14 results on '"3D approach"'
Search Results
2. 3D Voxel-Based Approach to Quantify Aggregate Angularity and Surface Texture.
- Author
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Xu Yang, Siyu Chen, and Zhanping You
- Subjects
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ASPHALT , *X-ray scattering , *SURFACE texture , *THREE-dimensional imaging , *ANGULAR measurements , *VOXEL-based morphometry - Abstract
Angularity and surface texture of aggregate particles are important morphological characteristics and have great influences on the performance of asphalt mix. Several approaches have been developed to characterize the angularity and surface texture of aggregate particles in the past decade. Most existing techniques are limited to the two-dimensional (2D) scheme. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) approach is proposed to determine the angularity index (AI) and surface texture index (STI) of aggregates, namely the 3D Sobel-Feldman operation, which has not been well used in civil engineering. First, aggregate particles are subjected to X-ray scanning to obtain cross-sectional images, which are then processed and stacked to construct the 3D voxel-based images. Then the gradient vector of each voxel on the surfaces is calculated based on the 3D Sobel-Feldman operation, which was derived and verified in this study based on the 2D Sobel-Feldman operation. The results showed that the 3D Sobel-Feldman operation derived in this study is correct and feasible to be used to determine the 3D AI of aggregates. The AI is determined by the accumulative change of gradient vectors of some selected surface voxels. A pretreatment (dilation followed by erosion) is used to reduce the effect of surface texture on the AI calculation. The surface texture index is determined by the relative loss of voxels after a morphological opening (erosion followed by dilation) operation on the 3D image. User-written coding was used to deal with the massive calculation. A total of 15 aggregate particles were used as case study to investigate the feasibility of the proposed approach to measure the 3D AI and STI. Some factors that affect the AI and STI values were also discussed to find the optimum approach. The 3D STI results were also compared to the 2D results to justify the benefits of the 3D approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. USING A 3D APPROACH TO DESCRIBE CELL POPULATIONS IN THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA
- Author
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Pellicciari, C, Biggiogera, M, Malatesta, M, RODRIGUEZ MENENDEZ, V, Ballarini, E, Pozzi, E, Chiorazzi, A, Oggioni, N, Bossi, M, Marmiroli, P, Salio, C, Ferrini, F, Carozzi, V, Rodriguez Menendez Virginia, Ballarini Elisa, Pozzi Eleonora, Chiorazzi Alessia, Oggioni Norberto, Bossi Mario, Marmiroli Paola, Salio Chiara, Ferrini Francesco, Carozzi Valentina, Pellicciari, C, Biggiogera, M, Malatesta, M, RODRIGUEZ MENENDEZ, V, Ballarini, E, Pozzi, E, Chiorazzi, A, Oggioni, N, Bossi, M, Marmiroli, P, Salio, C, Ferrini, F, Carozzi, V, Rodriguez Menendez Virginia, Ballarini Elisa, Pozzi Eleonora, Chiorazzi Alessia, Oggioni Norberto, Bossi Mario, Marmiroli Paola, Salio Chiara, Ferrini Francesco, and Carozzi Valentina
- Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensitive neurons represent the connection between the peripheral sensorial receptors and the central nervous system. These neurons are enwrapped individually by the satellite glial cells (SCGs) from which they receive metabolic support. Together, neuron and SCGs, become a functional unit that, in absence of the blood brain barrier, is easily exposed to external stress and damage insults. This intimate connection/relationship, both morphological and functional, can be partially pictured and studied following traditional slicing 2D histopathological techniques. Indeed, morphological cellular and subcellular alterations and changes in protein expression and/or distribution can be observed using classical techniques. However, a whole-3D approach avoids the serial sectioning required for quantitative results plus is able to show the cyto-architecture of the organ and a more complete picture of the anatomical relationship between cell populations close to physiological conditions. Here we use a 3D imaging technique to show the cyto-architecture of the DRG after “colouring” by immunofluorescence the different DRG cell populations and to assess alterations in DRG of neuropathic rats. CGRP, IB4 and MAP2 markers were useful to study the different neuronal populations. The IB4-MAP2 combination was able to label all neurons while the CGRP-IB4 couple could not but still both settings showed a small subpopulation of neurons where the proteins were co-expressed. Moreover, GFAP, ATF3 and connexin 43 were used as markers of damage in the DRG from neuropathic animals.
- Published
- 2021
4. Implementation of 3D approach in development of electromagnetic theory courseware.
- Author
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Ishak, Norshahidatul Hasana Bt, Bakar, Norasiken Bt, Shahbodin, Faaizah, Ahmad, Rabiah Bt, and Salam, Sazilah
- Abstract
Courseware is always used in teaching and learning environment because of its function and attraction in helping student's gaining more knowledge in learning. When users get a better result in academic while using courseware, the courseware can be categorized as excellent courseware. However, some of courseware is not fulfill the requirement by user as user using the courseware, but level of knowledge is not increased especially in engineering subject or more specific, physics. The discussion of this paper is to explain about implementation of 3D approach in developing courseware for engineering student and focus on Electromagnetic Theory subject. The product of this research is known as 3D-EmT courseware. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. USING A 3D APPROACH TO DESCRIBE CELL POPULATIONS IN THE RAT DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA
- Author
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Rodriguez Menendez Virginia, Ballarini Elisa, Pozzi Eleonora, Chiorazzi Alessia, Oggioni Norberto, Bossi Mario, Marmiroli Paola, Salio Chiara, Ferrini Francesco, Carozzi Valentina, Pellicciari, C, Biggiogera, M, Malatesta, M, RODRIGUEZ MENENDEZ, V, Ballarini, E, Pozzi, E, Chiorazzi, A, Oggioni, N, Bossi, M, Marmiroli, P, Salio, C, Ferrini, F, and Carozzi, V
- Subjects
Dorsal Root Ganglia ,Neuronal marker ,3D approach ,Glial Markers ,Immunohistochemistry - Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensitive neurons represent the connection between the peripheral sensorial receptors and the central nervous system. These neurons are enwrapped individually by the satellite glial cells (SCGs) from which they receive metabolic support. Together, neuron and SCGs, become a functional unit that, in absence of the blood brain barrier, is easily exposed to external stress and damage insults. This intimate connection/relationship, both morphological and functional, can be partially pictured and studied following traditional slicing 2D histopathological techniques. Indeed, morphological cellular and subcellular alterations and changes in protein expression and/or distribution can be observed using classical techniques. However, a whole-3D approach avoids the serial sectioning required for quantitative results plus is able to show the cyto-architecture of the organ and a more complete picture of the anatomical relationship between cell populations close to physiological conditions. Here we use a 3D imaging technique to show the cyto-architecture of the DRG after “colouring” by immunofluorescence the different DRG cell populations and to assess alterations in DRG of neuropathic rats. CGRP, IB4 and MAP2 markers were useful to study the different neuronal populations. The IB4-MAP2 combination was able to label all neurons while the CGRP-IB4 couple could not but still both settings showed a small subpopulation of neurons where the proteins were co-expressed. Moreover, GFAP, ATF3 and connexin 43 were used as markers of damage in the DRG from neuropathic animals.
- Published
- 2021
6. UKSZTAŁTOWANIE POWIERZCHNI TERENU A WARTOŚCI METRYK KRAJOBRAZOWYCH W GÓRACH WYSOKICH NA PRZYKŁADZIE TATR.
- Author
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Niedźwiecki, Jan and Kolecka, Natalia
- Subjects
- *
LANDSCAPE assessment , *WATERSHEDS , *VEGETATION mapping , *SURFACE geometry - Abstract
The aim of the authors was to compare values of 2D and 3D landscape metrics in high mountains. The first part of the work takes into consideration the spatial structure of vegetation (the rank of landscape facias/ecotopes) of Kocioł Goryczkowy Świński, which was investigated in 1999 by Anna Kozłowska and Anna Jakomulska. The calculation of landscape metrics is resumed using the true surface geometries and compared with the result of traditional measurements on a reference plane. In the second part of the paper, a set of commonly used landscape metrics is calculated for the geocomplexes (rank of uroczysko unit) in the Morskie Oko catchment using both true surface and plain geometries. Finally average surface roughness is computed for the both study areas and some remarks for landscape metrics computed for geometric fields are given. The comparison shows that appropriate 2D and 3D metrics may differ significantly. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the size of the discrepancy and the surface slope. For that reason, it is very important to distinguish between 2D and 3D metrics and to use them consciously, according to the particular problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. The Political Economy of the Creeping Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy.
- Author
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Coyne, Christopher J.
- Subjects
FOREIGN relations of the United States ,MILITARISM ,NATIONAL security ,DIPLOMACY ,INTERNATIONAL relief ,STABILITY operations of the United States Armed Forces ,ECONOMICS & politics ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
This paper analyzes the political economy of the creeping militarization of U.S. foreign policy. The core argument is that in integrating the “3D” approach—defense, development, and diplomacy—policymakers have assigned responsibilities to military personnel which go beyond their comparative advantage, requiring them to become social engineers tasked with constructing entire societies. Evidence from The U.S. Army Stability Operations Field Manual is presented to illustrate the wide scope of responsibilities assigned to the U.S. military. The tools of political economy are used to analyze some of the implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Comparison of CATHARE code using a 3D Reactor Pressure Vessel modelling approach and experimental results on intermediate break LOCAs of ROSA 2 program
- Author
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Carnevali, S., bazin philippe, amplexor, amplexor, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
- Subjects
[PHYS.NUCL] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th] ,cathare code ,[PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th] ,3D approach ,[PHYS.NEXP] Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] ,[PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex] ,reactor pressure vessel - Abstract
International audience; The CATHARE code is a thermal-hydraulic code employed by several countries in the world as reference tool to study incidental and accidental transients in nuclear power plants. The CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies renouvelables Alternatives), in collaboration with its French nuclear partners (AREVA NP, EDF and IRSN) in France, develops and validates this code to increase its predictive capabilities. A particular attention is focused today to validate the 3D model for the entire Reactor Pressure Vessel component during a IBLOCA transient. Several 3D phenomena take place in this element and they cannot be realistically predicted using a simple 1D/0D approach. Asymmetrical liquid flow repartitions, and counter current phenomena are some examples. The OECD/ROSA-2 program is here chosen to validate and demonstrate the enhanced prediction capability of CATHARE tool by modelling the entire Reactor Pressure Vessel of the Japanese LSTF facility using one only 3D component. Tests 1, 2 and 7 are selected to this work, corresponding to different intermediate break LOCAs (13% and 17% sizes into hot and cold legs). Comparison with experimental results shows an improvement of global system response by using a 3D approach for the entire Reactor Pressure Vessel instead of a corresponding 1D/0D. In particular the upper plenum and the core voiding are very well predicted and the global pressure trend is better foreseen. The same trend is observed for the three tests. This study shows the important role of the 3D phenomena prediction to the understanding of global system response. A clear improvement using a 3D approach to represent the entire Reactor Pressure Vessel suggests the necessity to follow this way and to carry on with the 3D method to study the integral systems.
- Published
- 2016
9. Child poverty, knowledge and policy in Asia
- Author
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Jones, Nicola, author and Sumner, Andy, author
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Crustal deformation at the southernmost part of the Ryukyu subduction (East Taiwan) as revealed by new marine seismic experiments
- Author
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Stéphanie Gautier, Théo Berthet, Thomas Theunissen, Yvonne Font, Wen-Tzong Liang, Serge Lallemand, Francis T. Wu, Chao-Shing Lee, Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamique de la Lithosphere, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Transferts en milieux poreux, National Taiwan Ocean University (NTOU), Institute of Earth Sciences [Tapei] (IES Sinica), Academia Sinica, Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies [Binghamton], Binghamton University [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), and Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Seismometer ,3D approach (a priori 3D P-wave velocity model) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Slab pull ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Ocean bottom ,Ryukyu forearc ,Induced seismicity ,Structural basin ,Focal mechanisms ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Collision-Subduction transition east of Taiwan ,01 natural sciences ,14. Life underwater ,Forearc ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,[SDU.STU.TE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics ,Subduction ,Eurasian Plate ,Absolute earthquake location ,Passive experiment RATS ,Tectonics and Seismology) [Passive experiment RATS (Ryukyu Arc] ,Geophysics ,13. Climate action ,3D approach ,Seismology ,Geology - Abstract
The southernmost part of the Ryukyu subduction, where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting under the Eurasian Plate, is known to be a very seismically active region of transition from a north-dipping subduction along the Ryukyu subduction to an similar to SE-NW collision along the Taiwanese orogenic wedge. In this paper, we will focus on the Ryukyu forearc area close to Taiwan where the deformation is paroxysmal. In order to decipher the nature of the seismic deformation in this region, a three month passive experiment, combining 22 Ocean Bottom Seismometers and 51 onland stations, has been led. Starting from an a-priori heterogeneous model, we have obtained 801 well-located earthquake hypocenters, a precise P-wave tomography model and 14 focal mechanisms. The seismicity along the Ryukyu forearc is mainly located not only in the vicinity of the Interplate Seismogenic Zone (ISZ) but also within both the subducting PSP and the overriding plate. Seismicity within the upper-plate is essentially localized east of Nanao basin where NW-SE extension occurs, and northwest of the Hoping basin where strike-slip dominates. As revealed by both the P-wave velocity structure and the newly derived seismicity, we argue that a sub-vertical step offsetting the subducting PSP around 10 km may support the presence of a trench-parallel tear. The PSP also undergoes extension in its upper part that is probably caused by buckling and slab pull. The P-wave velocity structure reveals three other major features: (1) a continuity between the Central Range and the Ryukyu Arc with a shallower Moho (similar to 30 km depth) between similar to 122.3 degrees N and similar to 122.5 degrees N along the Ryukyu Arc, (2) high P-wave velocities along the eastern side of the Central Range and, (3) two bodies with similar high crustal velocities (6.5-7.0 km/s) at 12-18 km depths, embedded within the Ryukyu arc basement, just north of Hoping Basin and north of the Nanao Basin.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Relief and values of landscape metrics : a case study from the Tatra Mts
- Author
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Niedźwiecki, Jan and Kolecka, Natalia
- Subjects
high mountain landscape ,krajobraz wysokogórski ,3D approach ,podejście 3D ,metryki krajobrazowe ,landscape metrics ,Tatra Mountains ,Tatry - Abstract
W niniejszej pracy zaprezentowano wyniki porównania wartości wybranych metryk krajobrazowych otrzymanych na podstawie obliczeń wykonanych dwiema metodami: metodą tradycyjną, w której pomiarów dokonuje się po zrzutowaniu mozaiki jednostek przestrzennych na powierzchnię planimetryczną, oraz metodą uwzględniającą trzeci wymiar krajobrazu - opartą na analizie numerycznego modelu terenu. Badania wykazały, że zastosowane metody mogą mieć wpływ na uzyskany obraz struktury krajobrazu wysokogórskiego. Ponadto w pracy zawarto uwagi dotyczące obliczania średniej szorstkości powierzchni oraz analiz wykonywanych przy wykorzystaniu pól geometrycznych w danym typie krajobrazu. The aim of the authors was to compare values of 2D and 3D landscape metrics in high mountains. The first part of the work takes into consideration the spatial structure of vegetation (the rank of landscape facias/ecotopes) of Kocioł Goryczkowy Świński, which was investigated in 1999 by Anna Kozłowska and Anna Jakomulska. The calculation of landscape metrics is resumed using the true surface geometries and compared with the result of traditional measurements on a reference plane. In the second part of the paper, a set of commonly used landscape metrics is calculated for the geocomplexes (rank of uroczysko unit) in the Morskie Oko catchment using both true surface and plain geometries. Finally average surface roughness is computed for the both study areas and some remarks for landscape metrics computed for geometric fields are given. The comparison shows that appropriate 2D and 3D metrics may differ significantly. Moreover, there is a strong correlation between the size of the discrepancy and the surface slope. For that reason, it is very important to distinguish between 2D and 3D metrics and to use them consciously, according to the particular problem.
- Published
- 2012
12. Déformation à la transition entre subduction et collision à l'est de Taïwan: approche sismologique
- Author
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Theunissen, Thomas, Géosciences Montpellier, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Serge Lallemand(serge.lallemand@gm.univ-montp2.fr), and ANR ACTS
- Subjects
localisation absolue ,Ryukyu Subduction ,approche 3D ,EDT ,[SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,absolute earthquake location ,modèle de vitesse a priori ,séismes historiques ,3D a priori P-velocity model ,marge des Ryukyus ,3D approach ,transition subduction ,collision transition ,Ryukyu margin ,Taïwan ,séisme ,MAXI ,historical earthquake ,subduction des Ryukyus ,subduction ,earthquakes ,collision - Abstract
The purpose of this work is to specify the deformation offshore East of Taiwan by characterizing major active faults in particular at the level of the Ryukyu forearc. The major problem associated with the study of this region is that earthquakes are located outside the permanent networks. Consequently, this led to some unprecise earthquake locations limiting tectonic and statistical analyses, and therefore the correct estimation of the seismic hazard. This work is included in the project ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). To achieve this goal, we worked on three different timescales for which a different localization method has been proposed to obtain a clear image of seismic deformation and highlight major faults offhore East of Taiwan. First, at the scale of the century (from the analysis of a seismicity catalogue with homogeneous magnitude), the instrumental historical earthquakes (1897-2007) show that the Ryukyu margin was affected by 6 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7 with 4 of them for which the responsible fault is unknown. We propose a method of relative location to relocate the historic events from the time difference of P and S arrival times (Ts-Tp) at each station. The location is obtained by searching for "analogue" earthquakes in the recent instrumental catalogue (1991-2008) for which Ts-Tp at each station is close. This method has been applied to the largest (in terms of magnitude) earthquake ever recorded in Taiwan, the earthquake of June 5, 1920 (M7.7 +/- 0.2). A rupture along the interplate of the Ryukyu subduction with a possible nucleation at the downdip limit of a splay-fault is certainly responsible of this earthquake. Then, at the scale of the decade, the improvement of the method of absolute location based on MAXimum of Intersection of EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) allows to better extract the erroneous arrival times and prevents the "trade-off" between depth and origin time, and between depth and epicentral position when the azimuthal coverage is low (gap Azimuthal > 180\degre). Synthetic tests show the effectiveness of MAXI (using P-wave only) to determine the parameters x, y and z even when the azimuthal gap is important. In the latter case, the quality of the results is dependent on the velocity model to represent the 3D structure of the Earth. We propose an approach involving the use of a 3D a priori P-wave velocity model to locate earthquakes which are lateral and remote to the seismic network. An application to the case of Taiwan and Ecuador validates this approach. Finally, at the level of a few months, the marine geophysical campaign RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) was conducted in two stages. A passive seismology experiment from July to October, 2008 (RATS1) has been conducted over the forearc of the Ryukyus and then active seismic experiment (refraction and reflection) was conducted in May 2009 in a NNE - SSW line through the Ryukyu margin. These two combined experiments allow improving our knowledge about the crustal structure of the margin. At the level of the forearc, the basement of the forearc is characterized by vertical backstop and a very deformed basis certainly associated with a significant out of sequence deformation. In depth, the downgoing plate is certainly affected by a tear that controls the seismicity in the region of transition between the subduction and collision.; Le but de ce travail est de préciser la déformation en mer à l'est de Taïwan et de notamment caractériser les failles actives majeures en particulier au niveau de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus. Le problème majeur associé à l'étude de cette région est que les séismes sont localisés en dehors des réseaux permanents et que cela conduit à des localisations peu précises limitant les analyses statistiques, tectoniques et donc l'estimation correcte de l'aléa sismique. Ce travail est inclus dans le projet ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous travaillons à trois échelles de temps différentes pour lesquelles une méthode de localisation différente a été proposée pour obtenir une image précise de la déformation sismique et mettre en évidence les failles majeures en mer à l'est de Taïwan. D'abord, à l'échelle du siècle (à partir de l'analyse d'un catalogue de sismicité homogène en magnitude), les séismes historiques instrumentaux (1897-2007) montrent que la marge des Ryukyus a été affectée par 6 séismes de magnitude supérieure à 7 dont 4 pour lesquels la faille responsable n'est pas connue. Nous proposons une méthode de localisation relative qui permet de relocaliser les évènements historiques à partir des différences de temps d'arrivées P et S (Ts-Tp) à chaque station. La localisation est obtenue en recherchant les séismes analogues dans le catalogue instrumental récent (1991-2008) pour lesquels Ts-Tp à chaque station est proche. Cette méthode a été appliquée au plus gros séisme (en terme de magnitude) jamais enregistré à Taïwan, le séisme du 5 juin 1920 (M7.7 $\pm$ 0.2). Ce séisme a certainement pour origine une rupture sur l'interplaque sismogène de la subduction des Ryukyus avec une possible nucléation à la base d'une faille hors-séquence. Ensuite, à l'échelle de la dizaine d'années, l'amélioration de la méthode de localisation absolue du MAXimum d'Intersection EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) permet de mieux extraire les temps d'arrivées erronés et empêche les "trade-off" entre profondeur et temps d'origine et, entre profondeur et position épicentrale lorsque la couverture azimutale est faible (gap azimutal > 180°). Des tests synthétiques montrent l'efficacité de MAXI (en utilisant les ondes P uniquement) à déterminer les paramètres x, y et z même lorsque le gap azimutal est important. Dans ce dernier cas, la qualité des résultats reste dépendant du modèle de vitesse à représenter la structure 3D de la Terre. Nous proposons une démarche associant l'utilisation d'un modèle de vitesse des ondes P 3D a priori avec la méthode MAXI pour localiser les séismes qui sont latéraux et éloignés du réseau. Une application au cas de Taïwan et en Équateur valide cette approche. Enfin, à l'échelle de quelques mois, la campagne de géophysique marine RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) a été menée en deux temps. Une expérience de sismologie passive de juillet à octobre 2008 (RATS1) a été menée au-dessus de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus puis une expérience de sismique active (réfraction et réflexion) a été menée en mai 2009 sur une ligne NNE-SSW à travers la marge des Ryukyus. Ces deux expériences combinées permettent d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure crustale de la marge. Au niveau de l'avant-arc, le socle de l'avant-arc est caractérisé par une extrémité formant un butoir vertical et une base très déformée certainement associée à une importante déformation hors-séquence. En profondeur, la plaque plongeante est certainement affectée par une déchirure qui contrôle la sismicité dans cette région de transition entre la subduction et la collision.
- Published
- 2011
13. Deformation at the transition between subduction and collision east of Taiwan: seismological approach
- Author
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Theunissen, Thomas and Theunissen, Thomas
- Subjects
localisation absolue ,Ryukyu Subduction ,approche 3D ,EDT ,absolute earthquake location ,modèle de vitesse a priori ,séismes historiques ,3D a priori P-velocity model ,marge des Ryukyus ,3D approach ,transition subduction ,collision transition ,Ryukyu margin ,[SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences ,Taïwan ,séisme ,MAXI ,historical earthquake ,subduction des Ryukyus ,earthquakes ,subduction ,collision - Abstract
The purpose of this work is to specify the deformation offshore East of Taiwan by characterizing major active faults in particular at the level of the Ryukyu forearc. The major problem associated with the study of this region is that earthquakes are located outside the permanent networks. Consequently, this led to some unprecise earthquake locations limiting tectonic and statistical analyses, and therefore the correct estimation of the seismic hazard. This work is included in the project ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). To achieve this goal, we worked on three different timescales for which a different localization method has been proposed to obtain a clear image of seismic deformation and highlight major faults offhore East of Taiwan. First, at the scale of the century (from the analysis of a seismicity catalogue with homogeneous magnitude), the instrumental historical earthquakes (1897-2007) show that the Ryukyu margin was affected by 6 earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7 with 4 of them for which the responsible fault is unknown. We propose a method of relative location to relocate the historic events from the time difference of P and S arrival times (Ts-Tp) at each station. The location is obtained by searching for "analogue" earthquakes in the recent instrumental catalogue (1991-2008) for which Ts-Tp at each station is close. This method has been applied to the largest (in terms of magnitude) earthquake ever recorded in Taiwan, the earthquake of June 5, 1920 (M7.7 +/- 0.2). A rupture along the interplate of the Ryukyu subduction with a possible nucleation at the downdip limit of a splay-fault is certainly responsible of this earthquake. Then, at the scale of the decade, the improvement of the method of absolute location based on MAXimum of Intersection of EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) allows to better extract the erroneous arrival times and prevents the "trade-off" between depth and origin time, and between depth and epicentral position when the azimuthal coverage is low (gap Azimuthal > 180\degre). Synthetic tests show the effectiveness of MAXI (using P-wave only) to determine the parameters x, y and z even when the azimuthal gap is important. In the latter case, the quality of the results is dependent on the velocity model to represent the 3D structure of the Earth. We propose an approach involving the use of a 3D a priori P-wave velocity model to locate earthquakes which are lateral and remote to the seismic network. An application to the case of Taiwan and Ecuador validates this approach. Finally, at the level of a few months, the marine geophysical campaign RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) was conducted in two stages. A passive seismology experiment from July to October, 2008 (RATS1) has been conducted over the forearc of the Ryukyus and then active seismic experiment (refraction and reflection) was conducted in May 2009 in a NNE - SSW line through the Ryukyu margin. These two combined experiments allow improving our knowledge about the crustal structure of the margin. At the level of the forearc, the basement of the forearc is characterized by vertical backstop and a very deformed basis certainly associated with a significant out of sequence deformation. In depth, the downgoing plate is certainly affected by a tear that controls the seismicity in the region of transition between the subduction and collision., Le but de ce travail est de préciser la déformation en mer à l'est de Taïwan et de notamment caractériser les failles actives majeures en particulier au niveau de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus. Le problème majeur associé à l'étude de cette région est que les séismes sont localisés en dehors des réseaux permanents et que cela conduit à des localisations peu précises limitant les analyses statistiques, tectoniques et donc l'estimation correcte de l'aléa sismique. Ce travail est inclus dans le projet ANR ACTS (Active Tectonics and Seismic Hazard in Taiwan). Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous travaillons à trois échelles de temps différentes pour lesquelles une méthode de localisation différente a été proposée pour obtenir une image précise de la déformation sismique et mettre en évidence les failles majeures en mer à l'est de Taïwan. D'abord, à l'échelle du siècle (à partir de l'analyse d'un catalogue de sismicité homogène en magnitude), les séismes historiques instrumentaux (1897-2007) montrent que la marge des Ryukyus a été affectée par 6 séismes de magnitude supérieure à 7 dont 4 pour lesquels la faille responsable n'est pas connue. Nous proposons une méthode de localisation relative qui permet de relocaliser les évènements historiques à partir des différences de temps d'arrivées P et S (Ts-Tp) à chaque station. La localisation est obtenue en recherchant les séismes analogues dans le catalogue instrumental récent (1991-2008) pour lesquels Ts-Tp à chaque station est proche. Cette méthode a été appliquée au plus gros séisme (en terme de magnitude) jamais enregistré à Taïwan, le séisme du 5 juin 1920 (M7.7 $\pm$ 0.2). Ce séisme a certainement pour origine une rupture sur l'interplaque sismogène de la subduction des Ryukyus avec une possible nucléation à la base d'une faille hors-séquence. Ensuite, à l'échelle de la dizaine d'années, l'amélioration de la méthode de localisation absolue du MAXimum d'Intersection EDT (MAXI, EDT: Equal Differential Time) permet de mieux extraire les temps d'arrivées erronés et empêche les "trade-off" entre profondeur et temps d'origine et, entre profondeur et position épicentrale lorsque la couverture azimutale est faible (gap azimutal > 180°). Des tests synthétiques montrent l'efficacité de MAXI (en utilisant les ondes P uniquement) à déterminer les paramètres x, y et z même lorsque le gap azimutal est important. Dans ce dernier cas, la qualité des résultats reste dépendant du modèle de vitesse à représenter la structure 3D de la Terre. Nous proposons une démarche associant l'utilisation d'un modèle de vitesse des ondes P 3D a priori avec la méthode MAXI pour localiser les séismes qui sont latéraux et éloignés du réseau. Une application au cas de Taïwan et en Équateur valide cette approche. Enfin, à l'échelle de quelques mois, la campagne de géophysique marine RATS (Ryukyu Arc: Tectonics and Seismology) a été menée en deux temps. Une expérience de sismologie passive de juillet à octobre 2008 (RATS1) a été menée au-dessus de l'avant-arc des Ryukyus puis une expérience de sismique active (réfraction et réflexion) a été menée en mai 2009 sur une ligne NNE-SSW à travers la marge des Ryukyus. Ces deux expériences combinées permettent d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure crustale de la marge. Au niveau de l'avant-arc, le socle de l'avant-arc est caractérisé par une extrémité formant un butoir vertical et une base très déformée certainement associée à une importante déformation hors-séquence. En profondeur, la plaque plongeante est certainement affectée par une déchirure qui contrôle la sismicité dans cette région de transition entre la subduction et la collision.
- Published
- 2011
14. Playing with bare life: the securitization of women in Canada's 3D approach.
- Author
-
Wada, Kenji
- Abstract
My presentation explores the securitization of women, which transforms their daily needs into security issues, in terms of global biopolitics/necropolitics. Canada is currently deploying a Provincial Reconstruction Team to Kandahar (KPRT) in Afghanistan using a '3D approach,' which integrates three dimensions, diplomacy, defence and development, into a single strategic framework. KPRT is instigating 'quick-impact' development projects in order to improve the lives of the local population, women and children in particular. However, these projects are designed to meet the military needs of the war on terror rather than the needs of the local population. It can be considered that KPRT is a governmental technique which transforms the female body into a particular form of subject, incomplete bare life, who is allowed to live, but simultaneously is able to be killed by both armed groups and international forces. My conclusion is that Afghan women, who were 'liberated' from the misogynistic regime of the Taliban, are again detained and their depoliticized, subordinated and precarious bodies put under the global control of the masculine sovereign of Empire. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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