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This paper describes previous studies regarding the use of multimedia or virtual model and concrete model to improve students’ understanding of chemistry. Thirty-three relevant papers in various topics, including stereochemistry, symmetry, chemical bonding, law conservation of matter, and others, were found and discussed. In particular, relevant studies in stereochemistry teaching is also discussed. REFERENCES Anggriawan, B. (2017). Pengaruh Pembelajaran Penemuan Terbimbing Berbantuan Multimedia terhadap Pemahaman Materi Simetri Mahasiswa dengan Kemampuan Spasial yang Berbeda. Universitas Negeri Malang. Beauchamp, P. S. (1984). “Absolutely” Simple Stereochemistry. Journal of Chemical Education, 61(8), 666. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed061p666 Boukhechem, M.-S., Dumon, A., & Zouikri, M. (2011). The Acquisition of Stereochemical Knowledge by Algerian Students Intending to Teach Physical Sciences. Chemical Education Research and Practise, 12(3), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1RP90040D Chen, D., Chen, X., & Gao, W. (2013). The Application and Perspective of Multimedia Technology in Chemistry Experimental Instruction in China. Creative Education, 04(04), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2013.44035 Chen, D.-W., & Catrambone, R. (2014). Effects of Multimedia Interactivity on Spatial Task Learning Outcomes. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58(1), 1356–1360. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931214581283 da Silva Júnior, J. N., Sousa Lima, M. A., Xerez Moreira, J. V., Oliveira Alexandre, F. S., de Almeida, D. M., de Oliveira, M. da C. F., & Melo Leite Junior, A. J. (2017). Stereogame: An Interactive Computer Game That Engages Students in Reviewing Stereochemistry Concepts. Journal of Chemical Education, 94(2), 248–250. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00475 Dayame, A. M. (2019). The Effects of Manipulative and Visual Models in Conceptualizing Fractions. International Journal of Advanced Research and Publications, 3(8), 80–85. Dori, Y. J., & Barak, M. (2001). Virtual and Physical Molecular Modeling: Fostering Model Perception and Spatial Understanding. Educational Technology & Society, 4(1), 61–74. Hakim, M. F., Maksum, A. H., Saragih, Y., & Hasanah, C. S. (2020). Analysis on the implementation of virtual versus reality laboratory. J-PEK (Jurnal Pembelajaran Kimia), 5(2), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.17977/UM026V5I22020P059 Harrold, M. W. (1995). Computer-Based Exercises to Supplement the Teaching of Stereochemical Aspects of Drug Action1,2. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 59, 20–26. Kirk, J. (2015). Using Manipulatives in The Chemisty Classroom as a Tool to Increase The Understanding and Knowledge of The Law of Conversation of Matter. St. John Fisher College: Fisher Digital Publications: Knowles, T. H. (2017). Using Eye-Tracking and Molecular Modelling to Explore Students’ Strategies for Solving Organic Stereochemical Problems. University of Northern Colorado. Koutalas, V. G., Antonoglou, L. D., Charistos, N. D., & Sigalas, M. P. (2014). Investigation of Students’ Ability to Transform and Translate 2D Molecular Diagrammatic Representations and its Relationship to Spatial Ability and Prior Chemistry Knowledge. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 698–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.265 Lou, S.-J., & Lin, H.-C. (2012). Improving the Effectiveness of Organic Chemistry Experiments through Multimedia Teaching Materials for Junior High School Students. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 11(2), 135–141. Muchson, M., Munzil, M., Winarni, B. E., & Agusningtyas, D. (2019). Pengembangan virtual lab berbasis android pada materi asam basa untuk siswa SMA. J-PEK (Jurnal Pembelajaran Kimia), 4(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.17977/UM026V4I12019P051 O’Brien, M. (2016). Creating 3-Dimensional Molecular Models to Help Students Visualize Stereoselective Reaction Pathways. Journal of Chemical Education, 93(9), 1663–1666. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00250 Olimpo, J. T., Kumi, B. C., Wroblewski, R., & Dixon, B. L. (2015). Examining The Relationship Between 2D Diagrammatic Conventions and Students’ Success on Representational Translation Tasks in Organic Chemistry. Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 16(1), 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RP00169A Olkun, S. (2003). Comparing Computer versus Concrete Manipulatives in Learning 2D Geometry. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 22(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1501/0000984 Sentongo, J., Kyakulaga, R., & Kibirige, I. (2013). The Effect of Using Computer Simulations in Teaching Chemical Bonding: Experiences with Ugandan Learners. International Journal of Education Science, 5(4), 433–441. Sevi̇Nç, B. (2010). The Effect Of Computer Based Instruction Enhanced With Concept Maps On Students’ Understanding Of Stereochemistry. International Conference on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 301–306. Stieff, M., Bateman, R. C., & Uttal, D. H. (2005). Teaching and Learning with Three-dimensional Representations. In J. K. Gilbert (Ed.), Visualization in Science Education (pp. 93–120). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3613-2_7 Stieff, M., Scopelitis, S., Lira, M. E., & Desutter, D. (2016). Improving Representational Competence with Concrete Models. Science Education, 100(2), 344–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.21203 Stull, A. T., Barrett, T., & Hegarty, M. (2013). Usability of Concrete and Virtual Models in Chemistry Instruction. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2546–2556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.012 Stull, A. T., Hegarty, M., Dixon, B., & Stieff, M. (2012). Representational Translation With Concrete Models in Organic Chemistry. Cognition and Instruction, 30(4), 404–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2012.719956 Thayban, T., Habiddin, H., & Utomo, Y. (2020). Concrete Model VS Virtual Model: Roles and Implications in Chemistry Learning. J-PEK (Jurnal Pembelajaran Kimia), 5(2), 90–107. https://doi.org/10.17977/UM026V5I22020P090 Thayban, T., Habiddin, H., Utomo, Y., & Muarifin, M. (2021). Understanding of Symmetry: Measuring the Contribution of Virtual and Concrete Models for Students with Different Spatial Abilities. Acta Chimica Slovenica, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2021.6836

Featured Application: The present study has potential applications in sport, ergonomics and clinical practice. Orientation of the head relative to the trunk may be measured in different settings using inertial sensors. This may prove important for injury prevention and for treatment of musculo-skeletal disorders affecting the neck and shoulder, both in elite and recreational athletes and in work situations. In the clinical field, this study has application for the biomechanical assessment and rehabilitation of patients with shoulder and/or cervical spine pathologies. Upper limb activities imply positioning of the head with respect to the visual target and may impact trunk posture. However, the postural constraints imposed on the neck remains unclear. We used kinematic analysis to compare head and trunk orientation during arm movements (pointing) with isolated movements of the head (heading). Ten right-handed healthy adults completed both experimental tasks. In the heading task, subjects directed their face toward eight visual targets placed over a wide frontal workspace. In the pointing task, subjects pointed to the same targets (each with their right arm). Movements were recorded using an electromagnetic spatial tracking system. Both orientation of the head and trunk in space (Euler angles) and orientation of the head relative to the trunk were extracted. The orientation of the head in space was closely related to target direction during both tasks. The trunk was relatively stable during heading but contributed to pointing, with leftward axial rotation. These findings illustrate that the neck compensates for trunk rotation during pointing, engaging in specific target-dependent 3D movement in order to preserve head orientation in space. Future studies may investigate neck kinematics of people experiencing neck pain in order to identify and correct inefficient movement patterns, particularly in athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computationally efficient 3D orientation (3DO) tracking using gyroscope angular velocity measurements enables a short execution time and low energy consumption for the computing device. These are essential requirements in today’s wearable device environments, which are characterized by limited resources and demands for high energy autonomy. We show that the computational efficiency of 3DO tracking is significantly improved by correctly interpreting each triplet of gyroscope measurements as simultaneous (using the rotation vector called the Simultaneous Orthogonal Rotation Angle, or SORA) rather than as sequential (using Euler angles) rotation. For an example rotation of 90°, depending on the change in the rotation axis, using Euler angles requires 35 to 78 times more measurement steps for comparable levels of accuracy, implying a higher sampling frequency and computational complexity. In general, the higher the demanded 3DO accuracy, the higher the computational advantage of using the SORA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 12 to 14 times faster execution is achieved by adapting the SORA-based 3DO tracking to the architecture of the executing low-power ARM Cortex® M0+ microcontroller using only integer arithmetic, lookup tables, and the small-angle approximation. Finally, we show that the computational efficiency is further improved by choosing the appropriate 3DO computational method. Using rotation matrices is 1.85 times faster than using rotation quaternions when 3DO calculations are performed for each measurement step. On the other hand, using rotation quaternions is 1.75 times faster when only the final 3DO result of several consecutive rotations is needed. We conclude that by adopting the presented practices, the clock frequency of a processor computing the 3DO can be significantly reduced. This substantially prolongs the energy autonomy of the device and enhances its usability in day-to-day measurement scenarios.

In human movement analysis, 3D body segment orientation can be obtained through the numerical integration of gyroscope signals. These signals, however, are affected by errors that, for the case of micro-electro-mechanical systems, are mainly due to: constant bias, scale factor, white noise, and bias instability. The aim of this study is to assess how the orientation estimation accuracy is affected by each of these disturbances, and whether it is influenced by the angular velocity magnitude and 3D distribution across the gyroscope axes. Reference angular velocity signals, either constant or representative of human walking, were corrupted with each of the four noise types within a simulation framework. The magnitude of the angular velocity affected the error in the orientation estimation due to each noise type, except for the white noise. Additionally, the error caused by the constant bias was also influenced by the angular velocity 3D distribution. As the orientation error depends not only on the noise itself but also on the signal it is applied to, different sensor placements could enhance or mitigate the error due to each disturbance, and special attention must be paid in providing and interpreting measures of accuracy for orientation estimation algorithms.

This paper presents a fusion method for combining outputs acquired by low-cost inertial measurement units and electronic magnetic compasses. Specifically, measurements of inertial accelerometer and gyroscope sensors are combined with no-inertial magnetometer sensor measurements to provide the optimal three-dimensional (3D) orientation of the sensors’ axis systems in real time. The method combines Euler–Cardan angles and rotation matrix for attitude and heading representation estimation and deals with the “gimbal lock” problem. The mathematical formulation of the method is based on Kalman filter and takes into account the computational cost required for operation on mobile devices as well as the characteristics of the low-cost microelectromechanical sensors. The method was implemented, debugged, and evaluated in a desktop software utility by using a low-cost sensor system, and it was tested in an augmented reality application on an Android mobile device, while its efficiency was evaluated experimentally.

In human movement analysis, 3D body segment orientation can be obtained through the numerical integration of gyroscope signals. These signals, however, are affected by errors that, for the case of micro-electro-mechanical systems, are mainly due to: constant bias, scale factor, white noise, and bias instability. The aim of this study is to assess how the orientation estimation accuracy is affected by each of these disturbances, and whether it is influenced by the angular velocity magnitude and 3D distribution across the gyroscope axes. Reference angular velocity signals, either constant or representative of human walking, were corrupted with each of the four noise types within a simulation framework. The magnitude of the angular velocity affected the error in the orientation estimation due to each noise type, except for the white noise. Additionally, the error caused by the constant bias was also influenced by the angular velocity 3D distribution. As the orientation error depends not only on the noise itself but also on the signal it is applied to, different sensor placements could enhance or mitigate the error due to each disturbance, and special attention must be paid in providing and interpreting measures of accuracy for orientation estimation algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating accurate 3D representations of the world from 2D retinal images is a fundamental task for the visual system. However, the reliability of different 3D visual signals depends inherently on viewing geometry, such as how much an object is slanted in depth. Human perceptual studies have correspondingly shown that texture and binocular disparity cues for object orientation are combined according to their slant-dependent reliabilities. Where and how this cue combination occurs in the brain is currently unknown. Here, we search for neural correlates of this property in the macaque caudal intraparietal area (CIP) by measuring slant tuning curves using mixed-cue (texture + disparity) and cue-isolated (texture or disparity) planar stimuli. We find that texture cues contribute more to the mixed-cue responses of CIP neurons that prefer larger slants, consistent with theoretical and psychophysical results showing that the reliability of texture relative to disparity cues increases with slant angle. By analyzing responses to binocularly viewed texture stimuli with conflicting texture and disparity information, some cells that are sensitive to both cues when presented in isolation are found to disregard one of the cues during cue conflict. Additionally, the similarity between texture and mixed-cue responses is found to be greater when this cue conflict is eliminated by presenting the texture stimuli monocularly. The present findings demonstrate reliability-dependent contributions of visual orientation cues at the level of the CIP, thus revealing a neural correlate of this property of human visual perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Common estimation algorithms, such as least squares estimation or the Kalman filter, operate on a state in a state space that is represented as a real-valued vector. However, for many quantities, most notably orientations in 3D, is not a vector space, but a so-called manifold, i.e. it behaves like a vector space locally but has a more complex global topological structure. For integrating these quantities, several ad hoc approaches have been proposed. Here, we present a principled solution to this problem where the structure of the manifold is encapsulated by two operators, state displacement and its inverse . These operators provide a local vector-space view δ ↦ x ▪ δ around a given state x. Generic estimation algorithms can then work on the manifold mainly by replacing /− with ▪/▪ where appropriate. We analyze these operators axiomatically, and demonstrate their use in least-squares estimation and the Unscented Kalman Filter. Moreover, we exploit the idea of encapsulation from a software engineering perspective in the Manifold Toolkit, where the ▪/▪ operators mediate between a “flat-vector” view for the generic algorithm and a “named-members” view for the problem specific functions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In central catadioptric systems 3D lines are projected into conics. In this paper we present a new approach to extract conics in the raw catadioptric image, which correspond to projected straight lines in the scene. Using the internal calibration and two image points we are able to compute analytically these conics which we name hypercatadioptric line images. We obtain the error propagation from the image points to the 3D line projection in function of the calibration parameters. We also perform an exhaustive analysis on the elements that can affect the conic extraction accuracy. Besides that, we exploit the presence of parallel lines in man-made environments to compute the dominant vanishing points (VPs) in the omnidirectional image. In order to obtain the intersection of two of these conics we analyze the self-polar triangle common to this pair. With the information contained in the vanishing points we are able to obtain the 3D orientation of the catadioptric system. This method can be used either in a vertical stabilization system required by autonomous navigation or to rectify images required in applications where the vertical orientation of the catadioptric system is assumed. We use synthetic and real images to test the proposed method. We evaluate the 3D orientation accuracy with a ground truth given by a goniometer and with an inertial measurement unit (IMU). We also test our approach performing vertical and full rectifications in sequences of real images. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Visual cue integration strategies are known to depend on cue reliability and how rapidly the visual system processes incoming information. We investigated whether these strategies also depend on differences in the information demands for different natural tasks. Using two common goal-oriented tasks, prehension and object placement, we determined whether monocular and binocular information influence estimates of three-dimensional (3D) orientation differently depending on task demands. Both tasks rely on accurate 3D orientation estimates, but 3D position is potentially more important for grasping. Subjects placed an object on or picked up a disc in a virtual environment. On some trials, the monocular cues (aspect ratio and texture compression) and binocular cues (e.g., binocular disparity) suggested slightly different 3D orientations for the disc; these conflicts either were present upon initial stimulus presentation or were introduced after movement initiation, which allowed us to quantify how information from the cues accumulated over time. We analyzed the time-varying orientations of subjects' fingers in the grasping task and those of the object in the object placement task to quantify how different visual cues influenced motor control. In the first experiment, different subjects performed each task, and those performing the grasping task relied on binocular information more when orienting their hands than those performing the object placement task. When subjects in the second experiment performed both tasks in interleaved sessions, binocular cues were still more influential during grasping than object placement, and the different cue integration strategies observed for each task in isolation were maintained. In both experiments, the temporal analyses showed that subjects processed binocular information faster than monocular information, but task demands did not affect the time course of cue processing. How one uses visual cues for motor control depends on the task being performed, although how quickly the information is processed appears to be task invariant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The centroid of a fluorophore can be determined within ≃l.5-nm accuracy from its focused image through fluorescence imaging with one-nanometer accuracy (FIONA). If, instead, the sample is moved away from the focus, the point-spread-function depends on both the position and 3D orientation of the fluorophore, which can be calculated by defocused orientation and position imaging (DOPI). DOPI does not always yield position accurately, but it is possible to switch back and forth between focused and defocused imaging, thereby getting the centroid and the orientation with precision. We have measured the 3D orientation and stepping behavior of single bifunctional rhodamine probes attached to one of the calmodulins of the light-chain domain (LCD) of myosin V as myosin V moves along actin. Concomitant with large and small steps, the LCD rotates and then dwells in the leading and trailing position, respectively. The probe angle relative to the barbed end of the actin (β) averaged 128° while the LCD was in the leading state and 57° in the trailing state. The angular difference of 71° represents rotation of LCD around the bound motor domain and is consistent with a 37-nm forward step size of myosin V. When β changes, the probe rotates -±27° azimuthally around actin and then rotates back again on the next step. Our results remove degeneracy in angles and the appearance of nontilting lever arms that were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orientation of the lumbar facet joints (FJs) in the transverse plane is associated with degenerative lumbar spine disease. However, there is a lack of measurements of the sagittal and coronal facet angles, and the effect of 3D facet angles on joint motion in the sitting position is unknown. The present study was to investigate the 3D orientation and in vivo motion characteristics of the FJ in the sitting position., Methods: Dual fluoroscopic imaging system and computed tomography (CT) were used to determine the 3D orientation and kinematic characteristics of FJs. L3-S1 segments were studied in 10 asymptomatic participants (5 male and 5 female, age: 25-35 years, body mass index: 22.4±1.8). Angles of the facet in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes, and the range of motion of the FJs in seated flexion and extension movements were measured., Results: The difference in sagittal facet angles between the 2 sides of the L3-S1 facet joints was not significant. The superior coronal facet angle on the left side of L5 was significantly smaller than that on the right side by 6.4° (P=0.01). The inferior transverse facet angle on the left side of L5 was greater than that on the right side by 7.1; the results were not statistically significantly different. In the sitting position, the range of motion of the left and right sides of L5-S1 differed significantly, with the right side being 5.5° (P=0.004) and 11.7° (P=0.026) greater than the left side in the sagittal and coronal planes, respectively. There was a correlation between mobility and the 3D orientation angle of the FJs in each segment., Conclusions: Quantification of the 3D orientation of the lumbar spine FJs provides new perspectives to study the kinematics of the lumbar spine and the etiology of lumbar degenerative diseases. In sitting flexion and extension movements, there is a significant difference in the left-right lateral mobility of the FJs of the L5-S1 segments. With the exception of the transverse facet angle of the lumbar spine FJs, the sagittal and coronal facet angles also have an effect on lumbar spine mobility., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/atm-22-969/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2022 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.)

Computationally efficient 3D orientation (3DO) tracking using gyroscope angular velocity measurements enables a short execution time and low energy consumption for the computing device. These are essential requirements in today's wearable device environments, which are characterized by limited resources and demands for high energy autonomy. We show that the computational efficiency of 3DO tracking is significantly improved by correctly interpreting each triplet of gyroscope measurements as simultaneous (using the rotation vector called the Simultaneous Orthogonal Rotation Angle, or SORA) rather than as sequential (using Euler angles) rotation. For an example rotation of 90°, depending on the change in the rotation axis, using Euler angles requires 35 to 78 times more measurement steps for comparable levels of accuracy, implying a higher sampling frequency and computational complexity. In general, the higher the demanded 3DO accuracy, the higher the computational advantage of using the SORA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that 12 to 14 times faster execution is achieved by adapting the SORA-based 3DO tracking to the architecture of the executing low-power ARM Cortex® M0+ microcontroller using only integer arithmetic, lookup tables, and the small-angle approximation. Finally, we show that the computational efficiency is further improved by choosing the appropriate 3DO computational method. Using rotation matrices is 1.85 times faster than using rotation quaternions when 3DO calculations are performed for each measurement step. On the other hand, using rotation quaternions is 1.75 times faster when only the final 3DO result of several consecutive rotations is needed. We conclude that by adopting the presented practices, the clock frequency of a processor computing the 3DO can be significantly reduced. This substantially prolongs the energy autonomy of the device and enhances its usability in day-to-day measurement scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creating three-dimensional (3D) representations of the world from two-dimensional retinal images is fundamental to visually guided behaviors including reaching and grasping. A critical component of this process is determining the 3D orientation of objects. Previous studies have shown that neurons in the caudal intraparietal area (CIP) of the macaque monkey represent 3D planar surface orientation (i.e., slant and tilt). Here we compare the responses of neurons in areas V3A (which is implicated in 3D visual processing and precedes CIP in the visual hierarchy) and CIP to 3D-oriented planar surfaces. We then examine whether activity in these areas correlates with perception during a fine slant discrimination task in which the monkeys report if the top of a surface is slanted toward or away from them. Although we find that V3A and CIP neurons show similar sensitivity to planar surface orientation, significant choice-related activity during the slant discrimination task is rare in V3A but prominent in CIP. These results implicate both V3A and CIP in the representation of 3D surface orientation, and suggest a functional dissociation between the areas based on slant-related choice signals.

This paper presents a fusion method for combining outputs acquired by low-cost inertial measurement units and electronic magnetic compasses. Specifically, measurements of inertial accelerometer and gyroscope sensors are combined with no-inertial magnetometer sensor measurements to provide the optimal three-dimensional (3D) orientation of the sensors’ axis systems in real time. The method combines Euler–Cardan angles and rotation matrix for attitude and heading representation estimation and deals with the “gimbal lock” problem. The mathematical formulation of the method is based on Kalman filter and takes into account the computational cost required for operation on mobile devices as well as the characteristics of the low-cost microelectromechanical sensors. The method was implemented, debugged, and evaluated in a desktop software utility by using a low-cost sensor system, and it was tested in an augmented reality application on an Android mobile device, while its efficiency was evaluated experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) acetabular orientation is a fundamental topic in orthopedic surgery. Computed tomography (CT) allows 3D measurement of native acetabular orientation, but with a substantial radiation dose. The EOS imaging system was developed to perform this kind of evaluation, but has not been validated in this indication with specific attention to the acetabulum. We therefore performed a prospective study using EOS to assess: (1) the reproducibility of the 3D acetabulum orientation measures; (2) normative asymptomatic acetabular morphology in standing position, according to side and gender; and (3) the relationship between acetabular anteversion and pelvic incidence., Hypothesis: The low-dose EOS imaging system is a reproducible method for measuring 3D acetabular orientation in standing position., Patients and Methods: In a previous prospective study of spine sagittal balance, 165 asymptomatic volunteers were examined on whole-body EOS biplanar X-ray; 102 had appropriate images for pelvic and acetabular analysis, with an equal sex-ratio (53 female, 49 male). These EOS images were reviewed using sterEOS 3D software, allowing automatic measurement of acetabular parameters (anteversion and inclination) and pelvic parameters (pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt and sacral slope) in an anatomical (anterior pelvic plane: APP) and a functional reference plane (patient vertical plane: PVP)., Results: Both intra- and inter-observer analysis showed good agreement (ICC>0.90); Bland-Altman plot distributions were good. Acetabular anatomical anteversion and inclination relative to APP (AAAPP and AIAPP, respectively) were significantly greater in women than in men, with no effect of side (right AAA: women 21.3°±3.4° vs. men 16.1°±3.3° (P<0001); right AIAPP: women 55.3°±3.7° vs. men 52.5°±3.0° (P<0001); left AAAPP: women 20.9°±3.5° vs. men 15.6°±4.0° (P<0001); left AIAPP: women 54.6°±3.5° vs. men 52.7°±2.8° (P=0003)). The same differences between men and women were observed when measurements were related to PVP. Pelvic incidence subgroup (<44°; 44-62°; >62°) correlated significantly with functional acetabular orientation in standing position: PVP functional anteversion decreased by 5° relative to APP anteversion with incidence <44°, was equal to APP with incidence 44-62°, and or was greater by 4° relative to APP with incidence >62°., Discussion: The use of a 3D sterEOS software prototype version for 3D reconstruction of the native acetabulum from standard EOS X-ray was shown to be a reliable and reproducible method. This innovative method enabled the reference values of 3D acetabular orientation in standing position to be measured for the first time. The results reinforced the concept of hip-spine relationships, and involved very low radiation dose., Level of Evidence: IV prospective study without control group., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)