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Antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) is a severe adverse event associated with use of bone resorption inhibitors (BRIs), such as zoledronic acid and denosumab. Based on the results of phase 3 clinical trials for BRIs, the frequency of ARONJ is reported to be 1 to 2%, but the actual frequency could be higher. We investigated 173 patients with prostate cancer with bone metastases who were treated either with zoledronic acid or denosumab at our hospital between July 2006 and June 2020. ARONJ occurred in 13 patients (8%); i.e., ten out of 159 patients (6%) who were treated with zoledronic acid, and three out of 14 patients (21%) who were treated with denosumab. Multivariate analysis showed that longer duration of BRI exposure and dental treatment before the initiation of BRI are associated with risk of ARONJ. ARONJ is associated with decreased mortality but the association is not significant. Generally, the occurrence of ARONJ may be underestimated; therefore, further studies are warranted to determine the actual frequency of ARONJ.

A 59-year-old man presented with high blood pressure, hypokalemia and muscle weakness. His aldosterone/renin ratio was high and plasma renin activity was low. Computed tomography (CT) showed a heterogeneous left adrenal mass. Primary aldosteronism was diagnosed and laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was adrenocortical carcinoma with positive surgical margins. He underwent radiotherapy and mitotane as adjuvant therapies. Subsequently, CT revealed multiple metastases, in the liver and retroperitoneum. After six courses of EDP (a combination of etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin), CT showed widespread metastases in the retroperitoneum and he chose to receive the best supportive care. Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma is exceedingly rare. To the best of our knowledge, only67 cases have been reported. Complete resection is needed to improve prognosis and this was not achieved in our case. We therefore recommend careful selection of the operative procedure.

In the patients undergoing pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repairs, the incidence of occult uterine endometrial cancer is low and there is no established management procedure for preoperative cancer screening. We report a case of pelvic reconstruction in abdominal trachelectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for occult uterine endometrial cancer found in specimens removed in the context of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC). A 70-year-old woman presented to our center with cystocele. She underwent LSC and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. She had no atypical genital bleeding; and, transvaginal ultrasound, pelvic plane magnetic resonance imaging and cervical cytology showed no evidence of malignancy. However, the pathological examination showed uterine endometrial cancer. She underwent trachelectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. A part of mesh was removed with a cervical stamp, but the remaining mesh was sewn together. At 5 months after the operation, no recurrence of uterine endometrial cancer and POP was seen.

Febrile urinary tract infection (f-UTI) is a common complication after ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL) but is sometimes lethal. In this article, we analyzed the factors of post URSL f-UTI. We retrospectively evaluated the association between the development of f-UTI and patients, stones, and perioperative factors in 695 cases in which URSL was performed at our institution from September 2015 to 2018. Seventy-six of the 695 patients (10.9%) had postoperative f-UTI. Elderly (p＝0.013), female (p＝0.02), and hypertension (p＝0.001) patients had significantly higher rates of f-UTI. Renal stone (p＝0.001) cases showed significantly higher rates of f-UTI. Preoperative urine positive culture (p＝0.045), preoperative f-UTI (p＜0.001), URSL procedure using flexible ureteroscopy (p＝0.048), non-stone-free (p＝0.006), long operation time (p＝0.011), preoperative urinary stent insertion due to preoperative f-UTI (p＜0.001), were factors associated with post-operative f-UTI. Multivariate analysis revealed that hypertension (OR＝2.08, p＝0.008) and preoperative f-UTI (OR＝3.739, p＝0.033) were independent factors of postoperative f-UTI. Patients with hypertension or preoperative f-UTI should be managed more carefully during the perioperative period, suspecting that they are more likely to develop postoperative f-UTI.

A 63-year-old man presented with right scrotal swelling. A physical examination revealed a painless, palpable mass in the right scrotum. The mass was well defined and lobulated. Subsequently, a diagnosis of right epididymal tumor was made, and right high orchiectomy was performed. Hematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining revealed leiomyosarcoma of the epididymis. When a diagnosis of epididymal malignant tumor is made, the standard treatment is radical orchiectomy.

A 55-year-old female presented to the hospital with a complaint of gross hematuria. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed. The specimens pathologically showed signet ring cells and no urothelial carcinoma components. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed bladder tumor, cervical metastasis, bilateral ovarian metastasis, and multiple lymph node metastasis. She was diagnosed with a primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with cT3bN2M1, and was treated with chemotherapy of gemcitabine and cisplatin combination (GC). After 2 cycles of GC, the value of CEA which was elevated to 106 ng/ml before treatment, became negative. CT scan showed that her disease had successfully responded to the chemotherapy, and remained efficacious till the end of 6 cycles. The patient subsequently received 1 cycle of gemcitabine and nedaplatin and 3 cycles of avelumab due to renal insufficiency. Yet, 14 months after diagnosis, cerebellar metastases appeared and the patient died of meningeal carcinomatosis.

An 85 year-old man was referred to our hospital because of a relapse of abscess after open surgical drainage of the right scrotum. Computed tomography (CT) showed fluid accumulation in the right scrotum and around the membranous urethra. The abscess was controlled by an open surgical drainage of the right scrotum, CT guided percutaneous drainage of the periurethral abscess and administration of antibiotics. However, the scrotal abscess recurred after 4 weeks. CT showed an enlarged abscess, and retrograde urethrography showed an urethral diverticulum extending into the scrotum associated with a scrotal abscess. Endoscopic urethral diverticulum unroofing and cautery were performed. The urinary catheter was removed 2 days after the operation. The abscess has been resolved without recurrence., 本症例の要旨は，第247回日本泌尿器科学会関西地方会にて報告した．

We investigated pre-operative factors affecting trifecta achievement in robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). We retrospectively analyzed 81 patients who underwent RAPN from December 2016 to September 2021 with final malignant pathologies. Trifecta was defined as negative resection margin (RM), warm ischemic time (WIT) less than 25 minutes, and no severe perioperative complications (Clavien-Dindo＜III). Factors affecting trifecta achievement were analyzed using sex, age, body mass index, RENAL nephrometry score (low or moderate/high complexity), surgical approach (transabdominal or retroperitoneal), tumor diameter and surgical experiences of each surgeon. Negative RM, WIT less than 25 minutes, and no severe complications were obtained in 75 (93%), 65 (80%), and 79 patients (98%), respectively. The trifecta was achieved in 60 patients (74%). In multivariate regression analysis, surgical experience (OR:0.92, 95% CI : 0.86-0.99) was significantly associated with trifecta achievement. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified 9 cases as the optimal cut-off values for the predication of trifecta achievement (AUC＝0.69, p ＝0.11). The achievement of WIT less than 25 minutes (65 vs 90%, p＜0.01) and trifecta (58 vs 84%, p ＜0.05) were significantly lower in surgical experiences less than 9 cases than in 9 or greater. We conclude that surgical experience in RAPN is an important factor affecting WIT and trifecta achievement in the initial series.

Here, we report an adult case of intra-abdominal testicular cancer after surgical treatment of an undescended testis in infancy. A 36-year-old male patient was accidentally diagnosed with a tumor in the pelvic cavity by ultrasonographic examination. He had hematuria and the human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit level was slightly elevated. T2-weighedmagnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-defined and highly intense mass. Since these findings suggested intra-abdominal testicular cancer, laparoscopic surgery was performed to remove the mass. Laparoscopy revealed an intra-abdominal tumor accompanied by a looping vas deferens entering the left inguinal canal. The distal part of the looping vas had already been removed from the external inguinal ring. The pathological findings revealed a pT1 seminoma. The patient has been recurrence-free for 12 months. The present case implies the importance of careful investigation and treatment for intra-abdominal testicular cancer, since intra-abdominal testis might have been overlooked at the time of surgery for undescended testis.

A 49-year-old woman presented to our hospital with right lower back pain and epigastric pressure. A computed tomographic scan showed a 12×7×20 cm retroperitoneal mass comprising fatty components and contrast areas around the right kidney. Based on the results, a right retroperitoneal liposarcoma was suspected. Thus, right retroperitoneal tumor resection combined with right kidney resection was performed. Instances of tumor adhesion were found in the ascending colon, duodenum, and the iliopsoas muscle, which could be dissected ; therefore, combined resection of the intestinal tract was not performed. The resected tumor was found to be mixed with dedifferentiated and well-differentiated components and was diagnosed as dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Due to the presence of positive margins, the patient received 50 Gy in 25 fractions of radiation therapy to the right side of the retroperitoneum as postoperative adjuvant therapy. During the irradiation period, vomiting and anorexia were observed as adverse events. Five years have passed since the surgery, and no local recurrence or late complications due to radiation have been observed. Although dedifferentiated liposarcoma is a highly malignant histological type with a very high local recurrence rate, no adjuvant therapy has been established. Some reports have suggested that postoperative radiation therapy for retroperitoneal sarcoma is effective in terms of survival and local control. However, there are no reports of prospective clinical trials, and the evidence is expected to widen in the near future.

The patient was a 63-year-old man with biopsy Gleason score of 4＋5 prostate cancer with an initial prostate specific antigen level of (PSA) 51.2ng/ml. On imaging examination, extracapsular invasion, rectal invasion, and pararectal lymph node metastasis were found (cT4N1M0). After 4 years of androgen deprivation therapy, PSA decreased to 0.631ng/ml, and then increased gradually to1.2ng/ml. Computed tomographic scan showed that the primary tumor had shrunk and lymph node metastasis had disappeared; so salvage robot-assisted resection of the prostate (RARP) was performed for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (m0CRPC). Since PSA decreased to an undetactable level, hormone therapy was terminated at 1 year. The patient remained recurrence-free for 3 years after surgery. RARP may be effective for m0CRPC, enabling discontinuation of androgen deprivation therapy.

Detection of post-transplant malignant tumors and the analysis of the associated risk factors is important for monitoring the progress after renal transplantation. In this study, we retrospectively examined the medical records of 298 patients who underwent renal transplantation at two facilities in Nagasaki Prefecture (Nagasaki University Hospital and National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center). Of the 298 patients, 45 (15.1%) patients had developed malignant tumors with 50 lesions. The most common type of malignant tumor was skin cancer (eight patients; 17.8%), followed by renal cancer (six patients; 13.3%), and pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer, (four patients; 9.0% each). Five patients (11.1%) had multiple cancers, four of whom had skin cancer. The cumulative incidence within 10 and 20 years after renal transplantation was 6.0 and 17.9%, respectively. Univariate analysis identified age at transplantation and administration of cyclosporine and rituximab as risk factors, while multivariate analysis identified age at transplantation and administration of rituximab as independent factors. The administration of rituximab was associated with the development of malignant tumors. However, further investigation is required to establish the association with post-transplant malignant neoplasms.

The patient was a 70-year-old man who underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. The pathological diagnosis was urothelial carcinoma (UC) with sarcomatoid variant, ≧pT2. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy using gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC), radical cystectomy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis was no tumor remnant (ypT0ypN0). Seven months later, the patient underwent an emergency partial ileectomy for ileal occlusion, after sudden complaints of vomiting and abdominal pain and fullness. Postoperatively, two cycles of adjuvant GC chemotherapy were administered. Approximately 10 months after ileal metastasis, a mesenteric tumor appeared. After seven cycles of methotrexate/epirubicin/nedaplatin and 32 cycles of pembrolizumab therapy, the mesentery was resected. The pathological diagnosis was UC with sarcomatoid variant. No recurrence was noted for 2 years after resection of the mesentery.

The patient was a 15-year-old male. Four months prior to his visit to our department, he was hit in the right scrotum by a baseball, which caused right scrotal swelling and pain. He visited a urologist who prescribed analgesics. During follow up observation, right scrotal hydrocele appeared and a puncture procedure was performed two times. Four months later, while climbing a rope for strength training, his scrotum became entangled by the rope. He immediately felt right scrotal pain and visited a urologist. Two days later, he was referred to our department for a thorough examination. Scrotum ultrasound revealed right scrotal hydroceles and swollen right cauda epididymis. The patient was treated conservatively with pain control. The next day, the pain did not improve, and surgery was decided since testicular rupture could not be completely ruled out. Surgery was performed on the third day. The caudal portion of the right epididymis was injured approximately 2cm, the tunica albuginea had been ruptured and the testicular parenchyma had escaped. The surface of the testicular parenchyma was covered with a thin film, suggesting that 4 months had elapsed since the tunica albuginea injury. The injured area of the epididymis tail was sutured. Subsequently, we removed the remaining testicular parenchyma and restored the tunica albuginea. Twelve months postoperatively, right hydrocele and testicular atrophy were not observed.

Ureteral stenosis occurs in 2-10% after kidney transplantation. Most are caused by ischemia of the distal ureter and are difficult to manage. There is no standard method for evaluating ureteral blood flow during surgery, and it is left to the judgement of the operator. Indocyanine green (ICG) is used not only for a liver or cardiac function test but also for an assessment of tissue perfusion. We evaluated the intraoperative ureteral blood flow under a surgical light and by ICG fluorescence imaging in 10 living-donor kidney transplant patients between April 2021 and March 2022. No ureteral ischemia was detected under the surgical light, but ICG fluorescence imaging revealed/decreased blood flow in 4 of the 10 patients (40%). Further resection was performed in these 4 patients to increase the blood flow, and the median resection length was 1.0cm (0.3-2.0). The postoperative course was uneventful in all 10 patients, and no ureter-related complications were observed. ICG fluorescence imaging is a useful method for evaluating ureteral blood flow and is expected to help reduce complications caused by ureteral ischemia.

Castleman's disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disease, mostly found in the mediastinum. The number of Castleman's disease cases involving the kidneys is still limited. We report a case of primary renal Castleman's disease sporadically detected during a regular health check-up as pyelonephritis with ureteral stones. In addition, computed tomography showed renal pelvic and ureteral wall thickening with paraaortic lymphadenopathy. A lymph node biopsy was performed, but it did not confirm either malignancy or Castleman's disease. The patient underwent open nephroureterectomy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The pathological diagnosis was renal and retroperitoneal lymph node Castleman's disease with pyelonephritis.

We report the outcome of photoselective vaporizaion of the prostate (PVP) with the 180W GreenLight XPS™ system (180 W-XPS) for large benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with a prostate volume of ≥100 ml, in comparison with that with the 120 W GreenLight HPS™ system (120 W-HPS). We studied the outcomes of 86 patients who underwent PVP with 180 W-XPS for BPH with a prostate volume of ≥100 ml between February 2019 and October 2021, in comparison with those of 86 patients who underwent PVP with 120 W-HPS. 180 W-XPS significantly improved postoperative international prostate specific score, quality of life score, overactive bladder symptom score, Qmax, and residual urine volume. The operative time was significantly shorter in 180 W-XPS {100.5 min (150-175)}, than in 120 W-HPS {117.5 min (18-189)}, p＜ 0.05), the laser irradiation time was significantly shorter in 180 W-XPS {63.0 min (35-83)}, than in 120 WHPS : {79. 0 min (24-102)} (p ＜0. 05), and the laser fluence was significantly higher in 180 W-XPS {633647J (291991-805011)}, than in 120 W-HPS {396832J (40000-481842)} (p＜0. 05). At 3 and 12 months postoperatively, the prostate volume reduction rates were 59.8 and 66.7%, respectively, for the 180 W-XPS patients which were rates significantly higher than those for the 120 W-HPS patients, 49.5 and 45.0%, respectively. The PSA reduction rates were 58.1 and 53.2％, respectively, which were significantly higher rates than those for the 120 W-HPS patients, 41.3 and 25.7％, respectively. The 180 W-XPS system was considered to be a more effective and efficient treatment than the 120 W-HPS.

In our hospital, 553 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy between March 2007 and December 2019. The patients were stratified based on the following prognosis according to the D'Amico risk classification criteria: low-risk and intermediate-risk groups (PSA ＜10, ≦T2a, GS : 3＋4 (≦30%)) were treated with LDR brachytherapy without supplemental extra beam radiotherapy (EBRT), while some patients in the high- and intermediate-risk groups were treated with LDR and supplemental EBRT. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates were 94.8 and 85.5%, disease-specific survival rates were 99.8 and 97.7%, and biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 95.7 and 90.7%. By risk stratification, the 5- and 10-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 98.0 and 98.0% (low risk), 96.1 and 89.6% (intermediate risk), and 90.6 and 77.3% (high risk). The LDR outcome was generally good, but, 32 recurrence cases were observed. In the recurrent group, 9 patients did not undergo the recommended therapeutic strategy and 26 patients did not undergo preoperative magnetic resonance imaging.

A 70-year-old-man was referred with urination pain and pyuria. Prostate specific antigen was 10.6 ng/ml, and urine culture was Escherichia coli. The abdominal ultrasonography showed irregular low echo at the right lobe of prostate. Prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an extracapsular infiltrated prostate tumor in the right lobe. Levofloxacin was administered and prostate biopsy was performed. The pathological examination revealed that the prostate tissue was filled with inflammatory cells and had lost its glandular duct structure. The patient was diagnosed with malacoplakia of the prostate. Four months after prostate biopsy, prostate MRI imaging showed disappearance of the extracapsular infiltration in right peripheral zone., この論文の要旨は第250回日本泌尿器科学会関西地方会において発表した．

Postoperative femoral nerve palsy (FNP) is a rare complication associated with urologic surgery. Inappropriate use of retractors, use of lithotomy position, and prolonged surgery that lead to the femoral nerve compression have been reported as risk factors for FNP. Here, we report two cases of FNP after pelvic surgery. Case 1: A 47-year-old woman underwent ureterocystoneostomy for a giant ureterocele. On the first postoperative day, she developed muscle weakness and paresthesia in the left lower leg. An orthopedic surgeon diagnosed her with FNP associated with the surgery. Case 2: An 82-year-old woman underwent radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. On the second postoperative day, she developed extension deficit in the left lower leg and was diagnosed with an iatrogenic FNP. Although this complication is infrequent, at onset, it leads to difficulty in walking and gait disturbance in the patient. As a result, it greatly reduces the patient's postoperative quality of life. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken to reduce the risk of this postsurgical nerve injury, such as appropriate placement of retractors and proper patient positioning during the operation.

A male patient in his 70s was referred to our hospital with the chief complaint of anorexia. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed a 20 cm large homogeneous mass in the retroperitoneum, and contrast-enhanced CT revealed uniform staining throughout the inside of the mass. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and lactate dehydrogenase tumor markers were elevated. Hence, malignant lymphoma was suspected, and ultrasonography-guided biopsy was performed. Histopathological findings showed large lymphocytes with poorly differentiated cytoplasmic nucleoli and positivity for CD20 and CD79a via immunohistochemical analysis, which was consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient received R-THP-COP therapy which consisted of rituximab, pirarubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone. After four chemotherapy courses, a partial response according to the the response evaluation criteria in solid tumors was obtained. The patient was discharged with no signs of recurrence.

There have been few reports of multimodal treatment such as chemotherapy and surgical resection for testicular tumors over 40 years old. In this case, a 64-year-old man with nonseminoma, pT2N2M1aS1, stage IIIb, IGCCC good prognosis completed induction chemotherapy, followed by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and resection of lung metastases. Chemotherapy (4 courses of etoposide and cisplatin therapy) was completed without serious adverse events other than grade 4 neutropenia. Resection of the residual tumor confirmed no viable tumor cells. There was no evidence of recurrence or elevation of tumor markers in the following 6 months. Similar cases could increase with the increase of testicular tumors in the elderly.

A 77-year-old man complaining of gross hematuria was referred to our hospital for further examination and treatment. The contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a left ureteral tumor, multiple bladder tumors, para-aortic lymph node metastasis, left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, multiple liver metastases, and multiple lung metastases. Transurethral resection was performed. One of the multiple bladder tumors, located at the bladder neck, was pathologically diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma, pT1, high grade, G2．We diagnosed the patient with metastatic ureteral cancer (T4N2M1, stage IV). We stated gemcitabine, cisplatin (GC) therapy, but stopped after the first course due to gemcitabine drug eruption. We changed the regimen to methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) therapy and the cycle was completed without complications. However, CT scan showed disease progression. After palliative irradiation of the primary lesion, we administered pembrolizumab. Although he was asymptomatic, we diagnosed him with ocular myasthenia gravis because of a high level of serum anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies and a temporary ptosis in his past history. In spite of the possibility of relapse of myasthenia gravis, treatment with pembrolizumab was continued with his consent since there were no other treatment options. After two courses of pembrolizumab, he was hospitalized due to disease progression and died about three weeks after admission. Myasthenia gravis is a possible immune-related adverse event of pembrolizumab, However, there have been few reports on the successful treatment with this agent in patients with previously diagnosed myasthenia gravis. We report, here, a case of metastatic ureteral carcinoma safely treated with pembrolizumab without relapse of ocular myasthenia gravis.

We report a case of long-term survival in paraganglioma treated with repetitive surgery. A 32-year-old man was seen at the hospital because of hypertension and headache. On biochemical tests, elevated serum and urinary levels of noradrenaline were noted. Abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed a tumor 50 mm in diameter on the dorsal region of the inferior vena cava, superior to the renal artery. Our diagnosis was paraganglioma and we performed open resection of the tumor. Six years later, hypertension and headache appeared and abdominal computed tomography revealed tumors located in right renal hilus and para-aortic regions superior to aortic bifurcation, and ¹²³I-MIBG scintigraphy revealed uptake at the same sites. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with recurrent pheochromocytoma and performed laparoscopic resection of the tumor. Surgical treatment was repeatedly performed for recurrence, and the symptoms due to hypersecretion of catecholamines could be controlled over a long period.

Patients on chronic dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) show an increased incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of 54 patients who underwent nephrectomy for RCC due to ESRD between 1992 and 2019. The patients consisted of 44 men and 10 women, with a median age of 62.9 years. The median duration of dialysis before surgery was 12.9 years. The clinical stage of the 54 RCCs was stage I in 44, stage II in 1, stage III in 1, and stage IV in 8. With a median follow-up of 5.1 years after surgery, the 5-year cancer-specific and overall survival rates were 84.3 and 61.8%, respectively. Patients with symptomatic RCC had a longer period of dialysis, presented with larger tumors of higher grade and stage, and had worse prognosis compared with those with incidentally discovered RCC. Cox proportional hazards analysis performed with clinicopathological features and symptomatic/incidental detection showed that older age and symptomatic RCC were independently associated with worse overall survival. Our data show that early detection is important for a good prognosis.

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a severe necrotic urinary tract infection accompanied by retention of gas in the kidney and areas around it. Formerly, emergency nephrectomy was the primary treatment, but the trend is shifting to treatment with maximum conservation of the kidney. In this report, two cases of EPN successfully treated by transurethral drainage are presented. The first case was in a 63-year-old woman with a history of poorly controlled diabetes. She arrived at the hospital by ambulance with primary symptoms of vomiting and trembling of the hands, and computed tomography (CT) revealed gas in the right renal calix. The second case was in a 61-year-old woman who arrived by ambulance with difficulty of body movement as the primary symptom, and CT revealed a calculus in the right ureter accompanied by right hydronephrosis and retention of gas in the right renal pelvis and right upper ureter. Both patients were diagnosed with EPN and treated by transurethral drainage rather than percutaneous drainage or nephrectomy because of their poor general condition. The treatment was successful. Along with percutaneous drainage, transurethral drainage is considered to be an option of surgical treatment for EPN.

A 73-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for treatment of a 12 mm stone in the right ureteropelvic junction and pyonephrosis. A double-J ureteral stent was indwelled for right hydronephrosis and emphysematous pyelonephritis. After antibiotic treatment, flexible transurethral lithotripsy (f-TUL) was performed and all the stones were disintegrated and extracted without any complications. On the day after f-TUL, severe back pain occurred, and computed tomography revealed subcapsular hematoma and renal pseudoaneurysm. Angiography and selective embolization of the bleeding artery were performed to control the bleeding.

A 63-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse. Four days postoperatively, she underwent an abdominal computed tomography scan because she developed a stomachache, and a strangulated bowel obstruction was suspected. The patient then underwent an emergency laparotomy which revealed strangulation of the small intestine caused by a band formed between the stump of a barbed suture and the mesentery. The strangulation was released by resecting the stump, and intestinal resection was not necessary. Nine days following the re-intervention, the patient was discharged from our hospital. As of four months after the surgery, she has not experienced any recurrence of pelvic organ prolapse or other postoperative complications. We need some ingenuity when using barbed suture in situations where the thread and the intestine come into contact.

In this report, we describe a case of penile strangulation via metal rings. A 65-year-old Japanese man was transferred to the emergency room of our hospital for, dysuria and penile pain following penile incarceration with metal rings. Five metal rings approximately 30 mm in diameter were incarcerated to the penile root. Physical examination, revealed marked penile swelling distal to the rings. Various methods including the use of a ring cutter, were attempted to relieve the penial strangulation. However, these techniques failed, prompting referral to a rescue team. We started cutting the rings with an air cutter. After, 90 minutes, the rings were successfully removed. This study highlights the benefit of early cooperation with the rescue team in managing patients with mechanical penile strangulation.

We evaluated the clinical course of patients with localized prostate cancer in whom long-term successful androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was ceased. Study subjects were 24 patients with stage B prostate cancer who were initially treated with ADT for a median duration of 93 months. The median age at the cessation of ADT was 84 years. The median nadir serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 0.022 ng/ml. The median duration of follow-up from the cessation of ADT was 31 months. During follow-up, five patients showed PSA elevation of ≥2 ng/ml from the nadir. Serum testosterone level was tested in 20 patients, and five showed testosterone recovery ≥0.5 ng/ml. Seven patients died from diseases other than prostate cancer, but there were no deaths caused by prostate cancer. This study demonstrated that long-term successful ADT for localized prostate cancer could be ceased with adequate follow-up evaluation.

We compared the perioperative outcomes of open (ORC) and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy (RARC) for patients with bladder cancer. We retrospectively investigated the intraoperative and 90-day postoperative complications of ORC and RARC performed from March 2014 to September 2021 based on the medical records. Perioperative complications were categorized according to the Clavien- Dindo classification. We used the propensity score matching to adjust for the inherent bias of the different patient characteristics at baseline including gender, age, preoperative chemotherapy, and pathological T classification. Surgery time of RARC was significantly shorter than that of ORC, and blood transfusion was significantly less frequent in RARC than in ORC (3% vs 81%, p＜0.01). The rate of overall complications of Grade III/IV was lower in RARC (8%) than in ORC (25%) (P＝0.09). The prevalence of perioperative urinary tract infection, ileus, and abscess/infectious cyst was similar in ORC and RARC. In patients who underwent RARC, the complication rate was similar in extracorporeal and intracorporeal urinary diversion. Compared to ORC, RARC is more beneficial to reduce blood loss and severe complications.

Although several biomarkers have been identified to predict prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), there are no evidence-based biomarkers to predict the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we focused on lymphocytes and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment and investigated whether immunostaining scoring could predict the best overall response. We evaluated 32 patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) who were treated with nivolumab monotherapy between August 2016 and July 2020. We performed immunostaining for CD8 T cells, TIA-1, PD-L1, and HLA class 1 in RCC tissues and assigned a score with a maximum of 4 points each, which we defined as histological score. The best overall response of nivolumab was observed in 4 patients (12.5%) with complete response (CR), 10 patients (31.3%) with partial response (PR), 5 patients (15.6%) with stable disease (SD), and 13 patients (40.6%) with progressive disease (PD). There was no significant difference in patient background between the CR＋PR＋SD group (19 patients) and the PD group (13 patients), but CD8 T cells were significantly higher and TIA-1 positive cells tended to be higher in the CR＋PR＋SD group (CD8 T cell : p＝0.03, TIA-1 : p＝0.07, PD-L1 : p＝0.67, HLA class 1 : p＝1.00). In univariate analysis, histological score ≥3 tended to contribute to the best overall response of nivolumab (p＝0.05). There was no significant difference in overall survival or cancer-specific survival after nivolumab administration between the two groups of patients with histological score ≥3 and those with histological score ＜3. In conclusion, immunostaining scoring based on CD8 T cells may be able to predict the efficacy of single-agent nivolumab in patients with mRCC.

A 48-year-old man presented with a painless nodule on the right ventral aspect of the penile shaft root. The patient visited the hospital and complained that the mass was growing. On physical examinations, a 5 cm mass without tenderness was palpated. An isoechoic mass about 4 cm in size was observed on ultrasonography. Inhomogeneous high signal intensity was observed on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A needle biopsy revealed schwannoma. During surgery for excision of the tumor, another small tumor was detected both tumors were resected. Both tumors were diagnosed as schwannoma by pathological examination. Out of 40 cases of penile schwannoma reported, eight were of multiple tumors. In our case, it was difficult to detect the other small tumor by preoperative diagnosis. Therefore, we recommend careful observation during surgery.

A total of 100 patients were retrospectively analyzed with magnetic resonance imaging-ultrasonography (MRI-US) fusion biopsy(KOELIS, TRINITY®) at our institution between October 2019 and May 2020. The median patient age was 71 years, median prostate specific antigen (PSA) level was 7.4 ng/ml, and median PSA-density was 0.183 mg/ml. Sixty-one of the patients were positive for cancer ; 14 of them were positive by targeted biopsy only, 9 were positive by systematic biopsy only, and 38 were positive by both. Clinically significant prostate cancer (CPSC ; Gleason Score ≥3＋4 and % core ≥50%) was detected by target biopsies in 46 patients and by systematic biopsies in 33 patients. The positive core detection rate for CSPC was 32.5% for targeted biopsies and 7.0% for systematic biopsies(P＜0.0001), with a significantly higher rate for targeted biopsies. These results indicate that in MRI-US fusion biopsy, targeted biopsy has a higher detection rate for cancer and a significantly higher detection rate for clinically significant prostate cancer compared with systematic biopsy.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) provide excellent benefits to the treatment of various cancer types, including urothelial carcinoma. Conversely, they can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs), and some of them are severe or fatal. Furthermore, evidence on the safety and effectiveness of the readministration of ICIs after the occurrence of irAEs is limited. In this case report, a 78-year-old man who suffered from metastatic right renal pelvic cancer was treated with pembrolizumab. He had a partial response to pembrolizumab, but he developed grade 3 myasthenia gravis. The myasthenia gravis symptoms were immediately relieved by corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. When the disease rapidly progressed, he was treated again with pembrolizumab. After 5 days, a chest radiograph showed shrinkage of pulmonary metastases. Unfortunately, he died of multiple brain infarctions 7 days after the readministration. We report this case with a literature review on the efficacy and safety of the readministration of ICIs after the occurrence irAEs including myasthenia gravis., 本論文の要旨は第248回日本泌尿器科学会関西地方会にて発表した．

A 60-year-old man visited our hospital to treat a large cystic mass in the pelvis which had been found by abdominal ultrasonography in December 201X. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a multilocular cyst with a maximum diameter of about 10 cm. CT-guided drainage and sclerotherapy with minocycline reduced the size of tumor by 40%, but symptoms such as difficulty of defecation and urinary frequency appeared a year and a half later due to re-enlargement of the cysts. Laparoscopic resection of the multilocular cysts was performed, and all cysts were removed almost completely using transrectal ultrasonography. The multilocular cyst was positive for NKX3.1 by immunohistochemical staining, and was diagnosed as a giant multilocular prostatic cystadenoma. After surgery, the symptoms such as difficulty of defecation and urinary frequency were relieved promptly. One year after the surgery, the patient was free from recurrence of the disease., 本論文の要旨は第246回日本泌尿器科学会関西地方会にて発表した．

2021年9月18日(土), 於 Web開催

2020年2月15日(土), 於 京都大学医学部 芝蘭会館

A 36-year-old man presented with painless swelling in the right side scrotum. Ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic tumor with mosaic pattern. Plain computed tomograghy (CT) revealed a 67 mm scrotal cystic lesion with low density area. We suspected an intrascrotal tumor and performed right side radical orchiectomy. The removed sample was yellow clear and elastic hard. A 7 cm multilocular cystic tumor was present on the head side of the normal testis. The cut-surface and the contents of the mass revealed a jelly-like viscous liquid. On the microscopic examination, the tumor was composed of mucinous stroma and spindle-shaped atypical cells with hyperchromatic oval nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. There was a characteristic network of blood vessesls with hyperhyalinization in the myxoid zones. Immunohistochemically, CDK4, MDM2, AE1/AE3, S-100, Alpha-SMA and desmin were negative, but MUC4 showed focal cytoplasmic positivity in the neoplastic cells. In the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, no FUS-CREB3L2/FUS-CREB3L1 fusion transcripts were identified although the detectable messages of the housekeeping genes were noted. The tumour was finally diagnosed as a paratesticular low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. Postoperative course was uneventful and no recurrence or metastasis was seen four months after the operation.

A 65-year-old man was found to have a 1.7 cm right renal mass by follow-up abdominal computed tomography for left total nephrectomy after a traffic accident. The renal mass progressed slowly to 2.2 cm in three years and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed marked T2 weighting hyperintensity of the lesion. Although a radiologist (TK) suggested the diagnosis renal anastomosing hemangioma preoperatively, we could not deny the possibility of renal cell carcinoma completely. Therefore, the patient underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The tumor was successfully removed without any renal arterial clamping or parenchymal excision. Histopathologically, the lesion was composed of capillary-size blood vessels lined by a single layer of endothelial cells, and was diagnosed as a renal anastomosing hemangioma. There were no signs of postoperative recurrence during the 3 month follow-up.

We analyzed the perioperative parameters, postoperative urinary status, and complications of 200 patients who underwent photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) with the 180W-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for benign prostatic hyperplasia at our hospital. In addition, we compared perioperative parameters and complications, as well as the rate of decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate volume at 3 and 12 months after surgery, with those of the last 200 patients who underwent PVP with the 120W-high-performance system (HPS). The results showed significant differences between methods in operative time (XPS: 67.9±29.0 minutes, HPS: 95.2±32.1 minutes, p＜0.05), laser exposure time (XPS: 41.4±17.8 minutes, HPS: 60.1±19.7 minutes, p＜0.05), and laser dose (XPS: 385, 937±180, 872, HPS: 300, 316±105, 528, p＜0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the rates of decrease in PSA and prostate volume in the 180W-XPS group compared with the 120W-HPS group. The transpiration efficiency of the 180W-XPS was higher than that of the 120W-HPS.

A 74-year-old patient was undergoing treatment for ascending colon cancer (cT4aN2M1a) in the Department of Surgery at our hospital. During treatment for increased lymph node metastasis and spinal metastasis, she complained of numbness in her dorsal thigh. Magnetic resonance imaging showed spinal canal stenosis due to L4 bone metastasis. Immediately after starting radiation therapy for L4 bone metastasis, bladder rupture occurred and led to generalized peritonitis. We performed emergency laparotomy and drainage. Later, the patient's general condition improved, but irreversible neurological symptoms remained, and activities of daily living decreased markedly. This was thought to be caused by weakening of the bladder wall due to chronic cystitis, and hyperextension of the bladder due to neurogenic bladder. Bacteriuria leaked into the abdominal cavity, resulting in generalized peritonitis.

We retrospectively reviewed the surgical outcome of ureteral reconstruction that was performed in Asahikawa Medical University Hospital between 2005 and 2021. A total of 14 patients (3 males, 11 females; 15 ureters) were included in this analysis. The median age was 57 years old. The reason for ureteral reconstruction was ureteral injury or stenosis due to pelvic surgery in 9 patients, transurethral lithotripsy for ureteral stone in 3, ureteral invasion of sigmoid colon cancer in one and ovarian cancer in one. The site of ureteral reconstruction was proximal ureter in 2, middle in 3 and distal in 10. The surgical procedure was ureteroneocystostomy with Boari flap in 8 patients (57%), ureteroureterostomy in 4 (21%), transureteroureterostomy in one (7%), and transureteroureterostomy combined with Boari flap for bilateral ureteral stenosis in the remaining patient (7%). Postoperatively, vesicoureteral reflux, ileus and surgical site infection were observed in 3, 2 and 1 patient, respectively. No patient required nephrostomy or ureteral catheter, or any additional procedure after the surgery. There was no episode of febrile urinary tract infection after the surgery. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was, respectivery 75.8 and 78.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 before surgery and at 1-101 months (median of 18) after the surgery. In conclusion, satisfactory outcome was achieved after ureteral reconstruction surgery. We emphasize the importance of selecting the most appropriate procedure for ureteral reconstruction in each patient to prevent renal function deterioration and urinary tract infection.

Occlusion of internal ureteral stents commonly called double-J (DJ) stent leads to renal dysfunction, urinary tract infection, and difficulty in replacing the stent. We investigated the cause of stent occlusion and whether DJ stent occlusion persisted with change in the type of stent. The internal ureteral stent, Bird® Inlay™ Optima or Boston Scientific® Tria™, was inserted in 43 ureters of 33 patients who underwent replacement more than three times between September 2017 and June 2020. We defined stent occlusion as follows: a guide wire could not be passed through a stent during the replacement. In the first occlusion, the type of stent was changed. In the second occlusion, the stent placement interval was shortened from 12-13 weeks to 6-8 weeks. The presence of urinary stone and insertion of a urethral catheter had a high risk of DJ stent occlusion. Stent occlusion was observed in 20 of the 43 ureters. After the type of stent in 20 ureters with stent occlusion was changed, there were no DJ stent occlusions in 16 of the 20 ureters. Nevertheless, in 4 of the 20 ureters, even if we changed the type, DJ stent occlusion was still present; hence, the replacement interval was shortened. Therefore, changing the type of stent may be a recommended intervention for DJ stent occlusion.

A 72-year-old man, who was extremely short-statured, underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RARP) for treatment of localized prostate cancer (cT1cNOMO). We report a case of congenital vertebral tip dysplasia with type II collagen dysplasia in a patient who underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Congenital vertebral tip dysplasia is characterized by short stature, and in this case, the height was 130 cm, which was equivalent to that of an 8-year-old child. The pelvic floor is narrow in short-statured individuals; therefore, the operative time tends to be longer than that required for routine surgery. However, using modifications in port positions and other adjustments, we performed RARP, and our perioperative results were similar to those obtained with routine RARPs.

A 54-year-old female underwent open left adrenalectomy for a left adrenal tumor in 2013. The pathology showed metastatic poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Despite a close examination, the primary tumor could not be identified. During the follow-up, a computed tomographic scan showed a hyper vascular tumor in the left breast in2015. A left mastectomy was performed for diagnosis and treatment. The pathology showed invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Comparing the histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the breast tumor with the adrenal tumor, the adrenal tumor was finally confirmed as metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma. Adrenal gland metastasis from invasive ductal carcinoma is said to be extremely rare. To our knowledge, there have been no reports of cases in which metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma of the adrenal gland was found before the primary site. We report this case with some literature review., 本論文の要旨は第232回日本泌尿器科学会関西地方会において報告した．

We investigated the clinical characteristics of patients who developed kidney injury after starting treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for urologic malignancies. The study included 118 patients who were treated with ICI at our hospital. They consisted of 65 with renal cell carcinoma, 52 with urothelial carcinomas and 1 with adrenocortical carcinoma with high-frequency microsatellite instability. Immune-related kidney injury was observed in 13 patients (11.0%), including stage 1, 2 and 3 kidney injuries in 9, 0 and 4 patients, respectively. In univariate analyses, ≥stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) before ICI treatment and proton pump inhibitor use were significantly associated with all stages of kidney injury, whereas ≥stage 4 CKD and ICI combination therapy were significantly associated with kidney injury at ≥ stage 2. Of the 4 patients who developed ≥stage 2 kidney injury, histological examination was done only for 2 because renal biopsy was contraindicated in the other 2 due to prior nephrectomy. Steroid pulse therapy was performed for 3 patients but provided complete recovery only in 1. We should be aware of the risk for immune-related kidney injury in patients with baseline CKD (≥stage 4) and receiving ICI combination therapy. Precise diagnosis by histological examination can often be challenging due to a history of nephrectomy.

Sarcopenia is a known predictor of overall survival in several diseases. We investigated the relationship between sarcopenia and outcome of treatment with cabazitaxel (CBZ) for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by a retrospective analysis of 37 patients, who were given cabazitaxel at our hospital, from December 2014 to November 2020. The skeletal muscle mass was evaluated using the Psoas Muscle Mass Index (PMI: psoas major muscle area at the level of the third lumber vertebra (cm²)/height x height (m²)) through computed tomography images. The severe sarcopenia group (PMI＜4.96) showed lower levels of serum albumin, in comparison with the non-severe sarcopenia group (PMI≥4.96). Multivariate analysis identified PMI (odds ratio＝3.7; P＝0.023) as an independent factor associated with prostate specific antigen response to CBZ therapy. However, there was no significant difference in the overall survival between the severe and the non-severe sarcopenia groups (P＝0.1). Skeletal muscle mass might be closely correlated to the therapeutic response to CBZ, but not to the prognosis of patients with CRPC. Nutritional rehabilitation and exercises targeting sarcopenia for patients with prostate cancer should be considered., 本論文の要旨は，第109回日本泌尿器科学会総会で発表を行った．

Recently, ureteroscopic lithotripsy remains the standard treatment for urolithiasis, with postoperative febrile upper urinary tract infection (fUTI) being one of its most significant complications. The current study sought to investigate the treatment outcomes of ureterorenoscopy (URS), morbidity and risk factors of postoperative fUTI at our hospital. A total of 1, 235 patients who underwent URS (including those who underwent only semi-rigid URS) for upper urinary tract stones at our hospital between October 2011 and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients had a median age of 63 years and a median stone length of 11.4 mm. F-URS was performed in 1, 188 cases (96.2%) among whom 92.1% were stone-free or had stones that fractured into dust. Postoperative fUTI and sepsis occurred in 127 (10.3%) and 18 (1.5%) patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified female sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score ≥ 3, calculus length ≥ 20 mm, history of diabetes mellitus, and history of obstructive pyelonephritis as risk factors for postoperative fUTI. The scoring system (range 0-4) were positively correlated with the postoperative fUTI rate (score 0 : 3.1%, 1 : 12.4%, 2 : 14.1%, 3 : 23.7%, 4 : 40%). A significant difference in the rates was noted between those with a score of 0 (low-risk group), 1-2 (intermediate-risk group), and 3-4 scores (high-risk group). In conclusion, the overall incidence of postoperative fUTI was 10.3%, which was associated with sex, poor ASA scores, stone size, presence of diabetes mellitus, and history of pyelonephritis. The scoring system created using these factors can be useful in predicting postoperative fUTI.

A 36-year-old man presented to our hospital with right scrotal swelling. A computed tomographic scan revealed a mass in the right scrotum, multiple masses in the lung and liver, and enlarged cervical, mediastinal, and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. After right high orchiectomy, he was diagnosed with nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (pT3N3M1b), with poor risk prediction according to the International Germ Cell Consensus classification. We started chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin. Since serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) levels did not decrease to normal levels, second-line chemotherapy with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin was administered. Six days after the start of treatment, the patient became unconscious, and his blood pressure decreased. Seven days later, blood tests revealed high uric acid levels, hyperphosphatemia, and increased creatinine. This was diagnosed as tumor lysis syndrome. Following diagnosis, continuous hemodiafiltration was started, and his condition gradually improved.