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Facing the demand of 4G/5G users accessing public network services and private network services simultaneously, the limitations of the existing technical schemes in the industry were reviewed, and a network-side non-inductive diversion scheme was proposed. It only needed to establish a public network IP service channel by the UE. When the network detected that users used private network services, a private network IP service channel for users on the network side was established by SMF/PGW-C to divert the private network services of users. There was only one IP channel in the mobile phone terminal to transmit public network services and private network services, corresponding to one public network IP channel and one private network IP channel on the network side, and SMF/PGW-C completed the mapping and splicing of the user-side IP channel and the corresponding network-side public network IP channel and private network IP channel, as well as the replacement of the user’s IP address, thus realizing the diversion of the user’s public network services and private network services. This scheme not only meets the demand of dual-domain private network services, but also allows for the separate management and charging of users’public network service IP channels and private network service IP channels by the network side, and has no additional requirements for terminals.

Facing the demand of 4G/5G users accessing public network services and private network services simultaneously, the limitations of the existing technical schemes in the industry were reviewed, and a network-side noninductive diversion scheme was proposed. It only needed to establish a public network IP service channel by the UE. When the network detected that users used private network services, a private network IP service channel for users on the network side was established by SMF/PGW-C to divert the private network services of users. There was only one IP channel in the mobile phone terminal to transmit public network services and private network services, corresponding to one public network IP channel and one private network IP channel on the network side, and SMF/PGW-C completed the mapping and splicing of the user-side IP channel and the corresponding network-side public network IP channel and private network IP channel, as well as the replacement of the user's IP address, thus realizing the diversion of the user's public network services and private network services. This scheme not only meets the demand of dual-domain private network services, but also allows for the separate management and charging of users-public network service IP channels and private network service IP channels by the network side, and has no additional requirements for terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advanced communications systems, the integration of 5G bands, including sub‐6‐GHz and millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) bands with the existing lower bands of 3G/4G has become an essential need for the future mobile handsets. This article proposes an integration between a large‐frequency‐ratio dual‐band tapered slot antenna with a multisection meander monopole antenna on a handset board. The tapered slot Vivaldi antenna (TSVA) functions as a resonant open‐ended slot at low frequencies (sub‐6 GHz) while also acting as a high‐gain Vivaldi antenna at higher frequencies (mm‐wave 28 GHz). The modification of the slot geometry, that is, generating multisections within the slot, is shown to improve the impedance bandwidth. Furthermore, the meander‐line monopole antenna covers the bands of the existing mobile generation (3G/4G) at 0.8, 1.8, 2.1, and 2.3 GHz. Most importantly, the compact size of the proposed antenna is realized by utilizing the side wall of a mobile board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value evaluation and benefit analysis of newly built sites have always been a problem that plagues operators’ network construction.Compared with the traditional evaluation methods based on coverage and complaints, a brand-new site value evaluation model was constructed from the dimensions of cost, revenue, adjacent base station load, and regional traffic development potential.The composition and calculation method of the specific index of the evaluation model were given, and the value score of the site was obtained by combining the weights of each index.Finally, suggestions were given for the applicable scenarios of the model, and practical application methods were illustrated with examples.

Radio network access technology currently used in 4G/5G is Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A), which was developed by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a technology enabling direct communications among wireless devices without forwarding through an evolved Node B (eNB). Moreover, D2D transmission can support vehicles as a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) environment. It is possible to avoid accidents via exchanging movement-related information among vehicles and effectively increase driving safety (and efficiency). However, radio resources are limited in radio networks. A vehicle transmits through D2D in Long Term Evolution-Vehicle (LTE-V) mode-3 standard, and an eNB can allocate the same spectrum radio resources for cellular and V2V links simultaneously. When using the same radio resources, the probability of interference may increase. This study designed a semipersistent resource allocation algorithm based on different cycles in an LTE-V network. Moreover, resource allocation under different cycles was analyzed, and a scheme for resource selection is proposed based on cycle size. The proposed Semi Persistent Gain Aware Resource Allocation (SP-GARA) scheme selects resources based on the expected sum rate of the cycle size and analyzes and discusses the results of the total sum rate at different cycles and speeds for an improved performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High speed and strong stability communication technology is the basis for ensuring effective and reliable data transmission in structural health monitoring system. In recent years, wireless communication technology has been widely used in structural health monitoring system due to its advantages of flexible networking, low cost and simple operation and maintenance. Based on the analysis of the structural health monitoring system composition and function, combined with the principle and technical characteristics of common wireless communication technologies, this paper focuses on the application of ZigBee, WiFi, 4G/5G, LoRa and NB-iot wireless communication technologies in the structural health monitoring system, the challenges and future research directions of wireless communication technology in application are also discussed, which provides a technical reference for the promotion and application of wireless communication technology in structural monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract The 5G wireless technology is recently standardized for meeting intense demand. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology provides an easy, time-saving, and low-cost method for deploying a 4G/5G network infrastructure. To support multimedia service and higher bandwidth data delivery, an LTE MAC layer has Quality of Service (QoS) support with several QoS class indicator (QCI) levels. Based on LTE current QCI priority and QoS requirements in UEs, the original Max-Rate scheduler, Proportionally Fair (PF) and Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (M-LWDF) algorithms could not achieve their goal owing to the UE’s dynamic physical capacity with a different Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) at run time. For better QoS service than LTE networks, per UE’s CQI state for each resource block (RB) must be considered simultaneously in LTE MAC layer resource allocation with cross-layer support. As downlink real estimated capacity is dynamic owing to a UE’s periodic CQI reporting, the CQI state in LTE scheduling must be considered. This study proposes a smart and flexible scheme for Enhanced Utilization Resource Allocation (EURA) including three novel mechanisms that can dynamically fit UEs’ CQI states. The simulation results in this study demonstrate that the proposed EURA scheme outperforms the contrast schemes (Max-Rate, EXP/PF and M-LWDF), can save more rare radio capacity, and improve the utilization of radio resource assignment.

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Business & Management is the property of ISAG - European Business School and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 5G wireless technology is recently standardized for meeting intense demand. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology provides an easy, time-saving, and low-cost method for deploying a 4G/5G network infrastructure. To support multimedia service and higher bandwidth data delivery, an LTE MAC layer has Quality of Service (QoS) support with several QoS class indicator (QCI) levels. Based on LTE current QCI priority and QoS requirements in UEs, the original Max-Rate scheduler, Proportionally Fair (PF) and Modified Largest Weighted Delay First (M-LWDF) algorithms could not achieve their goal owing to the UE's dynamic physical capacity with a different Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) at run time. For better QoS service than LTE networks, per UE's CQI state for each resource block (RB) must be considered simultaneously in LTE MAC layer resource allocation with cross-layer support. As downlink real estimated capacity is dynamic owing to a UE's periodic CQI reporting, the CQI state in LTE scheduling must be considered. This study proposes a smart and flexible scheme for Enhanced Utilization Resource Allocation (EURA) including three novel mechanisms that can dynamically fit UEs' CQI states. The simulation results in this study demonstrate that the proposed EURA scheme outperforms the contrast schemes (Max-Rate, EXP/PF and M-LWDF), can save more rare radio capacity, and improve the utilization of radio resource assignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional geophysical prospecting instruments cannot fulfill the requirements of deep energy prospecting. The instruments that measure single physical quantities, such as seismic and electrical instruments, have certain limitations. Moreover, the time period required for traditional instruments to collect, acquire, and process data is too long. To address these issues, a hybrid seismic-electrical data acquisition system based on cloud technology and green IoT was proposed and developed. A seismic analog acquisition circuit and an electrical analog acquisition circuit were designed, and the control module was designed and debugged. The system is equipped with a wireless module connected to a wireless-to-4G/5G module, which uploads the data collected by the hybrid seismic-electrical data acquisition station to the cloud platform. The background master control center completes the rapid processing of geophysical data using the robust storage and computing capabilities of the cloud. Meanwhile, it sends control commands to the cloud to control the acquisition system. This system has completed simultaneous prospecting of multiple physical quantities and achieved rapid monitoring through cloud technology. Finally, the system was used to perform fracture monitoring and a comparison of two mines in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. The monitoring results were satisfactory. Thus, the presented system can play a role in seismic-electrical prospecting, and can be applied to actual engineering endeavors quickly and reliably.

The fifth-generation of mobile network (5G) and beyond requires a radio access network (RAN) update in order to cope with the incoming increase of wireless data traffic and new applications. In this context, we propose an efficient optical-wireless architecture applied to the non-standalone (NSA) 5G new radio (NR) framework. Several distinct electrical- and optical-based fronthaul configurations combining free-space optical (FSO), wireless links, and radio over fiber (RoF) techniques were implemented and properly analyzed for selection according to network operator deployment requirements. In addition, visible light communication (VLC) was investigated as a future access network technology when immunity to electromagnetic interference is paramount. Experimental results demonstrated fourth-generation of mobile network (4G) and 5G coexistence at Gbit/s throughput and error vector magnitude (EVM) in accordance with 5G NR Release 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a combination of microwave Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna system and mm-wave antenna array, an integrated design is proposed to provide multi-band, high port isolation, and high gain antenna solution for 4G/5G wireless devices. In this work, an array of tapered slots is used as a decoupling structure at microwave frequency and as an antenna array at mm-wave frequency. The proposed geometry consists of a dual-band monopole MIMO antenna system operating at 4G (2.6 GHz) and 5G (3.5 GHz) sub-6 GHz bands. The wideband port isolation of more than 25 dB is achieved by introducing a tapered slot array structure. One of the key design features is the utilization of these slots as an antenna array with a peak realized gain of 15 dBi at 28 GHz, making this array dual-functional, thus more feasible for compact 4G/5G handheld devices. The proposed design is printed on an RO-5880 substrate with an overall size of 70 mm × 50 mm × 0.51 mm. The measured -10-dB impedance matching bandwidth covers two sub-6 GHz bands (from 2.45 GHz to 2.85 GHz and from 3.18 GHz to 3.68 GHz), and the wide mm-wave band from 25 GHz to 30 GHz.

This article presents a novel dual-band transmission line (TL), consisting of a multibranch stub, which can provide equal unwrapped phases at two different frequencies. The frequency ratio can be close to one without any significant degradation in the device performance. Besides, the bandwidth of the proposed line can be manipulated at both frequencies by adjusting the design parameters. The behavior of the structure over the frequency bands is investigated theoretically, and the design procedure and relations are derived. The simulation and measurement results of a quarter-wavelength open-ended stub and a branch-line coupler (BLC) are presented and compared to verify the performance of the proposed dual-band TL. It is shown that the first structure has a simulated and measured insertion phase of 90° at 2 and 3 GHz. The BLC is designed for 4G and 5G applications with two center frequencies of 3.52 and 4.78 GHz, resulting in a frequency ratio of 1.36. The measured insertion loss values at these frequencies are 3.8 and 3.2 dB, the coupled port loss values are 3.5 and 3.1 dB, and the output phase differences are 91.7° and 92.8°, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of 4G/5G technology and the Internet of Things (IoT), data security and privacy problems are becoming more serious. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), as the main data source of IoT, are an important stage to ensure data availability and data privacy protection. In this paper, a novel deployment algorithm for 3D WSNs based on the Voronoi diagram is proposed. The algorithm uses the characteristics of adjacency and fast partition of the Voronoi diagram to realize fast division of the 3D monitoring area, calculates the center of each Voronoi area as the latest position of node, repeatedly builds the Voronoi diagram to maximize the coverage of the monitoring area, and maximizes the availability and integrity of data. At the same time, the 4G/5G communication technology is used to realize communication between nodes, and data encryption is used to improve data security. An improved algorithm is also proposed to adapt to different deployment conditions. In this paper, data and privacy security are protected from data sources, and the effectiveness of the algorithm is tested by computer simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifth-generation of mobile network (5G) and beyond requires a radio access network (RAN) update in order to cope with the incoming increase of wireless data traffic and new applications. In this context, we propose an efficient optical-wireless architecture applied to the non-standalone (NSA) 5G new radio (NR) framework. Several distinct electrical- and optical-based fronthaul configurations combining free-space optical (FSO), wireless links, and radio over fiber (RoF) techniques were implemented and properly analyzed for selection according to network operator deployment requirements. In addition, visible light communication (VLC) was investigated as a future access network technology when immunity to electromagnetic interference is paramount. Experimental results demonstrated fourth-generation of mobile network (4G) and 5G coexistence at Gbit/s throughput and error vector magnitude (EVM) in accordance with 5G NR Release 15.

In this paper, multiband antennas based on a single ring slot are proposed for 4G/5G smartphone applications. The basic structure of the antenna is consisted of a large metal ground and an unbroken metal rim, in which a single 2 mm-wide ring slots is realized between the metal ground and rim. Here, a reconfigurable 4G antenna (820–960 and 1710–2690 MHz) is initially devised by loading multiple grounded stubs and a simple dc controlling circuit with varactor diode into the upper section of the ring slot. To further cover the sub-6 GHz spectrum (3400–3600 MHz) for future 5G communications, a four-element multi-input multi-output (MIMO) slot antennas configuration is designed by utilizing the lower section of the ring slot. A prototype antenna was fabricated, and good agreement is shown between the measured and simulated results. Due to the advantages such as multiband operation, MIMO configuration for 5G communications, high isolation, and compact structure, the proposed antenna design is attractive for 4G/5G smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is an emerging technology that is introduced to combat the existing limitations in mobile computing such as constrained energy and storage. MCC enables mobile users to perform their tasks in the operator cloud and benefit from the offered services. On the other hand, operators are required to decrease their costs to stay in the competitive market. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the cost of power consumption and increase the profit of 4G/5G network operators delivering MCC services. We propose an online method that is based on dynamic processing of mobile users’ demands based on their power consumption in the cloud, called Dyn-PDPC. In this algorithm, the power consumption of demands is estimated based on event counters, and demands are classified and processed accordingly. Unlike the offline methods, the proposed online method can be implemented with the existing information and there is no need for prior knowledge. We also present an extended version of Dyn-SP algorithm, in which we had an unrealistic assumption about the energy consumption of demands. In Dyn-PDPC, by using control parameters, when the electricity price is low, demands with high power consumption are processed, and then the low power-consumption demands are processed. Similarly, when the electricity price is high, demands with low power consumption are processed at first. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has more accuracy, and more reduction in long-term cost compared to other online methods in MCC networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background A recent study suggested that the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 4G/5G genotype may play a role in the resolution of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) after surgery. In the present study, we investigated the association between PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and the persistence of venous occlusion after acute idiopathic DVT of the lower limb. Methods The PAI-1 4G/5G genotype was determined by real-Time PCR in 43 patients with unprovoked DVT of the lower limb. Residual venous occlusion was assessed by duplex sonography 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after the acute event. The PAI-1 Activity was determined by ELISA. Results Ten patients (23%) were homozygous for 4G (4G/4G), 27 patients (63%) were heterozygous 4G/5G and 6 patients (14%) were homozygous for 5G (5G/5G). Residual venous occlusion (RVO) was found in 77%, 65%, 58%, 56% and 37% of the overall study population, at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after acute DVT, respectively. The presence of residual venous occlusion at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after acute unprovoked DVT did not differ significantly between genotypes, but age was associated with RVO. Plasma levels of PAI-1 activity correlated with body mass index but was not associated with genotypes in our study. Conclusion The PAI-1 4G/5G genotype was not a relevant predictor of persistent residual venous occlusion after idiopathic DVT, which however was associated with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is in the field of public safety communications in mobile broadband 4G/5G networks. The focus is on mobile network operators and their business opportunities in the public safety market. The purpose of this research is to provide a review of ongoing public safety mobile broadband projects in which mobile operators play a key role. In addition, a business model analysis is presented to determine the role of mobile operators in these projects. A comparison of the two key business models is also included to reveal their general characteristics. The research used a qualitative method, an inductive case study. This method was used to draw general conclusions from a small number of case studies based on ongoing public safety mobile broadband projects. The Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart framework and the business model canvas were used to analyse and compare the two key business models discussed. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including company reports, press releases, international events and conferences, and selected interviews with managers in charge. The results show that mobile operators have new business opportunities in the public safety market. Their existing mobile networks can be used for public safety services with certain enhancements. Within existing projects, mobile operators have different business models. The two analysed models were found to require different resources and offer different business opportunities for mobile operators. Procurement authorities responsible for selecting business models are encouraged to pay attention to the choice of model based on, for example, strategic objectives. Very little research has been done on the business opportunities of mobile operators in the public safety market. In this area, this study lays the groundwork for new research. Procurement authorities can use the results when deciding on the business model. Mobile operators can benefit from these results by better understanding their own roles in public safety projects and when assessing the business opportunities of a particular project. • MNOs have new business opportunities in the public safety market. • There are different business models for MNOs in existing public safety projects. • No business model has achieved a dominant position in public safety projects. • Two analysed business models are the single-actor and the multi-actor shared-network models. • The suitability of the business models depends on the MNO's business strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G gene polymorphism and immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) risk is still controversial. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and IgAN susceptibility. A predefined literature search and selection of eligible relevant studies were performed to collect data from electronic database. Four articles were identified for the analysis of association between PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism and IgAN risk. 4G allele was not associated with IgAN susceptibility in overall populations and in Asians. Furthermore, 4G/4G and 5G/5G genotype were not associated with IgAN for overall populations, Asians. In conclusion, PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism was not associated with IgAN risk in overall populations and in Asians. However, more studies should be performed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels are associated with venous thromboembolism, although their significance is unclear. PAI-1 levels are influenced by a PAI-1 promoter dimorphism (4G/5G), the 4G allele being associated with increased PAI-1 activity. We investigated whether the 4G allele influenced thrombotic risk by studying 99 symptomatic factor V (FV) Leiden heterozygotes and 99 healthy subjects. The 4G allele was more prevalent among cases than among healthy subjects (χ2 = 8·00, P = 0·005) and the odds ratio (OR) for thrombosis associated with either heterozygosity or homozygosity for the 4G allele was 2·43 (P = 0·011). We conclude that carriership of the 4G allele was more prevalent in patients who already carried factor V Leiden than in control subjects without factor V Leiden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in the ABCC6 gene. The phenotypic spectrum of PXE is highly variable and includes principally three major features: skin lesions, eye and vascular manifestations, while brain manifestations are less common. To date about 400 different PXE associated variants in ABCC6 gene are described without any evident genotype-phenotype correlation. Herein, we report the clinical and molecular findings of a large PXE family with clinical and genetic intra-familial variability with significant cerebrovascular involvement.Methods: The analysis of the ABCC6 gene was performed in the proband and her familiars for the definition of genetic background. Then, in order to determine why some affected individuals had more prominent brain involvement, we investigated classic thrombophilic gene variants.Results: Molecular findings disclosed two different ABCC6 mutations, i.e., the recurrent p.(Arg518Gln) and the novel p.(Val1285Met) missense substitution responsible of a pseudo-dominant inheritance. The study of thrombophilic gene variants revealed the presence of 4G/4G SERPINE1 genotype in the proband and in her father, which both developed ischemic stroke. The proband carried also the C677T variant the MTHFR gene.Conclusion: We argue, for the first time, that the 4G/4G SERPINE1 genotype could represent an additional risk factor in PXE for developing ischemic stroke, which adds up to the already known predisposing conditions. Therapeutic implications are discussed, we also advise that PXE patients should be adequately screened for cerebral vasculopathy, even more if familial history is suggestive of brain complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact antenna with a 6 mm ground clearance for 4G and 5G metal frame mobile phones is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna consists of a coupled line, a ground branch, a monopole branch, and a tuning line. The ground branch and the coupled line are used to obtain the lower band (698–960 MHz), the monopole branch is used to improve the match at the lower band and obtain the higher band (1710–2690, 3400–3800 MHz), and the tuning line is used to improve the match at the higher band. The novelty of the proposed antenna is that more modes are excited and work together to obtain multiple working bands, by using the coupled line and the folded branches with the help of the tuning line, and then nine bands are obtained under the conditions of a 6 mm, only, ground clearance and a metal frame environment. A prototype has been fabricated and measured. The measured −6 dB impedance bandwidths are 345 MHz (0.685–1.03 GHz) and 2.16 GHz (1.67–3.83 GHz) at the lower and higher bands, respectively. The LTE700, GSM850, GSM900, DCS, PCS, UMTS, LTE2300, and LTE2500 bands for 2G, 3G, 4G, and the 3.5 GHz band that is possible for 5G are covered. The measured efficiencies and patterns are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]