Search

The consolidation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) on construction sites and the preparation of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) in urban city planning are on-going processes. Therefore, the operation of modern total stations in dynamic urban scenarios becomes inevitable and often reveals the limitations of state-of-the-art approaches. This paper discusses augmentation strategies for the automatic operation of total stations. Additional internal sensor information and external facility information can be used to increase the resilience of the systems and enable them to adapt to changing circumstances. This is demonstrated by the examples of a changing prism orientation due to vandalism, local refraction effects due to air-conditioning and dynamic obstructions due to traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ecological conditions of vegetation growth in water sources is vital to appraise the influence of vegetation on river engineering. Based on the experimental information that is accessible, the consequences of vegetation on flow resistance is described as an alteration in the drag coefficient and the planned area. The current study analytically estimates the vertical distribution of stream-wise velocity in open-channel flow while considering rigid and flexible vegetation. The flow is vertically separated into top free water layer and bottom vegetation layer using the projected deflection height of both vegetation. Related momentum calculations for each layer are then derived. Based on the gathered experimental data, a 3D numerical model with various simulation situations is used to model, calibrate, and evaluate the artificial cylinders. A considerable deflection analysis is utilised to calculate the velocity-dependent stem height. This has proven to be more precise compared to formerly deflection investigation. The estimated outcomes show that precise predictions may be made for the vertical contours of vertical Reynolds shear stress based on mean horizontal velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate that plant flexibility reduces the vertical Reynolds shear stress and prompted flow resistance force of the vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subway station platforms are vulnerable to flood damage. Thus, an investigation of inundation in subway platforms is required to ensure the safety of citizens against flooding. This study analyzed and validated the inundation characteristics and safety areas in a subway station model using experimental inundation depth measurements and numerical simulations. Then by using the simulation, the effects of increased inflow to water velocity and depth were analyzed, and its impact on human models was found by using risk assessments which included specific force ( M 0 ), Flood Hazard Degree (FD), Flood Intensity Factors (FIF), toppling velocity, and sliding velocity. The flood risk assessment analysis results show that assessments using M 0 could increase uncertainty by broadening the evaluation of risky areas compared to other indices. Also, the drag force applied to the human models was calculated using the simulations, which provided inundation risk values to people in subway stations. Overall, the risk assessments would provide a criterion for flood situations in subway stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Due to the technical challenges associated with femoral reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty for patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), the exact indications for using femoral modular stems, despite their satisfactory clinical outcomes, remain poorly investigated. This study sought to assess the morphology of the femur and acetabulum, and to investigate the discriminative ability of femoral anteversion (FA), acetabular anteversion (AA), and combined anteversion (CA) on the selection of femoral modular stem in dysplastic hips.Retrospective data were collected from multiple centers on a total of 230 cases who underwent THA due to DDH from January 1, 2020, to March 1, 2023. There were 46 males and 184 females, with an average age of 51.57 ± 14.87. Patients were stratified according to Crowe and Eftekhar classifications. FA, AA, and CA were measured using computed tomography (CT). The distribution of these indices in different grades of dysplastic hips was compared, and the correlation between these indices and the selection of femoral modular stem was analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and likelihood statistics were performed to investigate the discriminating and predictive value of each index in selecting modular stem.Two hundred and thirty hips were included in the study. FA increased as the subluxation percentage increased: type I, 21.5°; type II, 28.6°; type III, 34.9°; and type IV, 39.7°. AA was smaller in type I (16.9°) and higher in types II, III, and IV (18.9–22.6°). The area under the curve for the modular stem was 0.87 for FA, 0.86 for CA, and 0.65 for AA. The optimal cutoff values were FA > 32.6°, CA > 50.7°, and AA > 23.3°.Excessive AA and femoral anteversion FA were observed in Crowe types II, III, and IV cases. FA and CA demonstrated strong discriminative ability and predictive value in the selection of a modular stem. The best cutoff values were ≥32.6° for FA and ≥50.7° for CA in discriminating the use of modular stem. Surgeons may contemplate the use of a modular stem when the preoperative evaluation approaches the cutoff value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations provide an improved understanding of the evolution and core formation processes of terrestrial bodies. The differentiation of silicate and iron metal has been simulated by solving the two-dimensional Stokes equation using either the vector or potential method. To describe the realistic geometry of planetesimals and planets, the development of a 3D model is necessary. Here, we developed a vector method model implemented in FEniCS project via scripting the weak forms of governing equations. Subsequently, we compared the solutions of the vector method models with those of the benchmark potential method implemented in Python. Three cases were modeled using the two methods and confirmed for consistency to verify the feasibility of developing a 3D model for core formation. Case 1 corresponds to planetary evolution triggered by impact heating in early terrestrial bodies with a homogeneous metal fraction. The vector method developed in the current study showed the consistency with the potential methods. In Case 2, the model mimicked a scenario depicting post-evolutionary impact heating by assuming heterogeneous metal fractions. The results of Case 2 simultaneously represent the behavior of the solid mixture based on the density contrast and multiphase flow of the solid matrix and metallic pores. The checkerboard test (Case 3) used to evaluate the resolution of the numerical model as a function of the heat source size also indicated identical spatial resolutions for both methods. In all cases, two methods simulated identical physical behaviors, indicating that a three-dimensional model can be developed using the vector method. The 2D FEM vector method developed in this study was effectively utilized to simulate the advection scheme, showing the fast descent of metal phases and relatively slower silicate phases. We extended the 2D FEM vector method to calculate the velocity fields of silicate, Darcy, and iron metal in a 3D model with an impact heating case (similar to Case 1). The 3D results show that the velocity of fluid metal in 3D model is faster than that in 2D model, suggesting the difference in the resistance to viscous flow depending the dimension of model. Our 3D vector method, implemented in FEniCS, demonstrates the numerical prospect of the methods necessary to model the multiphase fluid dynamics of a 3D planetary evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and comprehensive 3D multiphysics simulation of a novel microfluidic immunosensor for non-invasive, real-time detection of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in human sweat. The patch-like device integrates magnetofluidic manipulation of antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with direct-field capacitive sensing (DF-CS). This unique combination enhances sensitivity, reduces parasitic capacitance, and enables a more compact design compared to traditional fringing-field approaches. A comprehensive 3D multiphysics simulation of the device, performed using COMSOL Multiphysics, demonstrates its operating principle by analyzing the sensor's response to changes in the dielectric properties of the medium due to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles. The simulation reveals a sensitivity of 42.48% at 85% MNP occupancy within the detection zone, highlighting the sensor's ability to detect variations in MNP concentration, and thus indirectly infer biomarker levels, with high precision. This innovative integration of magnetofluidic manipulation and DF-CS offers a promising new paradigm for continuous, non-invasive health monitoring, with potential applications in point-of-care diagnostics, personalized medicine, and preventive healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In comparison to silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites (SiCp/Al composites) with low volume fractions, those with higher volume fractions exhibit superior mechanical properties, thermal stability, and wear resistance. However, the dense distribution of hard SiC particles significantly increase the resistance to machining, thereby deteriorating the surface/subsurface quality after processing. This paper employs 3D grinding simulation and single diamond grain grinding experiments to investigate the removal mechanism and the surface/subsurface quality of SiCp/Al composites with a volume fraction of 55%. It analyzes the typical removal processes and the damage to the surface/subsurface by combining stress and grinding force variations, explores the conditions for plastic removal of SiC particles, and elucidates the formation mechanisms of different chip morphologies. The results show that the removal process of SiCp/Al composites comprises five stages: plastic removal of the Al matrix, plastic removal of SiC particles, initiation of cracks in SiC particles, internal crack propagation within SiC particles, and brittle fracture of SiC particles. Moreover, it was observed that the stress magnitude and grinding force fluctuation during the grinding of SiC particles are significantly higher than those during the grinding of the aluminum matrix. Additionally, as the grinding depth (ap) increases, more cracks appear in SiC particles, with some cracks even penetrating through the entire particle. Further increase in ap leads to the coalescence of numerous cracks, forming pits and consequently fracturing the SiC particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to solve the diverse and complex problems of flat-knitting sports upper process design, improve the design ability of upper organization, and realize three-dimensional simulation function. Design/methodology/approach: Firstly, the matrix is used to establish the corresponding pattern diagram and organizational diagram model, and the relationship between the two is established by color coding as a bridge to completed the transformation of the flat-knitted sports upper process design model. Secondly, the spatial coordinates of the loop type value points are obtained through the establishment of loop mesh model, the index of two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of uppers and the establishment of spatial transformation relationship. Finally, using Visual Studio as a development tool, use the C# language to implement this series of processes. Findings: Digitizing the fabric into a matrix model, combined with matrix transformation, can quickly realize the design of the flat-knitting process. Taking the knitting diagram of the upper process as the starting point, the loop geometry model corresponding to the element information is established, and the three-dimensional simulation effect of the flat-knitted upper based on the loop structure is realized under the premise of ensuring that it can be knitted. Originality/value: This paper proposes a design and modeling method for flat-knitted uppers. Taking the upper design process and 3D simulation effect as an example, the feasibility of the method is verified, which improves the efficiency of the development of the flat-knitted upper product and lays the foundation for the high-end customization of the flat-knitted upper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ecological conditions of vegetation growth in water sources is vital to appraise the influence of vegetation on river engineering. Based on the experimental information that is accessible, the consequences of vegetation on flow resistance is described as an alteration in the drag coefficient and the planned area. The current study analytically estimates the vertical distribution of stream-wise velocity in open-channel flow while considering rigid and flexible vegetation. The flow is vertically separated into top free water layer and bottom vegetation layer using the projected deflection height of both vegetation. Related momentum calculations for each layer are then derived. Based on the gathered experimental data, a 3D numerical model with various simulation situations is used to model, calibrate, and evaluate the artificial cylinders. A considerable deflection analysis is utilised to calculate the velocity-dependent stem height. This has proven to be more precise compared to formerly deflection investigation. The estimated outcomes show that precise predictions may be made for the vertical contours of vertical Reynolds shear stress based on mean horizontal velocity. The numerical simulations demonstrate that plant flexibility reduces the vertical Reynolds shear stress and prompted flow resistance force of the vegetation.

Abstract Background During the transtibial posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, drilling depth excessively longer than the tibial tunnel length (TTL) is an important reason to cause popliteal neurovascular bundle injury when preparing the tibial tunnel. This study aims to develop an in-vitro three-dimensional surgical simulation technique to determine the TTL in anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) approaches. Methods A total of 63 knees’ 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography models were included in this study. The SuperImage system was used to reconstruct the 3D knee model and locate the tibial PCL site. The established 3D knee model and the coordinates of the tibial PCL site were imported into Rhinoceros 3D modeling software to simulate AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches with different tibial tunnel angles (TTA). The TTL and the tibial tunnel height (TTH) were measured in this study. Results In AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches, the TTL showed a strong correlation with the TTA (for AM: r = 0.758, p

Background: During the transtibial posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, drilling depth excessively longer than the tibial tunnel length (TTL) is an important reason to cause popliteal neurovascular bundle injury when preparing the tibial tunnel. This study aims to develop an in-vitro three-dimensional surgical simulation technique to determine the TTL in anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) approaches. Methods: A total of 63 knees' 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography models were included in this study. The SuperImage system was used to reconstruct the 3D knee model and locate the tibial PCL site. The established 3D knee model and the coordinates of the tibial PCL site were imported into Rhinoceros 3D modeling software to simulate AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches with different tibial tunnel angles (TTA). The TTL and the tibial tunnel height (TTH) were measured in this study. Results: In AM and AL tibial tunnel approaches, the TTL showed a strong correlation with the TTA (for AM: r = 0.758, p < 0.001; for AL: r = 0.727, p < 0.001). The best fit equation to calculate the TTL based on the TTA was Y = 1.04X + 14.96 for males in AM approach, Y = 0.93X + 17.76 for males in AL approach, Y = 0.92X + 14.4 for females in AM approach, and Y = 0.94X + 10.5 for females in AL approach. Conclusion: Marking the TTL on the guide pin or reamer could help to avoid the drill bit over-penetrated into the popliteal space to damage the neurovascular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) in training public speaking skills. The fear of public speaking (FPS) is a common problem that can have a significant impact on an individual's professional and personal life. Traditional therapies for public speaking anxiety have been shown to be effective, but there is growing interest in the use of VR as an alternative or supplement to these therapies. This study aims to investigate the VR medium in improving public speaking skills and to explore the potential mechanisms underlying this effect. A framework was developed with the aim to investigate the possibility of improving public speaking skills through VR. Key features of this framework include the ability to adjust the audience size and alter the dimensions of the room. Additionally, it allows for the modification of initial audience behaviors. One of the innovative aspects is the inclusion of an evolving attention span in the virtual audience, adding a dynamic element to the VR experience. The framework excels in tracking various metrics in real time and has the audience react dynamically based on them. These metrics include movement and voice parameters. The system is designed to present this data as immediate feedback to the user, but also as a summary after a presentation has concluded. After an extensive two-phased testing, the results are discussed. These findings suggest that VR can be an effective means for improving public speaking skills and potentially helping in alleviating fear of public speaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents a simulation of a scoop inside the rotor of a gas centrifuge machine in three dimensions. The scoop inside the centrifuge machine is 3D and curved in shape. Therefore, a 3D simulation is necessary to analyze the proper flow behavior around the scoop. For this purpose, using the results of this simulation, the flow around the product and waste scoops has been investigated in three dimensions. As a result of simulation in the scoop area of the waste and product under operating conditions of pressure and temperature, it was observed that the values of these forces are directly related to the distance between the scoop and the wall, and the drag force values differ between these two areas. According to the investigations, the differences in drag force values between product and waste scoop areas can be explained by the effects of pressure, temperature, and velocity of gas molecules. There is a direct relationship between these effects and the coefficients of adaptation of momentum as well as the difference between the rotational velocity of the fluid around the scoop and the rotational velocity of the scoop per height (duѲ/dz).

Copyright of Revue Française de Géotechnique is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays there are multiple ways to perceive music, from attending concerts (live) to listening to recorded music through headphones (medial). In between there are many mixed modes, such as playback performances. In empirical music research, this plurality of performance forms has so far found little recognition. Until now no measuring instrument has existed that could adequately capture the differences in perception and aesthetic judgment. The purpose of our empirical investigation was to capture all dimensions relevant to such an assessment. Using 3D-simulations and dynamic binaural synthesis, various live and medial situations were simulated. A qualitative survey was conducted at the Department of Audio Communication of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin). With the help of the repertory grid technique, a data pool of approximately 400 attribute pairs was created and individual rating data were collected. Our first study served to create a semantic differential. In a second study, this semantic differential was evaluated. The development of the semantic differential was carried out by first using a mixed-method approach to qualitative analysis according to grounded theory. Thereafter, a principal component analysis reduced the attribute pairs to 67 items in four components. The semantic differential consists of items concerning acoustic, visual and audio-visual interaction as well as items with an overarching assessment of the stimuli. The evaluation study, comprising 45 participants (23 male and 22 female, M  =  42.56  years, SD  =  17.16) who rated 12 stimuli each, reduced the items to 61 and resulted in 18 subscales and nine single items. Because the survey used simulations, the social component may be underrepresented. Nevertheless, the questionnaire we created enables the evaluation of music performances (especially for classical concerts) in a new scope, thus opening many opportunities for further research. For example, in a live concert context, we observed not only that seating position influences the judgment of sound quality but also that visual elements influence immersion and felt affect. In the future, the differential could be reviewed for a larger stimulus pool, extended or used modularly for different research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Although three-dimensional (3D) simulations are becoming more common in preoperative breast augmentation planning, this does not necessarily imply that the simulated results are highly accurate. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the 3D simulation technique by comparing the differences in breast morphology between the 3D prediction model and the actual results. Methods: The simulation and actual postoperative results of 103 patients who underwent breast augmentation were analyzed retrospectively. Therefore, a 3D model was created, and the parameters of line spacing, nipple position, breast projection, surface area, and volume were evaluated. Furthermore, consider the difference in chest circumferences and breast volume. Results: In comparison with the simulation results, the actual results had a mean increase in the nipple to the inframammary fold (N-IMF) of 0.3 cm (P < 0.05) and a mean increase in basal breast width (BW) of 0.3 cm (P < 0.001), a difference that was not statistically significant in patients with larger breast volumes. There was a significant difference in the mean upper and lower breast volume distribution between simulated and actual breasts (upper pole 52.9% vs. 49.2%, P < 0.05, and lower pole 47.1% vs. 50.8%, P < 0.001). However, it was not statistically significant in patients with larger chest circumferences. Conclusions: Our study shows that 3D simulation has uncertainties related to the patient's chest circumference and breast volume. Therefore, these two critical factors must be considered when using simulation assessment in preoperative planning. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anterior transpetrosal approach (ATPA) is effective for reaching petroclival lesions, and it allows for complications such as impaired venous return and neuropathy to be resolved. However, there is still room for improvement regarding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. Here, we aim to focus on describing specific preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative countermeasures for preventing CSF leakage when using the ATPA. Methods: Eleven patients treated using the ATPA, who were treated at our hospital from June 2019 to February 2023, were included in this descriptive study. Preoperatively, we performed a 3D simulation of the opened air cells. Then, we classified patterns of dural closure into three types based on intradural manipulation and whether it involved opened air cells or not. Intraoperatively, we performed a dural closure that included the use of more-watertight sutures (DuraGen®) and an endoscope. Furthermore, temporal bone air cell volume measurements were performed to confirm the correlation between the volume and factors related to CSF leakage. Results: No postoperative CSF leakage was observed in any patient. The temporal bone air cell volumes significantly corelated with the air cells of the petrous apex, the high-risk tract in the petrous apex, and postoperative fluid collection in mastoid air cells. Conclusions: We have described countermeasures for preventing CSF leakage when using the ATPA. Preoperative simulations and the use of multiple-layered dural reconstructions with endoscopes could be considered more reliable methods for preventing CSF leakage when using the ATPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the non-value-adding activities during vehicle stowage operations in automobile terminals and propose a connected automated vehicle (CAV) loading system, a self-driving-car-loading system. Furthermore, the productivity of the CAV loading system is compared with the current loading system. A simulation model of an actual loading system was developed using the software FlexSim. The simulation results showed that the walking time of workers, operation time of shuttle vans, and waiting time occupied a large part of the cycle time in the current operation system. The proposed CAV loading system has eliminated these inefficiencies, and increased productivity by 26.78%. This is the first study to (1) present a self-driving-car-loading system in a simulated automobile terminal of a real-world size, and (2) propose a CAV loading system. Results provide useful insights for the integration of self-driving technology into future automobile port operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problem of difficulty in geological feature analysis caused by uncertain factors such as insufficient data and parameter deviation during gold mining, a three-dimensional simulation method of gold mining geological features based on drilling soil parameters is proposed to improve the accuracy of resource reserve estimation. Drilling equipment is used to obtain information on the drilling soil layer, and the inverse distance weighted difference method is used to optimize the drilling soil layer parameters, establishing a database containing geological parameters. Based on these parameters, Surpac software can be used to construct a three-dimensional model with underground space to generate different geological features of the gold mining area. The experimental test results show that the soil parameters of the borehole can construct a relatively ideal three-dimensional model of the underground space of the gold mining area. At the same time, it can also simulate the geological characteristics of different depths of gold mining in the underground space, divide the fault zones and the distribution of gold deposits and the location of intrusion into the rock in the study area, accurately estimate the gold reserves, with an error value of less than 2%. The proposed 3D simulation method for geological characteristics of gold mining based on drilling soil parameters has high feasibility and accuracy. The application of this research method can improve the accuracy and credibility of geological feature analysis in gold mining areas, help to better understand the geological environment of the study area, and provide accurate geological data support for decision-making in the gold mining process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contagiousness of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is known to be linked to the emission of bioaerosols. Thus, aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) could increase the risk of infection among healthcare workers (HCWs). To investigate the impact of an aerosol protection box, the SplashGuard Caregiver (SGGC) with suction system, by direct analysis of the presence of viral particles after an AGP, and by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation method. This prospective observational study investigated HCWs caring for patients with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Rooms were categorized as: SGCG present and SGCG absent. Virus detection was performed through direct analysis, and using a CFD model to simulate the movement dynamics of airborne particles produced by a patient's respiratory activities. Of the 67 analyses performed, three samples tested positive on quantitative polymerase chain reaction: one of 33 analyses in the SCCG group (3%) and two of 34 analyses in the non-SGCG group (5.9%). CFD simulations showed that: (1) reduction of the gaps of an SGCG could decrease the number of emitted particles remaining airborne within the room by up to 70%; and (2) positioning HCWs facing the opposite direction to the main air flow would reduce their exposure. This study documented the presence of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs in a negative pressure ICU room of an infected patient with or without the use of an SGCG. The simulation will help to improve the design of the SGCG and the positioning of HCWs in the room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recent advances in semiconductor technology, conventional cooling methods and standard coolants are no longer adequate to manage electronic chips’ enormous heat generation. Therefore, innovative cooling solutions are required to maintain these devices at optimum operating temperatures. Taylor flow in microchannels is an effective technique that allows excellent mixing of two fluids, which is crucial for heat transfer. A 3D numerical analysis of the heat transfer performance of liquid-liquid Taylor flow in a rectangular microchannel was carried out by ANYSY Fluent. Water droplets were dispersed in either ethylene or propylene glycol, with the interface between the two fluids captured using the Volume of Fluid method. For optimal computational time, two symmetries in the XY and XZ planes are considered. Furthermore, mesh size refinement was performed in the near-wall region to capture the liquid film. An analysis of the effect of plug/slug length and liquid film thickness is conducted with initially constant thermo-physical properties. This assumption was considered to analyse the heat transfer process and determine the most critical parameter affecting heat transfer performance. A user-defined function is then implemented in ANSYS Fluent to examine the effect of working fluids temperature-dependent viscosity change on the heat transfer rate. Conjugate heat transfer and axial conduction are also examined, as these two factors can significantly affect the thermal behaviour inside the microchannel and enable the achievement of realistic and accurate results. The results reveal that Taylor liquid-liquid flow can increase the heat transfer rate by up to 440% over single-phase flow. It was also found that the temperature-dependent viscosity of the working fluids significantly affects the plug/slug length and liquid film thickness, resulting in a 20.8% improvement in heat transfer rate compared with constant thermo-physical properties. This study will improve the state of knowledge on heat transfer by Taylor flow in microchannels and factors that can influence it, and highlight the significance of this flow pattern in enhancing heat transfer performance over single-phase flow.

A cooperative intelligent transport system (C-ITS) enables information sharing among ITS subsystems, such as vehicle and roadside infrastructure, with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. Novel C-ITS applications aim to reduce traffic congestion and improve road safety. For example, a roadside unit (RSU) can sense the traffic status of an intersection and share the information to nearby vehicles to prevent potential collision, i.e., the intersection movement assist (IMA) scenario. Typically, C-ITS applications are developed in a simulated world to mitigate the high costs and safety hazards associated with the real-world counterpart. Unfortunately, existing simulation tools focus primarily on modeling vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, rather than the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications involved in the above example. This poses a great challenge for developing V2I-based applications, especially for the application-level performance assessment on such systems. This work proposes a software framework that enables the simulation of full software stacks for the ITS subsystems, i.e., vehicle and RSU. This full-stack simulation capability enables hardware-in-the-loop simulations, evaluating the application-level performance and relative cost in the early stage of system development. This can shorten the time to market for C-ITS applications. We believe that this framework paves the way toward the development of novel V2I applications.

In this work, a new process for severe plastic deformation (SPD) with active friction forces - CCDB Conform R3D2, a variation of the so-called "active bending", which is a continuous two-stage bending in calibers with small relative bending radius, is analyzed. A mechanical scheme of a device for realization of the process with a bending roller is proposed, based on a developed 3D virtual tool for its realization. Using CAD/CAE software 3D simulation, two virtual solutions of the process were compared, differing in terms of the location of the bending roller relative to the axes of the feeding and output rolls. The distribution and magnitude of the effective strains in the volume of the deformed long workpiece in the two bending stages at small relative bending radiuses were analyzed. An analytical expression is developed to determine the effective strains achieved in the SPD operation by constrained continuous bending in calibers with grooved rolls. The strain calculation methodology is based on the results obtained by simulation modelling of the CCB Conform R3D2 process in trapezoidal calibers with a bending roller located above and below the rolls line.

In the event of a severe nuclear reactor accident, the radioactive fission products in the form of aerosols will be released in large quantities into the containment along with steam, hydrogen, and other gases. The transport and deposition of aerosols in the nuclear containment are significantly influenced by the thermal-hydraulic conditions of the containment. The development approach of a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code called GASFLOW is outlined, specifically tailored to analyze the thermal-hydraulics and behavior of aerosols in the containment during severe accidents. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach enables the mass, momentum, and energy two-way coupling between the continuous gas and the dispersed particles. This approach is promising to model the behaviors of aerosols/droplets in 3D simulations of a full-scale nuclear containment. The particle group method is applied in the Lagrangian approach to track the particle trajectory. The ordinary differential equations, which couple the local heat and mass transfer between particles and the surrounding gas mixtures, are solved by the Runge-Kutta method. The GASFLOW aerosol analysis module is extensively validated by experiments, such as Gunn-Kinzer, Ranz-Marshall, CARAIDAS, and TOSQAN experiments, which respectively demonstrate good agreement with respect to each phenomenon: free-falling particles without heat and mass transfer, evaporation dynamics of an isolated stagnant droplet in dry air, the momentum and heat transfers of a single droplet under typical post-accident atmosphere conditions, and the gas mixing and depressurization in the containment by water spray. The validated program can accurately evaluate the three-dimensional distribution of aerosol transportation and deposition in the containment. The three-dimensional CFD analysis of aerosol behavior in the containment during a typical severe accident of a large advanced pressurized water reactor indicates that the CFD calculation time is acceptable and has good engineering practicality for large dry nuclear containment. The total deposited and suspended aerosol mass is in good agreement with the results predicted by the lumped parameter code MELCOR. The three-dimensional distribution of aerosols is influenced by the flow field, concentration field, and temperature field. Hygroscopic growth of aerosols is a key factor affecting the natural removal of aerosols. This aerosol analysis module in GASFLOW can be extended to study aerosol behavior in other complex thermal-hydraulic conditions, such as aerosol removal by containment spray and aerosol entrainment by intensive convection or hydrogen explosion.

Subway station platforms are vulnerable to flood damage. Thus, an investigation of inundation in subway platforms is required to ensure the safety of citizens against flooding. This study analyzed and validated the inundation characteristics and safety areas in a subway station model using experimental inundation depth measurements and numerical simulations. Then by using the simulation, the effects of increased inflow to water velocity and depth were analyzed, and its impact on human models was found by using risk assessments which included specific force (M0), Flood Hazard Degree (FD), Flood Intensity Factors (FIF), toppling velocity, and sliding velocity. The flood risk assessment analysis results show that assessments using M0 could increase uncertainty by broadening the evaluation of risky areas compared to other indices. Also, the drag force applied to the human models was calculated using the simulations, which provided inundation risk values to people in subway stations. Overall, the risk assessments would provide a criterion for flood situations in subway stations.

Background: Foreign bodies may be deposited in the oral cavity either by traumatic injury or iatrogenic damage. Case Presentation: We describe a case of foreign body removal using a three‐dimensional reconstruction (3D) simulation application (ProPlan CMF™) involving a case of a 26‐year‐old male. The broken bur had been accidentally inserted when a lower wisdom tooth was extracted at a general dental office. The removal surgery was performed under preoperative simulation without complications (e.g., excessive bleeding and nerve paralysis). Conclusion: This case illustrates surgical techniques to safely remove foreign bodies in the mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With recent advances in semiconductor technology, conventional cooling methods and standard coolants are no longer adequate to manage electronic chips' enormous heat generation. Therefore, innovative cooling solutions are required to maintain these devices at optimum operating temperatures. Taylor flow in microchannels is an effective technique that allows excellent mixing of two fluids, which is crucial for heat transfer. A 3D numerical analysis of the heat transfer performance of liquid-liquid Taylor flow in a rectangular microchannel was carried out by ANYSY Fluent. Water droplets were dispersed in either ethylene or propylene glycol, with the interface between the two fluids captured using the Volume of Fluid method. For optimal computational time, two symmetries in the XY and XZ planes are considered. Furthermore, mesh size refinement was performed in the near-wall region to capture the liquid film. An analysis of the effect of plug/slug length and liquid film thickness is conducted with initially constant thermo-physical properties. This assumption was considered to analyse the heat transfer process and determine the most critical parameter affecting heat transfer performance. A user-defined function is then implemented in ANSYS Fluent to examine the effect of working fluids temperature-dependent viscosity change on the heat transfer rate. Conjugate heat transfer and axial conduction are also examined, as these two factors can significantly affect the thermal behaviour inside the microchannel and enable the achievement of realistic and accurate results. The results reveal that Taylor liquid-liquid flow can increase the heat transfer rate by up to 440% over single-phase flow. It was also found that the temperature-dependent viscosity of the working fluids significantly affects the plug/slug length and liquid film thickness, resulting in a 20.8% improvement in heat transfer rate compared with constant thermo-physical properties. This study will improve the state of knowledge on heat transfer by Taylor flow in microchannels and factors that can influence it, and highlight the significance of this flow pattern in enhancing heat transfer performance over single-phase flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping systems using multi-beam LiDARs are widely used nowadays for different geospatial applications graduating from indoor projects to outdoor city-wide projects. These mobile mapping systems can be either ground-based or aerial-based systems and are mostly equipped with inertial navigation systems INS. The Velodyne HDL-32 LiDAR is a well-known 360° spinning multi-beam laser scanner that is widely used in outdoor and indoor mobile mapping systems. The performance of such LiDARs is an ongoing research topic which is quite important for the quality assurance and quality control topic. The performance of this LiDAR type is correlated to many factors either related to the device itself or the design of the mobile mapping system. Regarding design, most of the mapping systems are equipped with a single Velodyne HDL32 in a specific orientation angle which is different among the mapping systems manufacturers. The LiDAR orientation angle has a significant impact on the performance in terms of the density and coverage of the produced point clouds. Furthermore, during the lifetime of this multi-beam LiDAR, one or more beams may be defected and then either continue the production or returned to the manufacturer to be fixed which then cost time and money. In this paper, the design impact analysis of a mobile laser scanning (MLS) system equipped with a single Velodyne HDL-32E will be clarified and a clear relationship is given between the orientation angle of the LiDAR and the output density of points. The ideal angular orientation of a single Velodyne HDL-32E is found to be at 35° in a mobile mapping system. Furthermore, we investigated the degradation of points density when one of the 32 beams is defected and quantified the density loss percentage and to the best of our knowledge, this is not presented in literature before. It is found that a maximum of about 8% point density loss occurs on the ground and 4% on the facades when having a defected beam of the Velodyne HDL-32E. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a three-dimensional numerical study of the acoustic streaming induced by the dissipation of ultrasounds during their propagation in the air. The waves are generated by a circular acoustic source positioned at the center of the left wall of a parallelepipedic cavity. The simulations are performed with the lattice Boltzmann method associated with the D3Q19 multiple relaxation time model. A validation of this model is first performed by comparing the numerical and analytical acoustic intensities along the central axis of the acoustic source. The main objective of this study is to use two different methods to calculate the acoustic streaming flow. The first method is the direct calculation of the mean velocity fields as the mean values of the instantaneous velocities. The second method is an indirect technique, which first calculates the acoustic streaming force and then injects this force into the numerical code to produce the streaming. A comparison between the results obtained by the two methods was carried out and a good agreement was found between them. These different investigations, rather new in three-dimensional configurations, have allowed us to discuss the advantages and limitations of the lattice Boltzmann approach to simulate real situations of wave propagation and acoustic streaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the impact resistance of bulletproof materials, the warp-knitted axial fabric formed by the warp-knitted inlay yarn and the full-width inlay yarn is analyzed and three-dimensional simulation is carried out. The weaving principle and structural characteristics of warp-knitted axial fabrics for bulletproof are studied by establishing a general digital mathematical model of padding yarn, a mathematical model of threading yarn and a basic model of coil. According to the established digital mathematical model of padding yarn, the position of dodging padding yarn in this kind of warp-knitted axial fabrics for bulletproof is judged, so as to assign the position of dodging padding yarn, and then the force analysis of the weft insertion guide bar is carried out to obtain the offset consistent with the object. The research results show that JavaScript and C# are used as computer programming languages to realize the simulation of this kind of bulletproof warp-knitted axial fabric, which provides a quick and effective method for the structure exploration and mechanical analysis of bulletproof warp-knitted axial fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acquiring insights into the framework design of metal‐based removable partial dentures (mRPD) is a current challenge in dental education. The aim of the present study was to explore the effectiveness of a novel 3D simulation tool to teach designing mRPD by investigating the learning gain and the acceptance and motivation towards the tool of dental students. Materials and Methods: A 3D tool based on 74 clinical scenarios was developed for teaching the design of mRPD. Fifty‐three third year dental students were randomly divided into two groups, with the experimental group (n = 26) having access to the tool during 1 week while the control group (n = 27) had no access. Quantitative analysis was based on a pre‐ and post‐test in order to evaluate the learning gain, technology acceptance and motivation towards using the tool. Moreover, qualitative data was collected by means of an interview and focus group to get additional insights into the quantitative results. Results: Although the results showed a higher learning gain for students in the experimental condition, the study did not find a significant difference between both conditions based on quantitative results. However, during the focus groups, all students of the experimental group revealed that the 3D tool improved their understanding of mRPD biomechanics. Moreover, survey results revealed that students positively evaluated the perceived usefulness and ease of use of the tool and indicated to have the intention to use the tool in the future. Suggestions were made for a redesign (e.g. creating scenarios themselves) and further implementation of the tool (e.g. analysing the scenarios in pairs or small groups). Conclusion: First results of the evaluation of the new 3D tool for teaching the design framework of mRPD are promising. Further research based on the design‐based research methodology is needed to investigate the effects of the redesign on motivation and learning gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article provides a three‐dimensional numerical investigation of thermal convection and entropy generation. The lattice Boltzmann method, coupled with the finite difference approach, is applied to perform numerical simulations. The validation of these numerical approaches for thermal convection simulation and entropy calculation is performed by comparing our numerical results with those in the published literature for the case of benchmark problems. The physical geometry studied in this paper concerns a hot obstacle having the shape of a plus sign (+) placed in the center of a cubic enclosure. This cube is filled with air of a Prandtl number of 0.71 and characterized by two cold vertical walls. The heat exchange between the fluid and the hot body is studied as a function of the Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤107 ${10}^{3}\le {Ra}\le {10}^{7}$). The performed simulations show that the heat transfer rate can be increased by about 429% by switching from Ra=103 ${Ra}={10}^{3}$ to 107 ${10}^{7}$. The entropy generation due to fluid friction, heat transfer, and total entropy are also calculated and discussed. For an irreversibility coefficient φ=10−4 ${\varphi }={10}^{-4}$, the analysis of the results showed that for low values of the Rayleigh number (Ra=103 ${Ra}={10}^{3}$), the entropy production due to temperature gradients predominates over that produced by viscous effects. In the cases of Ra=104 ${Ra}={10}^{4}$ and 105 ${10}^{5}$, entropy generation is due to both fluid friction and heat transfer. However, when the Rayleigh number becomes large (Ra≥106 ${Ra}{\ge 10}^{6}$), entropy generation due to viscosity predominates over entropy production related to heat exchange. These results have important implications for the optimization and design of heat transfer systems in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Atomic Energy Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Board of Atomic Energy Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Natural Science) is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays there are multiple ways to perceive music, from attending concerts (live) to listening to recorded music through headphones (medial). In between there are many mixed modes, such as playback performances. In empirical music research, this plurality of performance forms has so far found little recognition. Until now no measuring instrument has existed that could adequately capture the differences in perception and aesthetic judgment. The purpose of our empirical investigation was to capture all dimensions relevant to such an assessment. Using 3D-simulations and dynamic binaural synthesis, various live and medial situations were simulated. A qualitative survey was conducted at the Department of Audio Communication of the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin). With the help of the repertory grid technique, a data pool of approximately 400 attribute pairs was created and individual rating data were collected. Our first study served to create a semantic differential. In a second study, this semantic differential was evaluated. The development of the semantic differential was carried out by first using a mixed-method approach to qualitative analysis according to grounded theory. Thereafter, a principal component analysis reduced the attribute pairs to 67 items in four components. The semantic differential consists of items concerning acoustic, visual and audio-visual interaction as well as items with an overarching assessment of the stimuli. The evaluation study, comprising 45 participants (23 male and 22 female, M = 42.56 years, SD = 17.16) who rated 12 stimuli each, reduced the items to 61 and resulted in 18 subscales and nine single items. Because the survey used simulations, the social component may be underrepresented. Nevertheless, the questionnaire we created enables the evaluation of music performances (especially for classical concerts) in a new scope, thus opening many opportunities for further research. For example, in a live concert context, we observed not only that seating position influences the judgment of sound quality but also that visual elements influence immersion and felt affect. In the future, the differential could be reviewed for a larger stimulus pool, extended or used modularly for different research questions.

Abstract Background Genu valgum is considered to be a risk factor for patellar instability. Correction of valgus alone or combined with a tibial tuberosity medialization has been described. However, changes occurring in the tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance after a lateral distal femoral opening wedge osteotomy (LDF-OWO) are not known. Purpose This study aimed to define changes in TT-TG distance with increasing amounts of valgus correction after LDF-OWO. Methods Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography (3D-CT) scans of six patients (two females and four males) aged between 19 and 35 years with genu valgum and patellar instability were analyzed. 3D models of femoral, tibial, and patellar bones were created with the advanced segment option of Mimics 21® software. An oblique lateral opening wedge osteotomy of the distal femur was simulated in 2-degree increments up to 12 degrees of varus opening. Change in TT-TG distance was measured in mm on 3D models of the knee. Results Compared to baseline without osteotomy, the TT-TG distance decreased significantly (p

We have successfully proposed a 3D reflectivity simulation method for OLED displays applying with CFOT and MLP structures. The simulation method combines the use of EM wave optics and ray tracing tools The reflectivity of simulated and experimental data is in perfect agreement. Meanwhile, the influence of the micro‐lens morphology on reflectivity is studied in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and comprehensive 3D multiphysics simulation of a novel microfluidic immunosensor for non-invasive, real-time detection of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in human sweat. The patch-like device integrates magnetofluidic manipulation of antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with direct-field capacitive sensing (DF-CS). This unique combination enhances sensitivity, reduces parasitic capacitance, and enables a more compact design compared to traditional fringing-field approaches. A comprehensive 3D multiphysics simulation of the device, performed using COMSOL Multiphysics, demonstrates its operating principle by analyzing the sensor’s response to changes in the dielectric properties of the medium due to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles. The simulation reveals a sensitivity of 42.48% at 85% MNP occupancy within the detection zone, highlighting the sensor’s ability to detect variations in MNP concentration, and thus indirectly infer biomarker levels, with high precision. This innovative integration of magnetofluidic manipulation and DF-CS offers a promising new paradigm for continuous, non-invasive health monitoring, with potential applications in point-of-care diagnostics, personalized medicine, and preventive healthcare.

Proppants are one of the key materials for hydraulic fracturing, whose main role is to support fractures and create a channel through which oil and gas can flow. The nature of proppants is the most talked about feature besides their cost, for example, their sphericity, turbidity, particle size, or strength. The porosity, permeability, and fracture conductivity of proppants in fractures are also the main indicators to measure the performance of them. These indicators are usually obtained through physical experiments. However, experimental results often differ depending on the experimental scheme. Different stacking methods of proppant particles lead to this phenomenon. The nature of proppant particles in fractures varies with the way they accumulate. This paper will start with the microscopic arrangement of proppant particles. Considering the randomness and certainty of three-dimensional particle stacking and arrangement, the Monte Carlo stochastic method and an optimization model were used to conduct three-dimensional computer simulation of proppant particles. This lays an important foundation for revealing the randomness and regularity of the micro arrangement of proppant particles.

This paper outlines the numerical modeling procedure aimed at defining the guidelines for the development of a continuous microwave-assisted pilot plant for shelled almond disinfestation, as an alternative to the use of chemicals. To this end, a 3D Multiphysics numerical tool involving both electromagnetic and thermal models was developed to predict the temperature and electric field profiles inside the microwave treatment chamber. Three different microwave sources arrangements were simulated and the accuracy of the model was verified under different residence times of almonds in the treatment chamber using the developed prototype. The modeling results demonstrated that the arrangement having five microwave sources, each delivering a maximum power of 1.5 kW and frequency of 2.45 GHz, ensures good heating uniformity. The obtained results proved that the model enables the accurate prediction of the temperature trend (root-mean-square error/RMSE = 0.82). A strong linear regression was detected for the standard deviation between the simulated and experimental data (linear regression, R2 = 0.91). The very low COV value for the experimental temperature data demonstrated the heating uniformity as the treatment time changed. The developed model and the simulation strategy used may provide useful design guidance for microwave-assisted continuous plants for disinfestation, with a significant impact on the almond industry.