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Physical conditioning is one of the key factors of the performance of all athletes. Keeping their instruments clean and neat is essential for their optimal performance. However, they are relatively prone to be invaded by microorganisms. Sports shoes, especially, could be an ideal growing bed for microorganisms because of their worm and humid environment. Invasion and colony formation of microorganisms in sports shoes could cause not only infectious disease but also uncomfortable fume both of which could be negative factors for the performance. To understand the mechanism of microorganism contamination, it is important to understand normal flora of microorganisms in the sports shoes. In this study, we collected fungi from sports shoes of five athletes and analyzed those. We isolated 19 colonies from three of those five shoes. Isolated fungi were classified according to the shapes and colors of colonies and the hyphal morphologies. We identified the species of isolated fungi by analyzing the DNA nucleotide sequences of 8 of isolated fungi. Most of fungi we isolated turned out to be non-pathogenic and commonly found in natural or household environment. However, we did find Trichophyton mentagrophytes, which is considered to be one of major pathogen of Athlete’s foot. None of the examinee was suffering from Athlete’s foot at the time of sample collection. Therefore, it is most likely that one of the examinee picked up Trichophyton mentagrophytes somewhere in the way. This fact indicated that those infectious fungi could sneak into the shoes and grow for certain period in the shoes without causing disease., すべてのスポーツ選手にとって，体力を調整し高めるためのトレーニングを行うことは，競技会で良好な成績を得るために重要な要素である。その際に，トレーニングで使用する用具類を清潔に保つことが，最良の成果を得るために必要不可欠であるが，用具類は微生物に汚染されがちである。特に，トレーニングシューズ内は，適度な温度・湿度環境のため，微生物にとって理想的な成長床になる可能性がある。トレーニングシューズ内に侵入増殖した菌は選手の健康被害の原因となるばかりでなく，不快なにおいの原因にもなるが，どちらも競技成績にとっては負の要素となる。これらの微生物汚染のメカニズムを理解するためには，トレーニングシューズ内の通常の微生物叢を分析することが必要である。そこで，本研究では，5人の競技者のトレーニングシューズから真菌を集めて分析した。その結果，5人中3人のトレーニングシューズから19株の真菌を得た。単離した真菌は，菌糸の形態や，コロニーの色などで分類した。また，DNAの塩基配列から種の同定を行った。得られた真菌の殆どは，非病原性で，自然界や，家庭環境で普通に見いだされる菌であることが判明した。しかしながら，足白癬の原因菌であるTrichophyton mentagrophytesを1株検出した。サンプルを集めた際の被験者には，足白癬の感染症状が認められなかった。そこで，被験者は，どこかで，T. mentagrophytesをシューズ内に持ち込んだ可能性が高い。この事実は，このような感染性の真菌がシューズ内に忍び込み，疾病を引き起こすことなく一定期間生育していたことを示した。

樹木の生葉に由来する内生菌が枯死葉からも出現しその分解に関与することが知られている。本総説では、樹木の葉リターの分解に関わる内生菌の分類と生態を集約した。内生菌の葉リターにおける出現、定着、遷移、存続と、分解プロセスへの貢献についてまとめた。環境DNAを対象とした分子生物学的手法を用いた予備的な研究から、亜熱帯林と熱帯林の樹木葉でのリグニン分解に果たす内生菌の役割は小さいことが示唆された。, Endophytic fungi derived from live leaves of trees are known to occur on dead leaves and take part in the decomposition. In this review, we summarize the taxonomy and ecology of endophytic fungi associated with the decomposition of tree leaf litter. Topic include their occurrence, colonization, succession, and persistence on leaf litter and their contributions to the decomposition processes. A preliminary study applying molecular biological techniques targeting environmental DNA recently suggested minor roles of endophytic fungi in lignin decomposition of subtropical and tropical tree leaves.

Fungi play crucial roles in the decomposition of lignin in leaf litter, and fungal decomposition of lignin often leads to whitening, or bleaching, of leaf litter. The area of bleached portions on leaf surfaces was quantified along a climatic gradient at 15 sites in tropical, subtropical, and temperate evergreen forests in Asia and Australia. Bleached portions accounted for 3.5% to 30.8% on average of total leaf area and were significantly and positively correlated with mean annual temperature of the study sites. Another analysis showed that the number of tree species and stems whose leaf litter was bleached was higher in a subtropical forest than in a cool temperate or a subalpine forest. Fruiting bodies of eight fungal genera ([Coccomyces], [Lophodermium], and [Xylaria] in Ascomycota and [Crinipellis], [Gymnopus], [Marasmiellus], [Marasmius], and [Mycena] in Basidiomycota) were observed on the surface of bleached portions of leaf litter from a total of 78 tree species in 29 plant families collected in tropical and subtropical forests., 抄録中の[Coccomyces] [Lophodermium] [Xylaria] [Crinipellis] [Gymnopus] [Marasmiellus][Marasmius] [Mycena] は斜体文字

研究概要:The cytochemical localization technique of polyphosphate gave positive results in Mucoralean fungi. Particles of granular appearance on cellular surface were observed in Mucoralean fungi by electron microscopy, and they were identified as inorganic phosphorus by X-ray microanalysis. The presence of poly P has been widely noted during the growth, in special, exponential phase. The biomass of Mucoralean fungi was increased by high inorganic phosphorus concentration, as energy source, and the biomass demonstrated high poly P level."

研究概要:The white mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is cultivated on a straw based composted substrate. This basidiomycete fungus utilises for growth both plant and microbial biopolymers during colonisation of its commercial growth medium, composted wheat straw. The polymers utilised by the mycelium include cellulose and hemicelluloses, from plant cell walls, peptidoglycans and glucans from microbial cell walls and protein from both sources. The possible utilisation of lignin or lignin derived polymers is not yet confirmed although the fungus possesses the necessary enzyme systems for lignin degradation. Bioconversion of these polymers is effected by a set of extracellular enzymes produced by the mycelium of the fungus. Several of the enzymes responsible for substrate bioconversion have been characterised and some cases purified and antibodies produced against the pure proteins. This has lead to the expression cloning of the structural genes and identification of their upstream sequences which regulate the transcriptional level of extracellular enzyme secretion. The activities of laccase and cellulase are strongly regulated during the cycles of mushroom production and this regulation is associated with genetic regulation at the transcriptional level and with protein biosynthesis."

研究科: 千葉大学大学院自然科学研究科, 千大院自博乙第農83号, 修了年: 2006

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研究科: 千葉大学大学院自然科学研究科, 博士(農学), 報告番号:千葉大院自博乙第農72号, 授与年月日:平成17年3月14日

研究科: 千葉大学大学院自然科学研究科, 博士(農学), 報告番号:千葉大院自博乙第農72号, 授与年月日:平成17年3月14日