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In the dynamic construction environment, workers' safety heavily depends on their ability to effectively perceive and react to hazards. Accordingly, studies have assessed the status of workers' risk perception using advanced technologies. However, these studies have mainly focused on whether risks are perceived rather than how they are perceived. Recognizing the need for effective safety interventions that address risk-perception failures, it becomes crucial to not only classify workers' risk-perception states but also to delve into the underlying processes of their risk perception. To address this research gap, this study examines the critical aspect of risk perception in construction safety by employing functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and 360° panoramas from actual construction sites to assess workers' cognitive processes during hazard identification. Classifiers were developed using the AutoML method, and 15 advanced machine learning algorithms were compared to identify the highest-performing model. This model would then be utilized to understand the risk-perception process by incorporating the feature-importance technique. The results indicate that CatBoost emerged as the most effective classifier, achieving an accuracy rate of 90.3%. Additionally, the results identify significant brain activations in four anatomical locations: the prefrontal cortex, frontal eye fields, primary motor cortex, and primary auditory cortex. Notably, there is a significant correlation between these areas, emphasizing the importance of both visual and auditory cue perception in shaping workers' situational awareness. This research highlights the potential of neuroimaging fNIRS in improving construction safety, and the importance of auditory perception in hazard identification, offering insights that could enhance the effectiveness of safety training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the dynamic and complex nature of a construction jobsite, workers' safety is significantly connected to both their ability to efficiently scan their surrounding environment and their ability to anticipate and identify potentially hazardous sources in a timely manner. However, existing studies have failed to consider the spatial-temporal characteristics of high-risk construction hazards as well as the limited training available for enhancing workers' hazard anticipation. Accordingly, this study (1) examines the impact of dynamic hazards' spatiotemporal characteristics on construction workers' hazard identification and anticipation performance, and (2) proposes and illustrates a new methodological approach that harnesses cue perception timing to assemble a coherent cognitive model of situational awareness. To achieve these objectives, this study combines subjective survey measurements with such technologies as 360° video panoramas and wearable psychophysiological sensors to examine 30 construction workers' hazard search strategies, timely hazard identification performance, and spatial attentional distribution. The results of this study demonstrate that workers' hazard anticipation abilities are differentially influenced by both spatial and temporal characteristics of dynamic hazards: (1) most workers failed to distribute their spatial attention across the 360° construction environment and missed hazards outside their field of view (behind or overhead), highlighting the importance of attentional orienting; (2) most workers failed to identify emerging hazard cues that would enable anticipating latent hazards; and (3) many workers failed to develop a correct situational awareness framework because they had improper cue-perception timing. The findings of this study highlight the importance of considering the unique spatiotemporal characteristics of dynamic hazards to properly predict workers' true hazard anticipation abilities. Furthermore, the findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insight into developing effective safety training strategies to enhance workers' situational awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The visual cue states and the visual cue presentation types significantly impact the users' task performance and subjective evaluations. • We found that directional visual cues are a worthy design for mobile shopping applications in 360° panoramas. • Complex visual cues may be undesirable, especially when dynamic visual cues are used, resulting in a poor user experience. • Dynamic point or gesture cues offer significant advantages in task performance and subjective evaluations. With the development of modern technology, various shopping apps have emerged, and at the same time, the user interface of shopping apps is constantly being optimized to enhance users' online shopping experience; in shopping apps, an excellent visual cue design can effectively guide users to quickly complete the process of their visual cognitive processing. The purpose of this study was to explore the usability of visual cue and presentation type in the operation of shopping apps in 360° images and to propose design suggestions for future improvements. A 2 × 3 between-subject design was planned to help explore whether different visual cue states (i.e., dynamic and static cues) and different visual cue presentation types (i.e., dot cue, gesture cue, and cartoon cue) may affect users' task performance and their subjective evaluations. The experiment adopted the purposive sampling method. A total of 60 participants were recruited to take part in the experiment. The experimental data were collected pertinent to task completion time, the system usability scale (SUS), subjective evaluation questionnaires created using a 7-point Likert scale, and semi-structured interviews. The generated results revealed that: (1) Different visual cue states may affect users' performance. (2) Different visual cue presentation types significantly affect users' task performance. Static cues improved users' task performance more than dynamic cues in the visual cue presentation type of dot or cartoon. However, the result was the opposite in the gesture condition. (3) Concerning subjective evaluations of the degree of reasonableness, acceptance, and willingness to use in the condition of the visual cue presentation, the dot or gesture cues are significantly better than the cartoon cue. (4) Among the different visual cue presentation types, participants had a greater preference for the gesture cue. (5) In terms of the degree of reasonableness, acceptance, preference and willingness to use, participants preferred the dynamic cue to the static cue in the condition of the visual cue presentation type of the dot or gesture. However, the opposite result was obtained for the cartoon visual cue presentation type. The findings generated from the research can be a good reference for the development of visual cue design for mobile shopping apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research on a multi-purpose survey of cultural Heritage located in UNESCO Historical Centre of Naples has the following goals: to test some innovative strategies to improve public enjoyment for inaccessible sites; to explore the use of some interactive systems to study heritage in remote; to explore how to access the information system through AR applications. In this paper we are going to focus on comparison between interactive system to access 3D data and photogrammetric processing of panoramic images. We investigated on: a. the use of 360° panorama for 3D restitutions; b. the use of 360° panorama as an interface to 3D data to extract real 3D coordinates and accurately measure distances; c. the use of 3D PDF to access a 3D database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]