking the samples by means of compression and tensile (indirect tensile test). In addition, Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy studies were performed on samples before AMD influence and on samples affected by AMD for six months. The obtained results using the ultrasonic equipment showed a decrease in concrete quality, an increase in porosity and permeability, the reduction of modulus of elasticity that reaches 8.5% after six months, as well as the appearance of microcracks. The destructive the tests showed that tensile strength is much more affected than the compressive strength: the tensile strength went from 4.31 MPa to 3.27 MPa (24%) after six months, while the compressive strength went from 48.22 MPa to 43.83 MPa (9%) in the same period of time. This different evolution means that the formulas used in international standards that relating compressive strength to tensile strength need to be modified by means of a correction factor., This work was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, UE (PID2021-123130OB-I00), the Regional Government of Andalucia (FEDER Operational Programme 2014-2020, UHU-202053) and the Huelva University (EPIT 2021, UHUPJ0001-624). Funding for open access charge: University of Huelva / CBUA

Road condition monitoring plays a critical role in transportation infrastructure maintenance and traffic safety assurance. This research introduces a methodology to detect cracks on pavement point clouds acquired with Mobile Laser Scanning systems, which offer more versatility and comprehensive information about the road environment than other specific surveying systems (i.e., profilometers, 3D cameras). The methodology comprises the following steps: (1) Road segmentation; (2) the detection of candidate crack points in individual scanning lines of the point cloud, based on point elevation; (3) crack point clustering via a region-growing algorithm; and (4) crack geometrical attributes extraction. Both the profile evaluation and the region-growing clustering algorithms have been developed from scratch to detect cracks directly from 3D point clouds instead of using raster data or Geo-Referenced Feature images, offering a quick and effective pre-rating tool for pavement condition assessment. Crack detection is validated with data from damaged roads in Portugal. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. PID2019-105221RB-C43 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

Con el fin de evitar la interrupción del tráfico ferroviario durante la construcción de un paso inferior para tráfico rodado bajos las vías de un tren de alta velocidad, se hace necesario emplear técnicas de construcción in situ como la que se describirá en este T.F.M., y la hinca del cajón. Se proyecta una sección de dos calzadas con 7,00 𝑚 de anchura cada una, más una mediana elevada de 1,00 𝑚 de ancho, aceras de 1,80 𝑚 y un carril bici de 2,80 𝑚 de ancho, teniendo unas dimensiones interiores de 20,00 𝑚 de anchura y 6,10 𝑚 de altura libre. Con espesores de 1,00 𝑚 en las losas superior e inferior y en los hastiales. Introduciendo una estructura 3D, se realiza un análisis elástico lineal con un modelo de elementos finitos con elementos tipo losa utilizando el programa SOFISTIK, para realizar los cálculos estáticos y dinámicos, obtener la envolvente de esfuerzos para las comprobaciones de estado limite último, las flechas y las tenciones en el terreno y con el prontuario de la EHE-08 se comprueban las armaduras y el cortante. Una vez realizadas las comprobaciones se procede a establecer el proceso constructivo de la estructura. Este proceso consta de varias fases, siendo las más significativas la construcción y la hinca. La construcción del cajón se realizará previo acondicionamiento del terreno sobre una solera, que en uno de sus extremos cuenta con un muro de reacción en el cual se apoyaran los gatos hidráulicos durante el proceso de hinca, separados cajón y solera por una lámina de PE que facilitara su desplazamiento. Durante el proceso de hinca la estabilidad de la vía FFCC se logra gracias al sistema de apeo de vías autoportante denominado Puente Verona, el cual asegura y facilita el tráfico ferroviario durante todo el proceso de construcción e hinca mediante la incorporación a la vía ferroviaria de dos vigas principales reforzadas y colocadas paralelas a ambos lados exteriores de la vía; estas soportan a su vez unas vigas transversales que se colocan entre las traviesas, sustentándose las mismas durante el proceso de inca sobre vigas de maniobra que se colocan paralelas a la dirección de empuje. El proceso de hinca se realiza simultáneamente con la extracción de tierras desde dentro del cajón con retroexcavadora para asegurar su avance, mientras ejercida por los gatos hidráulicos desplazan la estructura hasta su posición final. Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

This paper presents an algorithm developed to solve a duplicity problem found during the development of a software system for BIM generation. The chosen schema for the BIM is gbXML. The Manhattan World Assumption is adopted because the objective of the system is to obtain simplified and regularized 3D models of the indoor environment to perform a thermal analysis. At the moment of writing the gbXML, some duplicity and errors were found in the polygons of both sides of walls that divide adjacent rooms. The algorithm presented in this paper was developed to detect and solve these errors. Also, this paper includes the testing and validation of the algorithm. The test is based on the application of the algorithm to six different scenarios of study: four of them are artificial scenarios developed to test the different issues detected and two of them are real cases.

[ES] Este proyecto desarrolla el diseño de una instalación fotovoltaica solar que suministrará energía eléctrica al Aeropuerto de la Virgen del Camino (León). Se llevará a cabo un estudio exhaustivo realizado para garantizar la viabilidad del proyecto, así como optimizar su ubicación. Para ello, se tienen en cuenta los parámetros aplicables entre los cuales se encuentran: clima, altitud, precipitaciones, geotecnia… El diseño tiene el propósito de conectar la instalación fotovoltaica a la central eléctrica de este aeropuerto, donde se hará el control del consumo propio (que será variable) y el vertido a la red eléctrica. El proyecto también incluye una contextualización del funcionamiento y componentes de los que consta la instalación eléctrica de un aeropuerto civil, así como una base física del funcionamiento de los componentes de una instalación fotovoltaica estándar. Se dimensionará la instalación utilizando componentes que optimicen el sistema y que se sean de una alta calidad, por lo que se les pedirá a los fabricantes los documentos técnicos, especificaciones y de verificación (por ejemplo: el marcado CE). Este es un proyecto innovador donde se busca acercar la generación fotovoltaica a aeropuertos, respetando en todo momento las distancias de seguridad, superficies libres de obstáculos y la compatibilidad con sistemas de navegación y radio ayuda de las torres de control y las aeronaves. Es además un paso importante en la transición verde ya que se reduciría el uso de plantas de generación no verdes, así como, la distribución de electricidad (provocando una reducción de pérdidas en el transporte). Actualmente, no existe normativa europea o española que regule los efectos que pueda tener la instalación de plantas solares fotovoltaicas sobre los aeropuertos. Es por ello que se ha aplicado la normativa OACI (Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional) (Anexo XIV) y las recomendaciones de la FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) que es la autoridad competente en materia de aeronavegabilidad que si requiere y recomienda factores a tener en cuenta a la hora de realizar instalaciones fotovoltaicas cerca de aeropuertos.

[ES] El presente proyecto tiene por objeto documentar toda aquella información necesaria para llevar a cabo la ejecución de una instalación solar fotovoltaica para autoconsumo en una nave industrial destinada a taller mecánico, la cual se ubica en el Polígono Industrial de León. La instalación estará formada por un total de 272 paneles solares fotovoltaicos que suponen una potencia instalada de 100 kW. Teniendo por objeto alcanzar las soluciones óptimas a nivel económico, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio para la reducción de la potencia contratada, un estudio de tarifación con diferentes comercializadoras y un estudio de viabilidad económica del proyecto. Las obras se llevarán a cabo por un total de 11 trabajadores, ascendiendo el presupuesto general del proyecto a 109.576,42€. Con una generación de 147.473 kWh/año, la inversión se recuperará en 5 años 8 meses y 23 días, demostrando su alta rentabilidad.

La mecánica clásica ha idealizado los materiales granulares como un medio continuo, aunque recientemente se han desarrollado diferentes técnicas numéricas basadas en la micromecánica de partículas para abordar su estudio. El Método de Elementos Discretos (DEM, por sus siglas en inglés) resulta apropiado para este tipo de análisis. Esta tesis presenta nuevos desarrollos del Método de Elementos Discretos que permiten dar respuesta a situaciones frecuentes en ingeniería civil. Para ello, se han implementado algoritmos numéricos de cálculo basados en el DEM y se han aplicado a dos situaciones habituales en ingeniería civil. El primero de los casos analizados trata de estudiar la influencia que tiene el relleno en el comportamiento estructural de los puentes arco de fábrica con relleno en trasdós a través del DEM. En el segundo caso planteado se realiza una investigación acerca de las posibilidades de modelización de una cavidad kárstica con rellenos a través del DEM., Classical mechanics has idealized granular materials as a continuous mass, although different numerical techniques based on particle micromechanics have recently been developed to address their study. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is appropriate for this type of analysis. This thesis presents new developments of the Discrete Elements Method that help to solve frequent situations in civil engineering. For this purpose, numerical calculation algorithms based on the DEM have been implemented and applied to two common situations in civil engineering. The first of the cases analyzed tries to study the influence that the backfill has on the structural behavior of masonry arch bridges with backfill through the DEM. In the second case, an investigation is carried out on the possibilities of modeling a karst cavity with fillings through the DEM.

[SPA] Los objetivos principales de este trabajo son la caracterización adimensional de escenarios, la obtención de soluciones universales, así como su representación gráfica, y la propuesta de protocolos de problema inverso para la estimación tanto del caudal de agua subterránea como de las propiedades térmicas y geométricos del medio poroso. La aplicación de los resultados obtenidos al escenario del Mar Menor quedó como un objetivo añadido debido a la gran cantidad de escenarios caracterizados. Los distintos casos estudiados han sido: i) escenario de flujo vertical unidimensional (ascendente y descendente), ii) flujo horizontal en acuíferos saturados, iii) flujo horizontal a través de una capa permeable situada entre dos regiones impermeables, iv) flujo oblicuo de velocidad constante, v) escenarios en los cuales los potenciales hidráulicos son constantes en las fronteras del dominio y, vi) interacción río acuífero. La técnica utilizada para obtención de soluciones universales ha sido la adimensionalización discriminada y normalizada del modelo matemático del problema. Para ello, el primer paso, es la correcta definición de las ecuaciones de gobierno del problema y de sus condiciones térmica e hidráulicas de contorno, más las posibles condiciones iniciales. El siguiente paso es la definición de las variables adimensionales en forma normalizada y la sustitución de las mismas en las ecuaciones de gobierno para obtener los grupos adimensionales (de significado físico claro merced al propio protocolo de determinación de los grupos) que rigen las soluciones del problema. Aplicando el teorema de pi, se obtienen finalmente las soluciones universales que deben ser verificadas por medio de simulaciones numéricas para, posteriormente, construir representaciones gráficas universales en forma de curvas, ábacos y/o superficies universales que pueden ser usadas tanto para obtener la solucione de problemas concretos como para la presentación de protocolos de problema inverso. Para la verificación de las soluciones se han utilizado MODFLOW y MT3DMS, ya muy introducidos en la comunidad científica, pero, la representación de las soluciones universales se ha realizado a partir de modelos en red simulados en Ngspice (software libre) o Pspice. El método de simulación por redes, como herramienta para el diseño de los modelos en red, posibilita el estudio de cualquier proceso que pueda definirse mediante un conjunto de ecuaciones que formen un modelo matemático. Está compuesto de dos fases: la elaboración de un modelo en red o circuito eléctrico equivalente y la simulación del proceso por medio de un programa adecuado para la resolución de circuitos eléctricos. Para el escenario de flujo vertical 1D, se ha introducido una longitud característica (magnitud oculta en el enunciado del problema) denominada l dif−adv∗ para la cual los efectos de conducción y advección son comparables durante el tiempo τ dif−adv∗, que también es una magnitud oculta. Para la condición de temperatura constante en la superficie del terreno la solución analítica de Bredehoeft y Papadopulos [1965] ha sido corregida y, además, se aporta una solución para el transitorio, así como su representación gráfica universal. Se ha demostrado que estas soluciones son aplicables tanto para el caso de temperatura armónica en superficie (siempre que se refieran a la temperatura media del ciclo) como para el caso de temperatura constante en la superficie. Para la condición de variación sinusoidal de la temperatura en la superficie del terreno se aporta, por primera vez en la literatura científica, la distinción entre acuíferos profundos y acuíferos superficiales desde el punto de vista térmico. Para ello, es necesario introducir una longitud (o profundidad) característica vertical que define la extensión del acuífero donde la onda armónica de temperatura es aún apreciable. La aplicación más directa de los resultados obtenidos es su uso para la estimación de flujos (velocidades) y/o propiedades térmicas y geométricas del acuífero en la forma de problema inverso. En el segundo escenario estudiado (flujo horizontal en acuíferos saturados), la aparición de una longitud característica horizontal, cuya expresión adimensional depende de los grupos adimensionales que rigen la solución del problema, permite caracterizar los perfiles temperatura-profundidad dentro de la región delimitada por dicha longitud característica. Estos perfiles dependen de la posición relativa respecto a dicha longitud. Una de las contribuciones más relevantes es la referente a la demostración de que los gradientes térmicos horizontales en ningún caso son constantes, como se asume por hipótesis en los trabajos científicos para estos escenarios. Estos gradientes son, en realidad, muy cambiantes en una determinada longitud, hasta llegar a tener un valor nulo. Con base a los resultados obtenidos, particularmente en el hecho de que los perfiles de temperatura estacionario solo dependen de la posición relativa dentro de la región característica horizontal, se propone un protocolo de problema inverso clásico mediante simulaciones numéricas. Respecto al problema de flujo de agua horizontal a través de una capa permeable, al igual que ocurría en el escenario anterior, la introducción por un lado de una longitud característica horizontal, a lo largo de la cual se desarrollan los perfiles verticales de temperatura, y por otro de un tiempo característico que marca la duración del período transitorio, permiten la estimación, de forma directa, de las dependencias de las formas adimensionales de estas dos incógnitas sobre el resto de grupos del problema. Se establecen dos protocolos de problema inverso para la estimación de la velocidad horizontal del flujo de agua subterránea, uno a partir de medidas de temperatura en el estado estacionario y otro a partir de medidas en el transitorio. Para el escenario de flujo oblicuo de velocidad constante, existe una región característica en la cual los perfiles de temperatura dependen de las componentes vertical y horizontal de la velocidad del flujo. Más allá de esta región, los perfiles verticales de temperatura únicamente dependen de la componente vertical y son independientes de la posición horizontal. Para el escenario de flujo oblicuo de potenciales hidráulicos de valor constante, la velocidad de flujo no es constante en cada punto del medio poroso, sino que se va desarrollando gradualmente dentro de una región más allá de la cual, el flujo horizontal se hace nulo. En escenarios de flujo constante se presenta un protocolo de problema inverso que hace uso de las soluciones universales combinada con simulaciones numéricas para la estimación las componentes vertical y horizontal, respectivamente. Finalmente, para el escenario de interacción río-acuífero, el flujo no es constante a lo largo de una región horizontal a lo largo de la cual la componente vertical irá perdiendo importancia frente a la horizontal. Más allá de esta región definida a partir de una longitud característica hidráulica, la velocidad vertical es despreciable. En este escenario, se puede desacoplar el problema hidráulico del problema térmico. Por lo tanto, el caudal adimensional, los potenciales hidráulicos adimensionales y el valor de la longitud característica horizontal hidráulica, sólo dependen de la geometría del escenario, de las componentes de la permeabilidad y del valor de los potenciales hidráulicos en la frontera. Sin embargo, los patrones de temperatura, además de depender de las condiciones térmicas y mecánicas en los contornos, dependerán de las propiedades térmicas e hidráulicas del medio, de la geometría y de la posición. Por último, el protocolo de problema inverso clásico propuesto para el caso de flujo horizontal ha sido aplicado en una zona del entorno del Mar Menor situada en Los Alcázares, estimándose la velocidad horizontal y la temperatura de entrada del agua subterránea. [ENG] The main objectives of this work are the dimensionless characterization of different scenarios, the obtaining of universal solutions, as well as their graphical representation, and the proposal of inverse problem protocols for the estimation of the groundwater flow and the thermal and geometric properties of the porous media. The application of results obtained to the Mar Menor scenario remained an added objective due to the large number of characterized scenarios. The different cases studied have been: i) one -dimensional vertical flow scenario (upward and downward), ii) horizontal flow in saturated aquifers, iii) horizontal flow through a permeable layer located between two impermeable regions, iv) oblique flow of constant velocity , v) scenario s in which hydraulic potentials are constant at the boundaries of the domain and, vi) river -aquifer interaction scenario .The technique used to obtain universal solutions has been the discriminated and normalized non-dimensionalization of the mathematical model of the problem. For this, the first step is the proper definition of the governing equations of the problem and its thermal and hydraulic boundary conditions, plus the initial conditions. The next step is the definition of the dimensionless variables in normalized form and their substitution in the governing equations to obtain the dimensionless groups (of clear physical meaning thanks to the group determination protocol itself) that govern the solutions of the problem. Applying the pitheorem, universal solutions are finally obtained that must be verified by means of numerical simulations to subsequently build universal graphic representations in the form of curves, abacus and/or universal surfaces that can be used both to obtain the solution of real problems and for the presentation of inverse problem protocols. For the verification of the solutions obtained, MODFLOW and MT3DMS have been used, already widely introduced in the scientific community, but representation of the universal solutions has been made from network models simulated in Ngspice (free software) or Pspice. The network simulation method, as a tool for the design of network models, enables the study of any process that can be defined by a set of equations that form a mathematical model. It consists of two phases: the elaboration of a network model or equivalent electrical circuit and the simulation of the process by means of a suitable program for resolution of electrical circuits. For 1D vertical flow scenario, a characteristic length (hidden magnitude in the problem statement) called ldif−adv∗ has been introduced for which conduction and advection effects are comparable during time τdif−adv∗, which is also a hidden magnitude. For constant temperature condition at the ground surface, the analytical solution of Bredehoeft and Papadopulos [1965] has been corrected and, in addition, a solution for the transient is provided, as well as its universal graphical representation. It has been shown that these solutions are applicable both for the case of harmonic surface temperature (as long as they refer to the mean temperature of the cycle) and for the case of constant surface temperature. For sinusoidal temperature variation on the ground surface, a distinction between deep and shallow aquifers from a thermal point of view is provided for the first time in the scientific literature. To do this, it is necessary to introduce a characteristic vertical length (or depth) that defines the extent of the aquifer where the temperature harmonic wave is still appreciable. The most direct application of the results obtained is their use for the estimation of groundwater flows (velocities) and/or thermal and geometric properties of the aquifer in the form of an inverse problem. In the second scenario (horizontal flow in saturated aquifers), the appearance of a characteristic horizontal length, whose dimensionless expression depends on the dimensionless groups that govern the solution of the problem, allows characterizing temperature -depth profiles within the region delimited by that characteristic length. These profiles depend on the relative position with respect to said length. One of the most relevant contributions is the one referring to the demonstration that the horizontal thermal gradients are in no case constant, as assumed by hypothesis in the scientific works for these scenarios. These gradients are, in fact, very changeable in a certain length, until reaching a null value. Based on the results obtained, particularly on the fact that the steady -state temperature profiles only depend on the relative position within the horizontal characteristic region, a classical inverse problem protocol is proposed by means of numerical simulations. Regarding the problem of horizontal water flow through a permeable layer, as in the previous scenario, the introduction, on the one hand, of a characteristic horizontal length, along which the vertical temperature profiles develop, and on the ot her a characteristic time that marks the duration of the transitory period, allow the estimation, directly, of the dependencies of the dimensionless forms of these two unknowns on the rest of the problem groups. Two inverse problem protocols are established for estimating the horizontal groundwater velocity, one based on temperature measurements in the steady -state and the other based on transient measurements. For the constant velocity oblique flow scenario, there is a characteristic region in which the temperature profiles depend on the vertical and horizontal components of the flow. Beyond this region, the vertical temperature profiles depend only on the vertical component and are independent of the horizontal position. For the scenario of oblique flow of hydraulic potentials of constant value at the boundaries, the flow velocity is not constant at each point of the porous media but gradually develops within a region beyond which the horizontal flow becomes null. In constant flow scenarios, an inverse problem protocol is presented that makes use of universal solutions combined with numerical simulations to estimate the vertical and horizontal components, respectively. For the river -aquifer interaction scenario, the flow is not constant along a horizontal region along which the vertical component will lose importance compared to the horizontal. Beyond this region defined from a hydraulic characteristic length, the vertical velocity is negligible. In this scenario, the hydraulic problem can be decoupled from the thermal problem. Therefore, dimensionless flow, dimensionless hydraulic potentials and the value of the hydraulic horizontal characteristic length only depend on the geometry of the scenario, the permeability components and the value of the hydraulic potentials at the boundary. However, the temperature patterns, in addition to depending on the thermal and mechanical conditions at the boundaries, will depend on the thermal and hydraulic properties of the aquifer, geometry and position. Finally, the classic inverse problem protocol proposed for the case of horizontal flow has been applied in an area around Mar Menor located in Los Alcázares, estimating the horizontal velocity and the groundwater inlet temperature. Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Programa de Doctorado en Tecnología y Modelización en Ingeniería Civil, Minera y Ambiental

Dentro del sistema energético, el sistema eléctrico es uno de los básicos e importantes. Y dentro del sistema eléctrico, los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos siempre han sido en todas las épocas y siguen siendo en la actualidad una parte esencial en todos los países. Las tipologías, disposiciones y funciones de los aprovechamientos en su conjunto y de cada uno de los elementos que les conforman han ido variando a lo largo de la historia en función de distintos condicionantes, unos intrínsecos a las distintas ramas de la ingeniería y otros externos y relativos a cuestiones políticas, sociales o económicas. Analizar la influencia de todos estos condicionantes en aquellas –tipologías, disposiciones y funciones- es el primero de los objetivos de esta tesis. Para ello se analizará en primer lugar y de forma individualizada la evolución de las distintas ramas de la ingeniería que intervienen en la ingeniería de los aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos:  Evolución de la ingeniería de las presas hidroeléctricas.  Evolución de la ingeniería de túneles y obras subterráneas.  Evolución en la ingeniería de turbinas y turbobombas.  Evolución en la tecnología eléctrica.

La tesis doctoral desarrollada estudia el comportamiento mecánico del hormigón reforzado con fibras (metálicas y sintéticas) mediante experimentación y análisis numéricos. El modelo numérico desarrollado se basa en el método de elementos finitos (FEM) para simular el comportamiento de estructuras de hormigón reforzado con fibras. Para ello se implementaron modelos de daño para simular la fractura del hormigón y el efecto cosido debido a las fibras y modelos elastoplásticos para describir el comportamiento de la armadura. El modelo FEM se alimenta de diversos inputs, como las propiedades del material (hormigón, fibras y armadura) y el diseño geométrico del elemento estructural. Posteriormente, el modelo numérico se validó mediante vigas de hormigón armado y reforzado con fibras ensayadas en el Laboratorio de Grandes Estructuras de la Universidad de Burgos. En la presente tesis doctoral se muestra una caracterización exhaustiva, en estado fresco y en estado endurecido, de cuatro tipos de hormigón sostenibles, tres de ellos autocompactantes y uno bombeable; fabricados con escoria de horno eléctrico de arco (EAFS), dos tipos de cemento (CEMII y CEM-III), y reforzados con fibras metálicas o sintéticas. Con estos cuatro tipos de hormigón se hicieron grandes amasadas (750 litros) y se fabricaron vigas de 4,4 metros de longitud, que se ensayaron a flexión. Estos resultados permitieron validar con éxito el modelo FEM desarrollado para la simulación de fractura de hormigones reforzados con fibras. La tesis combina el desarrollo de modelos matemáticos teóricos con la experimentación de laboratorio, siendo un compendio perfecto de conocimientos aplicados a la ingeniería

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG The development of the IFC 4.3 candidate standard sets the pathway for interoperability amongst different infrastructures that have been harmonized under the buildingSMART project proposals. Furthermore, the use of laser scanning as a tool for the monitoring of infrastructures has also been rising. This paper showcases a combination of BIM and remote sensing for infrastructure in a road scenario. A semi-automatic approach is presented for the IFC 4.1 compliant modelling of traffic signs and guardrails, along with the inclusion of some semantics via property sets. The input data for the IFC modelling procedure is obtained from the automatic processing of a 3D point cloud, that extracts road alignment, traffic signs, and guardrails, and from standardized dimensions for certain assets. The point cloud processing is validated for the guardrail identification and the IFC modelling is described alongside an UML, exemplifying the possibility of modelling the as-is state of the road infrastructure. Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Safety of transportation networks is of utmost importance for our society. With the emergency of digitalization, the railway sector is accelerating the automation in inventory and inspection procedures. Mobile mapping systems allow capturing three-dimensional point clouds of the infrastructure in short periods of time. In this paper, a deep learning methodology for semantic segmentation of railway infrastructures is presented. The methodology segments both linear and punctual elements from railway infrastructure, and it is tested in four scenarios: i) 90 km-long railway; ii) 2 km-long low-quality point clouds; iii) 400 m-long high-quality point clouds; iv) 1.4 km-long railway recoded with aerial mapping system. The longest one is used for training and testing, obtaining mean accuracy greater than 90%. The other scenarios are used only for testing, and qualitative results are discussed, proving that the method can be applied to new scenarios that significantly differ in terms of data quality and resolution. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-108816RB-I00 Ministerio de Universidades | Ref. FPU20/01024

Riveting is a joining technique that was widely used in iron and steel structures from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Nowadays, many of these riveted structures are still in service around the world, and in many instances, also constitute an important part of the built cultural heritage. The maintenance and conservation of this type of construction is a crucial task for which the HBIM (Historic Building Information Modeling) methodology has recently gained increased attention, postulating itself as the ideal tool for tracking control and conservation-related actions. In the process of data collection and 3D modeling of the structure, the rivets are an important part to be taken into account in the structural safety assessment and health monitoring over time. Any structure of this typology typically presents thousands of rivets, so its measurement and subsequent 3D geometrical modeling is a laborious task and a source of possible errors. Accordingly, this work presents a novel methodology that allows the automatic identification and 3D modeling of rivets in iron and steel structures from Lidar data. The proposed methodology has been tested with both laboratory specimens and a full-scale real bridge. European Commission | Ref. n. 769255 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

The non-destructive testing and diagnosis of transport infrastructures is essential because of the need to protect these facilities for mobility, and for economic and social development. The effective and timely assessment of structural health conditions becomes crucial in order to assure the safety of the transportation system and time saver protocols, as well as to reduce excessive repair and maintenance costs. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is one of the most recommended non-destructive methods for routine subsurface inspections. This paper focuses on the on-site use of GPR applied to transport infrastructures, namely pavements, railways, retaining walls, bridges and tunnels. The methodologies, advantages and disadvantages, along with up-to-date research results on GPR in infrastructure inspection are presented herein. Hence, through the review of the published literature, the potential of using GPR is demonstrated, while the main limitations of the method are discussed and some practical recommendations are made. European Commission Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) | Ref. RYC2019–026604–I /AEI / 10.13039/501100011033

Se pretenden proponer diferentes alternativas a la ampliación de la Vía Ambato-Píllaro (Ecuador). Cada una de las opciones propuestas será analizada, obteniendo los diferentes factores de seguridad al deslizamiento. En aquellos puntos más críticos, se propondrán técnicas de mejora con objeto de aumentar el factor de seguridad. Para los cálculos, se empleará el software PLAXIS 2D. Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

Monitoring and digitalization are key to improve the resilience of the infrastructure network in the context of assessing its disaster management cycle. SAFEWAY is a project funded by the H2020 framework that aims to assess infrastructure resilience integrating multiscale information attending to all modes of disaster management cycle. This work presents the methodologies developed in the project for road and rail infrastructure monitoring and modelling, using remotely sensed data from Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS). First, 3D point clouds of both road and rail infrastructure are heuristically processed, obtaining geometric and semantic information from the most relevant assets, as well as the alignment, which is a key entity for generating information models. Such models are computed following the specifications of the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 4.1 schema, considering its current limitations and future potential for linear infrastructure modelling. Finally, the information is centralized in a core software platform where a user interface has been developed to aid visualization and interpretation of the resulting data. Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones, [ES]La aparición de los sistemas de escaneado láser dinámicos, capaces de capturar datos a medida que se avanza por la zona de interés, ha revolucionado la adquisición, agilizando y flexibilizando las tomas de datos y ofreciendo un abanico muy amplio de aplicaciones en el campo de la ingeniería y arquitectura, entre otros. Inicialmente, los sistemas de escaneado móvil comenzaron centrándose en la digitalización de grandes extensiones de terreno como carreteras o zonas forestales. Así, los equipos de escaneado se embarcan sobre vehículos terrestres o aéreos y se escanea a medida que se va recorriendo la zona. Este planteamiento no es aplicable a escenarios de interior, puesto que en estos espacios no hay recepción de los sistemas de posicionamiento global (GNSS) y además el equipamiento es muy grande y pesado como para utilizarlo en el interior de edificios o zonas pequeñas. La solución en estos casos de interior pasa por utilizar alguno de los siguientes planteamientos: i) empleo de sistemas “wearables” portables de escaneado móvil apoyados por técnicas SLAM (Simultaneous Location and Mapping), ii) empleo de drones terrestres que embarquen sistemas de escaneado láser y apliquen técnicas SLAM o Stop & Go. Por todo ello, uno de los objetivos principales de esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en estudiar la viabilidad de diferentes sistemas portables de escaneado móvil para la digitalización en edificación, tanto histórica como de nueva construcción. Así pues, por un lado, se investigan los sistemas portables de escaneado móvil del tipo WMLS (Wearable Mobile Laser System) y por otro, se investiga la eficacia y viabilidad de utilizar escáner láser estáticos del tipo TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanner) sobre plataformas móviles. Para estos últimos, se ha desarrollado un sistema híbrido, formado por un dron terrestre y un TLS, capaz de navegar de forma autónoma y digitalizar el entorno automáticamente. Ambos sistemas se han utilizado en diversos casos de estudio y se han analizado las precisiones, eficacia y viabilidad en diferentes ámbitos del conocimiento. Para ello, se han implementado diferentes algoritmos de reducción de ruido, como el novedoso filtro FSOR (Fast Statistical Outlier Removal), así como filtros anisotrópicos y de homogeneización. A continuación, se han realizado procesamientos básicos de cada nube de puntos, obteniendo cartografías y secciones resultantes. Finalmente, se han aplicado procesos más complejos a través del desarrollo de metodologías semiautomáticas para el modelado de elementos constructivos, utilizando superficies paramétricas de tipo RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus), y superficies no paramétricas de tipo NURBs (Non-Uniform Rational B-spline). Los modelos CAD (Computer Aided Desing) as-built resultantes han permitido diseñar sistemas de conservación preventiva a través de enfoques HBIM (Heritage Building Information Modelling) y avanzar en el diagnóstico estructural actual y futuro de una construcción a través de simulaciones numéricas por el Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM).

[EN] The evaluation of the infiltration is essential to estimate the surface runoff after a rainfall event. The curve number (CN) method is one of the most widely used to estimate the amount of runoff, in this work, the curve number has been calculated in two watersheds located in the Southeastern Spain, considering the land uses of the Corine Land Cover and SIOSE projects along different periods, and the soil classifications of the LUCDEME project and the MAGNA geological map. The results obtained using Geographical Information Systems show that, although the land uses change the CN, the highest variation is due to the consideration of the hydrological group of the soil as type B or C. Continuous simulation of soil moisture, in plots with specific crops and irrigation, over the study period has resulted in antecedent moisture values close to the CN II hypothesis during considerable periods of the year., [ES] La evaluación de la infiltración es clave para poder estimar la escorrentía superficial, donde el método del número de curva (CN) es uno de los más usados. Este trabajo ha analizado la variabilidad del número de curva en dos cuencas situadas en el sureste español, a partir de los usos de suelo de los proyectos Corine Land Cover y SIOSE en diversos periodos, y a partir de las clasificaciones de suelo del proyecto LUCDEME y el mapa geológico MAGNA. Haciendo uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica, se han obtenido como resultado 11 valores de CN para cada cuenca, concluyendo que, si bien los usos de suelo hacen variar el CN, la mayor variación se produce al considerar el grupo hidrológico del suelo como tipo B o C. La simulación continua de la humedad del suelo, en parcelas con cultivos y riegos específicos, en el periodo de estudio ha resultado en valores de humedad antecedente próximos a la hipótesis CN II durante considerables periodos del año., Los resultados presentados en este artículo proceden de la actividad investigadora del Grupo de Ingeniería Hidráulica, Marítima y Medioambiental (Hidr@m) de la UPCT fruto del Convenio entre la Confederación Hidrográfica del Segura, O.A., y la Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena para el estudio e investigación de actuaciones y medidas para la reducción del riesgo de inundación de áreas urbanas en el Campo de Cartagena y su armonización con el Plan de Vertido Cero del Mar Menor.

This thesis presents laser scanning as a tool for changing the way in which monitoring of infrastructures is performed, more specifically transport infrastructure. LiDAR is a non-destructive technology able to collect accurate data about the environment where the survey is taking place. With this, the external geometrical configuration of a needed asset can be easily obtained. Information extracted using laser scanners, the socalled point clouds, is scattered in the three-dimensional (3D) space. In order to give it context, some processing algorithms need to be applied, obtaining meaningful and human readable information from them. The approach of this thesis is to develop methodologies with the aim of inventory, monitor, and classify point cloud data of specific assets in the transport infrastructure. An especial interest has been put on masonry constructions and railway environments. Firstly, due to the functional dependency that the terrestrial transport network has on both of them. And secondly, since the location of the actual transport network was motivated by previous infrastructures constructed across the centuries and some of those ageing infrastructures are still standing. What seemed logical was to propose strategies for the automatic monitoring of those infrastructures without the need of human intervention. This standpoint was followed through the entire life of the thesis and it fitted with the definition of predictive maintenance, and more specifically predetermined maintenance, which is to be performed at scheduled times. This proved to be the most efficient way to detect problems in assets, carrying out a study of their condition before it is required. This doctoral dissertation addresses the monitoring of masonry constructions using non-destructive techniques, as laser scanning systems are, and different data processing strategies. Besides that, the same is performed for tunnels in the railway network. Notionally, all the information obtained from point clouds would be stored in a digital model (i.e. digital twin), which by definition should be updated through time in order to enable the application of predictive maintenance of the stored assets. The main challenges of the research can be presented in three groups, being: (i) LiDAR point clouds as Big Data structures, containing millions of points that need to be stored and processed; (ii) small processing units, as the normal devices in the hands of final users; and (iii) storage capacity, as one the biggest challenges to be tackled by modern society. The workflows and methods presented have been validated using different datasets, obtaining results contributing to the state of the art. This helped with the publication of peer reviewed scientific articles, which are to be consulted in three different scientific journals, indexed on the Journal Citation Report (JCR), one book chapter and two conference papers.

In the design of retaining structures, different geotechnical phenomena must be studied so they can be classified as safe. One of them is pipping, which is a physical process related to seepage under the structure. It leads to unstable situations that might finally end in a failure of the structure. As a way to quantify this risk, an accepted calculation is to compare the critical and the estimated hydraulic gradient. This comparison depends on the geometrical scenario, geotechnical parameters and flow conditions. However, the majority of the available solutions, such as formulations and graphics, have been developed only considering isotropic soils, which means that no realistic results can be obtained since media are commonly anisotropic. The aim of this paper is to provide a methodology with which an estimation of the average exit gradient can be obtained employing a computational model based on the network method. It consists on the analogy between electrical quantities (voltage and intensity) and geotechnical variables, which are water head and groundwater flow. The safety factor is calculated in the same way whether the considered soil is isotropic or anisotropic, and, in this way, the structure can be classified as safe from a geotechnical point of view. We would like to thank the Séneca Foundation for the support given to this research and for the scholarship awarded to María Encarnación Martínez Moreno to carry out her doctoral thesis.

El hormigón autocompactante es un tipo de hormigón caracterizada por su elevada fluidez, lo que permite que pueda ponerse en obra sin ningún tipo de vibrado y con un menor consumo de energía. La sostenibilidad de este material de construcción puede aumentarse mediante el empleo de materiales alternativos en su composición. La presente Tesis Doctoral estudia el efecto del empleo de árido de hormigón reciclado y escoria siderúrgica granulada molida para la fabricación del hormigón autocompactante. Mediante un compendio de siete artículos científicos, se demuestra que este tipo de hormigón conserva la autocompactabilidad hasta 60 minutos después del proceso de mezcla, que la estimación indirecta de su resistencia a compresión es posible, y que el comportamiento plástico longitudinal y transversal, así como su deformabilidad térmica, es adecuado para su uso. Globalmente, se demuestra que el empleo de estos subproductos en el hormigón autocompactante puede realizarse de forma exitosa., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), a la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y a los Fondos Europeos de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) la financiación de la presente Tesis Doctoral a través de la convocatoria de 2017 de las Ayudas para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario, FPU17/03374. Sin esta beca, mi Tesis Doctoral jamás habría existido. A estas mismas instituciones les agradezco también la financiación a través de la convocatoria de 2020 de las Ayudas a la movilidad para estancias breves y traslados temporales para beneficiarios del programa de Formación del Profesorado Universitario, EST19/00263, gracias a la cual pude realizar la estancia en el Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) de la Universidad de Lisboa.

The aqueduct of Les Ferreres is a major element of the Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco. Although the ashlars of the aqueduct are stacked without mortar, lime was used in some parts and lime was certainly used in later repairs. Worthy of note is a coating mortar used in a well-documented restoration (1854–1856). In this study, a limekiln found near the Roman aqueduct has been archaeomagnetically dated to determine if it was used for the construction of the aqueduct or in later repairs. The mean values for the measured archaeomagnetic direction from the limekiln were compared with two different archaeomagnetic models (SCHA.DIF.3k and GUMF1), and both indicate that the limekiln is modern with ages only slightly older than the well-documented restoration. The extensive use of the coating mortar in that restoration is consistent with the need of onsite lime production. Additional archaeomagnetic intensity has not contributed to constrain further the obtained archaeomagnetic age but the intensity datum can be added to archaeomagnetic intensity datasets to enhance geomagnetic intensity field models. The paper illustrates how archaeomagnetic dating can be useful to characterize secondary structures of major cultural heritage monuments. © 2020, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Estudio comparativo entre el coste de construcción de un dique de abrigo en vertical frente a uno en talud en función de la profundidad local donde se ejecute, con el objetivo de poder optimizar costes con una buena elección de la tipología. Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

En esta Tesis, se recoge una etapa de la Historia de la Construcción en las Provincias de Burgos y Palencia, realizando un análisis de la progresiva implantación del hierro como material en diferentes ejecuciones de muy distinta índole. Se realiza una contextualización previa en la situación histórica de las zonas de estudio, así como de las novedades que fueron apareciendo en el ámbito de la tecnología de las estructuras. Igualmente, se han dedicado capítulos al análisis de las características y posibilidades estéticas de este material, así como su conexión con las corrientes estilísticas del siglo XIX y principios del XX dentro de la Historia del Arte, particularizada a los ejemplos que, de cada una de ellas, han podido documentarse (en forma de catálogo) para las provincias de Burgos y Palencia en el intervalo temporal entre 1830 y 1940. Finalmente se incluyen reseñas biográficas de los autores más importantes.

In this work, temperature patterns and profiles have been obtained in large 2-D groundwater scenarios, with constant and horizontal regional flow and thermal conditions that reproduce approximately real cases, such as the daily or seasonal variation of the soil surface temperature. For this purpose, a numerical model based on the network simulation method has been designed and applied to real scenarios to determine the correlation between derived temperature profiles and groundwater flow. The results of this first work allow to see more closely the possibility of addressing a much more complex problem, such as the determination of the regional velocity field from temperature profiles read from in situ wells. We would like to thank the Séneca Foundation for the scholarship awarded to José Antonio Jiménez Valera, which will allow us to continue this investigation

Point clouds obtained by laser scanning or photogrammetry have emerged as a source of data with great potential for the measurement of deformations in structures and construction. Deformations is not only relevant in structures and buildings, but also in small (>1 m) metallic pieces subjected to loads. The aim of this work is to propose a methodology, and develop the corresponding algorithms, that allow measuring the deformation produced in pieces subjected to two different loads, using point cloud data collected with LiDAR technology and different reference system. The methodology developed has been tested with a deformed piece with different loads in the laboratory. The results obtained with errors less than a ±0.020 mm demonstrated the validity of the proposed methodology. Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2016-038 Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21

Building information modeling (BIM) is a process that has shown great potential in the building industry, but it has not reached the same level of maturity for transportation infrastructure. There is a standardization need for information exchange and management processes in the infrastructure that integrates BIM and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Currently, the Industry Foundation Classes standard has harmonized different infrastructures under the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 4.3 release. Furthermore, the usage of remote sensing technologies such as laser scanning for infrastructure monitoring is becoming more common. This paper presents a semi-automated framework that takes as input a raw point cloud from a mobile mapping system, and outputs an IFC-compliant file that models the alignment and the centreline of each road lane in a highway road. The point cloud processing methodology is validated for two of its key steps, namely road marking processing and alignment and road line extraction, and a UML diagram is designed for the definition of the alignment entity from the point cloud data. Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | Ref. 769255 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Universidades | Ref. FJC2018-035550-I

Se estudiará el tipo de medidas que se puede adoptar en los proyectos que suponen una afección al medio ambiente. Se profundizará en el caso concreto de las medidas compensatorias asociadas a la Red Natura 2000, para proyectos del ámbito de la Ingeniería Civil, con el estudio de casos reales. Escuela de Ingeniería de Caminos y Minas Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

The integrity, comfort, and energy demand of a building can be negatively affected by the presence of moisture in its walls. Therefore, it is essential to identify and characterise this building pathology with the most appropriate technologies to perform the required prevention and maintenance tasks. This paper proposes the joint application of InfraRed Thermography (IRT) and Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) for the detection and classification of moisture in interior walls of a building according to its severity level. The IRT method is based on the study of the temperature distribution of the thermal images acquired without an application of artificial thermal excitation for the detection of superficial moisture (less than 15 mm deep in plaster with passive IRT). Additionally, in order to characterise the level of moisture severity, the Evaporative Thermal Index (ETI) was obtained for each of the moisture areas. As for GPR, with measuring capacity from 10 mm up to 30 cm depth with a 2300 MHz antenna, several algorithms were developed based on the amplitude and spectrum of the received signals for the detection and classification of moisture through the inner layers of the wall. In this work, the complementarity of both methods has proven to be an effective approach to investigate both superficial and internal moisture and their severity. Specifically, IRT allowed estimating superficial water movement, whereas GPR allowed detecting points of internal water accumulation. Thus, through the combination of both techniques, it was possible to provide an interpretation of the water displacement from the exterior surface to the interior surface of the wall, and to give a relative depth of water inside the wall. Therefore, it was concluded that more information and greater reliability can be gained by using complementary IRT-GPR, showing the benefits of combining both techniques in the building sector. AEI/FEDER, UE | Ref. TEC2016-76021-C2-2-R Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Gobierno de España) | Ref. FPU16/03950 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities | Ref. RTI2018-095893-B-C21 University of Salamanca | Ref. Cátedra Iberdrola VIII Centenario

When designing retaining structures, different phenomena must be studied in order to classify them as safe from a geotechnical point of view. Among them is pipping, a physical process related to seepage under the structure which leads to an unstable situation and might finally cause failure. In order to quantify this risk, a comparison between the critical gradient and the estimated hydraulic gradient is usually accepted. The calculation depends on geometric parameters, geotechnical data and flow boundary conditions, as well as the designed structure. Nevertheless, most of the universal solutions, such as graphics, have not been developed considering an anisotropic medium as foundation soil, so no realistic results are obtained. The aim of this work is to provide a methodology to obtain an estimation of the average gradient using a computational model based on the network method. This consists on the analogy between electrical magnitudes, such as voltage and intensity, and geotechnical variables, which are groundwater head and flow. The safety factor is calculated whether the soil is anisotropic or not, and so, the structure can be classified from a safety point of view. We would like to thank the Séneca Foundation for the support given to this research and for the scholarship awarded to María Encarnación Martínez Moreno to carry out her doctoral thesis.

Over the last decades, wind energy has been arising as one of the most promising sources for the future of energy supply, and this trend should be reinforced in the future due to the foreseeable environmental and climatological catastrophe. Therefore, all technologies and issues regarding its development are relevant. Among them, research on wind turbine power curve modeling is of importance for stakeholders and researchers because it allows them to easily obtain information about the amount of power and energy that can be captured from the primary resource, i.e., the wind. The task can be simplified by means of the use of wind turbine power curve models, and many researchers have been presenting their contributions on the topic in parallel with such a development. In this paper, a review on the formulation of wind turbine deterministic power curve models is presented.

During the last few years, there has been a huge methodological development regarding the automatic processing of 3D point cloud data acquired by both terrestrial and aerial mobile mapping systems, motivated by the improvement of surveying technologies and hardware performance. This paper presents a methodology that, in a first place, extracts geometric and semantic information regarding the road markings within the surveyed area from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data, and then employs it to isolate street areas where pedestrian crossings are found and, therefore, pedestrians are more likely to cross the road. Then, different safety-related features can be extracted in order to offer information about the adequacy of the pedestrian crossing regarding its safety, which can be displayed in a Geographical Information System (GIS) layer. These features are defined in four different processing modules: Accessibility analysis, traffic lights classification, traffic signs classification, and visibility analysis. The validation of the proposed methodology has been carried out in two different cities in the northwest of Spain, obtaining both quantitative and qualitative results for pedestrian crossing classification and for each processing module of the safety assessment on pedestrian crossing environments. Ministerio del Interior | Ref. SPIP-2017-02122 Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad | Ref. EUIN2017-87598 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. BES-2014-067736