Search

This work discusses a novel approach to a simulation-based cell selection that does not depend on static counts of cells or simplified models used in the cell selection process. The proposed method of cell selection uses advanced simulation to analyse the actual conditions and dynamically select the optimal cell to better suit the real conditions of the network and preference of the client. This research makes important theoretical and practical contributions that increase any simulation's performance and reliability aspects. The simulations conducted in the study demonstrate several major advantages. The method results in substantially lower call drops and higher throughputs of data. The outcome of the study is an adaptive and inherently interactive method that can be used in a plurality of networking circumstances, from 4 to 5G networks. The work more than adequately addresses the issue of cell selection and connecting, and improves the reliability and efficiency of any network that uses this method. This product can be easily implemented and can be used by network developers to ameliorate their networks' performance. The work's main theoretical contribution is the fact that optimal methods are made that undoubtedly make a simulation a more efficient phenomenon and that the components would interact more effectively together. Article Highlights: Dynamic cell selection improves performance, reducing call drops and enhancing throughput. Simulation framework adapts to real-time conditions, offering flexibility for 4G and 5G networks. Scalable method provides valuable insights for optimizing cellular network efficiency and QoS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyzed Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) performance in the context of modern wireless cellular communications under various channel conditions. We examined different path loss models and multipath fading effects to evaluate the Bit Error Rate (BER) of NOMA. Additionally, this study was tailored for wireless communications involving multiple users in Rayleigh, Rician, AWGN, and Nakagami fading channels, all of which were considered within the framework of NOMA. To establish connections, ensure equitable user treatment, and achieve efficient spectrum utilization for multiple users across diverse channel scenarios, the Base Station (BS) adopted the NOMA technique. Furthermore, the BS employed a power allocation strategy to distribute available power among users based on their respective Power Allocation Factors (PAFs). This approach allowed users to simultaneously communicate with the BS within the same frequency range in the power domain. For users with lower PAFs, we utilized sequential interference cancellation to mitigate strong signals from other users. We validated our performance analysis using Monte-Carlo simulations, which closely aligned with the theoretical analysis. Our simulated results demonstrated that NOMA outperformed traditional Orthogonal Multiple Access (OMA) in most cases, especially in channels with various multipath fading conditions. Moreover, we observed that the effectiveness of NOMA hinged on the selection of power allocation and user pairing schemes. According to our study, NOMA exhibits significant potential to enhance the Spectral Efficiency (SE) and capacity of wireless networks in the future. We evaluated the accuracy of predicting received signal strength using various path loss models, including free space path loss, Log-normal path loss distribution, Shadowing path loss distribution, and Logdistance path loss model. In contrast to 4G networks, which are primarily affected by distancedependent path loss, 5G and beyond networks experience more significant fading effects due to their reliance on higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automating performance improvement in 4G cellular networks is a challenging research area due to existing limitations in artificial intelligence and machine learning applications. This study addresses these challenges by developing a data analysis model using Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to predict Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and automate performance assessments. Data was analyzed from 1600 new sites of a mobile operator in Indonesia, collected from July 2023 to January 2024. The methodology follows Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) for data mining and applying HMMs to forecast KPIs such as eRAB Drop Rate and Setup Success Rate. The model achieved a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.005 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.069 for eRAB Drop Rate, with an F1 Score reaching up to 99.76%. The performance of the model improves with an increasing number of observation states, particularly for Inter Frequency Handover Success Rate (HOSR) and RRC Connection Setup Success Rate. Despite strong performance, there is potential for further enhancement, especially for KPIs with high variability like Intra Frequency HOSR. This research demonstrates that HMMs are effective in predicting KPIs with high accuracy, rather than traditional time-series models. The results align with recent studies and suggest that combining HMMs with techniques such as LSTM or Random Forests could improve predictive accuracy. These methods are also applicable to another technology, especially 5G networks, offering valuable insights for more effective network management and performance optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This research work presents a miniaturized enhanced angular and polarization stability frequency selective surface (FSS) structure at 660 MHz for electromagnetic (EM) shielding of 4G LTE networks. The vias and spiral‐shaped subunit cells are combined to extend the electrical path length corresponding to the lower resonant frequency. The symmetric structure is considered to improve polarization and angular stability. Two symmetric metallic layers are etched on both sides of the FR4 substrate with thickness h=1.6mm and relative permittivity εr=4.4. Four steps are adopted to improve miniaturization and stability (angular and polarization). The dimension of the unit cell is 0.016λ02. The figure of merit is also improved to λ0P=59.49, where λ0 is the largest free space wavelength and P is the periodicity of the proposed structure. The proposed band‐stop FSS is more angularly stable as a figure of merit for various incidence angles under transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations. Simulation and measurement have been done to confirm the polarization insensitivity and maximum angular stability of 80°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems of low target detection accuracy and high leakage rate of the current traditional weld surface defect detection methods and existing detection models, an improved YOLOv7 pipeline weld surface defect detection model is proposed to improve detection results. In the improved model, a Le-HorBlock module is designed, and it is introduced into the back of fourth CBS module of the backbone network, which preserves the characteristics of high-order information by realizing second-order spatial interaction, thus enhancing the ability of the network to extract features in weld defect images. The coordinate attention (CoordAtt) block is introduced to enhance the representation ability of target features, suppress interference. The CIoU loss function in YOLOv7 network model is replaced by the SIoU, so as to optimize the loss function, reduce the freedom of the loss function, and accelerate convergence. And a new large-scale pipeline weld surface defect dataset containing 2000 images of pipeline welds with weld defects is used in the proposed model. In the experimental comparison, the improved YOLOv7 network model has greatly improved the missed detection rate compared with the original network. The experimental results show that the improved YOLOv7 network model mAP@80.5 can reach 78.6%, which is 15.9% higher than the original model, and the detection effect is better than the original network and other classical target detection networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current communication era, 2G voice services coexist with higher generation mobile network voice services like Voice over Long Term Evolution (VoLTE) in 4G and Voice over New Radio (VoNR) in 5G. Subscribers registered in the 5G network, but their voice option is in 4G so voice calls can be handled through the Evolved Packet System (EPS) Fallback or Radio access technology (RAT) Fallback. Similarly, subscribers register in a 4G network, but their voice option is in 3G or 2G so voice calls can be handled through Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB). To provide uninterrupted voice service in such wireless networks usually handoff calls (HCs) receive higher priority than new calls (NCs). So, some guard radio resources (i.e., channels in 2G or RBs in 4G or 5G) may be reserved in each cell to handle this type of HCs. If more channels are reserved for HCs, then the handoff call-dropping probability (HCDP) will be decreased and at that time the new call-blocking probability (NCBP) will be increased. So, by considering the target HCDP if channels are reserved for HC, then HCDP will remain below the target and NCBP will be minimum. In this paper first, we proposed an optimal channel reservation (OCR) policy that reserves guard channels according to the given target HCDP. Second, we compared our OCR policy with fractional channel (FC), limited fractional channel (LFC), and uniform fractional channel (UFC) policies. Finally, we observed the performance of all these policies considering the Global System for the Mobile Communication (GSM) network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the evaluation of the degradation of emotional expression in speech generated by a wireless telephone network. Two assessment approaches emerged: an objective one, deploying convolutional neural networks (CNNs) fed with spectrograms across three scales (Linear, Logarithmic, Mel), and a subjective method grounded in human perception. The study gathered expressive phrases in two different languages: from novice Arabic and proficient German speakers. These utterances underwent transmission on a real 4G network a rarity, as usual focus lies on bandwidth (BW) reduction or compression. Our innovation lies in utilizing the complete 4G infrastructure, accounting for all possible impairments. The results obtained indeed reveal a significant impact of transmission via the real 4G network on emotion recognition. Prior to transmission, the highest recognition rates, measured by the objective method using the Mel frequency scale, were 76% for Arabic and 91% for German. After transmission, these rates significantly decreased, reaching 70% for Arabic and 82% for German (a degradation of 6% and 9%), respectively. As for the subjective method, the recognition rates were 75% for Arabic and 70% for German before transmission and dropped to 67% for Arabic and 68% for German after transmission (a degradation of 8% and 2%). Our results were also compared to those found in the literature that used the same database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous deployment has been practiced for many years by companies developing web‐ and cloud‐based applications. To succeed with continuous deployment, these companies have a strong collaboration culture between the operations and development teams. In addition, these companies use AI, analytics, and big data to assist with time‐consuming postdeployment activities such as continuous monitoring and fault identification. Thus, the term AIOps has evolved to highlight the importance and difficulty of maintaining highly available applications in a complex and dynamic environment. In contrast, software‐intensive embedded systems often provide customer product‐related services, such as maintenance, optimization, and support. These services are critical for these companies as they provide significant revenue and increase customer satisfaction. Therefore, the objective of our study is to gain an in‐depth understanding of the impact of continuous deployment on product‐related services provided by software‐intensive embedded systems companies. In addition, we aim to understand how AIOps can support continuous deployment in the context of software‐intensive embedded systems. To address this objective, we conducted a case study at a large and multinational telecommunications systems provider focusing on the radio access network (RAN) systems for 4G and 5G networks. The company provides RAN products and three complementing services: rollout, optimization, and customer support. The results from the case study show that the boundaries between product‐related services become blurry with continuous deployment. In addition, product‐related services, which were conducted in sequence by independent projects, converge with continuous deployment and become part of the same project. Further, AIOps platforms play an important role in reducing costs and increasing postdeployment activities' efficiency and speed. These results show that continuous deployment has a profound impact on the software‐intensive system's provider service organization. The service organization becomes the connection between the R&D organization and the customer. In order to cope with the increased speed of releases, deployment and postdeployment activities need to be largely automated. AIOps platforms are seen as a critical enabler in managing the increasing complexity without increasing human involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Propagation characteristics of millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies that are being explored for implementing 5G network are quite different from sub 3GHz frequencies in which 4G network is operating, and hence antenna design for mmW 5G network is going to be significantly different. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth the unique challenges and opportunities of planar antenna design for mmW 5G network. Design/methodology/approach: A lot of notable contemporary work has been investigated for this study and reported in this paper. A comparison of 4G and 5G technologies has been carried out to understand the difference between the air interface of two technologies that governs the antenna design. Important research gaps found after collating the work already done in the field have been bullet pointed for the use by many researchers working in this direction. Findings: Several antenna design considerations have been laid out by the authors of this work, and it has been claimed that mmW 5G antenna design must satisfy these design considerations. In addition, prominent research gaps have been identified and thoroughly discussed. Originality/value: As research in the field of mmW antenna design for 5G applications is still evolving, a lot of work is currently being done in this area. This study can prove to be important in understanding different challenges, opportunities and current state-of-art in the field of mmW planar antenna design for 5G cellular communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the widespread adoption of 5G telecommunication networks, to reduce construction costs, it has become necessary to add new equipment or antennas to existing 4G and 3G telecommunication towers. This significantly changes the original aerodynamic shape of the towers, leading to a substantial increase in the wind load, which may exceed the original structure's bearing capacity and pose a threat to the structure's safety. This study employed three-dimensional numerical simulation methods to systematically investigate the impact of various antenna arrangement parameters, such as the arrangement number, arrangement form, and arrangement layers, on the wind load characteristics of telecommunication towers. The findings revealed that the antenna arrangement form significantly affects the sensitivity of the telecommunication tower's wind load to the wind direction, with more uniform antenna arrangements resulting in less sensitivity. Compared to the drag coefficient and the windward base overturning moment coefficient, the tower's lateral force coefficient and the crosswind base overturning moment coefficient are more sensitive to changes in the wind direction. The change patterns in the tower's overturning force coefficient and overturning moment coefficient with the antenna arrangement number are essentially the same. However, as the antenna arrangement number increases, the growth rate of the tower's overturning moment coefficient is about twice that of the overturning force coefficient. The tower's overturning force coefficient increases approximately linearly with the increase in antenna arrangement layers, while the tower's overturning moment coefficient exhibits a nonlinear increase with the increase in antenna arrangement layers. The rate of increase in the wind load with the antenna arrangement layers is significantly greater than that with the antenna arrangement number. Thus, to reduce wind load, it is advisable in practical engineering applications to increase the antenna arrangement number per layer, thereby reducing the antenna arrangement layers. The study also summarized a calculation method for the structural wind load of telecommunication towers, taking into account the influence of antenna arrangement parameters, providing a reliable basis for the structural design and safety assessment of telecommunication towers in practical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The security context, generally stored in the universal subscriber identity module card or the baseband chip, is the critical information applied by the subscriber to access the 5G network during the fast authentication procedure. Once exposed or illegally used, the security context can be exploited to derive various keys for authentication and encryption. Despite its importance, challenges and questions still remain in the previous relevant research. To fill this gap, by adopting the security protocol verification tool ProVerif, we provide a comprehensive formal model of the fast authentication procedure based on the security context to analyze whether security goals can be met. Unfortunately, we uncover two vulnerabilities, including one never reported before. Our analysis shows that these vulnerabilities stem from fundamental design flaws in the cellular network protocol and thus apply to the 4G network. These vulnerabilities could be exploited to launch several attacks, including impersonation and eavesdropping. We have validated these attacks using 5 mobile phones from 5 different baseband manufacturers through experimentation in three mobile carriers. We find an insecure implementation of one of these phones, which exposed it to replay attacks. And we further discuss the security threats posed by the impersonation attack, such as location spoofing and one-tap authentication bypass, which is verified on 10 popular apps. We finally propose several countermeasures to eliminate these security issues. Actually, we have reported the novel vulnerability to the GSM Association and received a confirmation in the form of a coordinated vulnerability disclosure (CVD) number CVD-2022-0057. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G cellular networks are already more than six times faster than 4G networks, and their packet loss rate, especially in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), can reach 0.5% in many cases, such as when there is high-speed movement or obstacles nearby. In such high bandwidth and high packet loss network environments, traditional congestion control algorithms, such as CUBIC and bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time (BBR), have been unable to balance flow fairness and high performance, and their flow rate often takes a long time to converge. We propose a congestion control algorithm based on bottleneck routing feedback using an in-network control mode called bottleneck routing feedback (BRF). We use SDN technology (OpenFlow protocol) to collect network bandwidth information, and BRF controls the data transmission rate of the sender. By adding the bandwidth information of the bottleneck in the option field in the ACK packet, considering the flow fairness and the flow convergence rate, a bandwidth allocation scheme compatible with multiple congestion control algorithms is proposed to ensure the fairness of all flows and make them converge faster. The performance of BRF is evaluated via Mininet. The experimental results show that BRF provides higher bandwidth utilization, faster convergence rate, and fairer bandwidth allocation than existing congestion control algorithms in 5G cellular networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the topic of Fair Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) licensing for Standard-Essential Patents (SEPs) in the communications technology industry. It discusses the establishment of market-based royalty rates through bilateral negotiations and patent pooling, resulting in royalties paid for SEP licensing being around five percent of mobile phone product revenues. The article also examines proposed legislation in the EU and the US regarding the determination of aggregate royalty rates and FRAND rates for SEPs. It highlights concerns about the quality and consistency of rate setting, the voluntary participation of SEP holders, and potential anticompetitive effects. The article concludes by discussing the challenges of setting fair and reasonable royalty rates, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of factors such as cross-licensing and non-discriminatory variations in rates among licensees. [Extracted from the article]

The network organization of the systems of economic entities, which are distributed remotely over large territories, require the creation of high-quality communications for them. The purpose of present work was to demonstrate the possibility of using the latest means of communication based on Long-Term Evolution and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output technologies (LTE- and MIMO-technologies) in 3G and 4G networks to solve contemporary tasks of organizing of high-quality mobile communication in some places of the territory of Ukraine for the works that need biological and medical information in rarely settled, remote regions. The publication provides the author's data on the practical organization of communication in rural areas and considers the following issues. 1- Determination of spatial parameters of the LTE standard network. 2- Preparation of a map of the area. 3- Choosing an LTE network planning option. 4- Principles of construction and operation of LTE networks. 5- P-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) functions. 6- MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 7- Functions of PCRF. MME (Mobility Management Entity) functions. 8- Functions of PCRF. 9- Peculiarities of using upper and lower frequencies for LTE. 10- Application of MIMO technology in LTE. 11- Application of MIMO technology in 3G and 4G networks. The results of the performed works can be applied for the networked structures development for the use in domestic economy, agriculture, for the science branches like biology, nature protection, and for information systems for such branches. In the result of the work done the type of antenna, other equipment were suggested; they should be used to strengthen 3G and 4G Long-Term Evolution communication in such conditions, as well as suitable 4G antenna for modem or router. Obtained results are suitable for providing of the work of information systems in agriculture, ecological monitoring, other areas of activities, based on biological and medical information; they all need quick data exchange as well as for scientific centers, other settlements, for which such communication possibilities primarily were developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of the signal received at any location in communication channel depends on the degree of losses and attenuation experience along its path. The existing models are not suitable for 5G network propagation due to heavy channel interference and signal loss applicable at millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The issues of Path Loss (PL) and signal interference in 5G New Radio (NR) network needs special attention. It is expected that 5G NR and 4G LTE-A networks will coexist for a very long time using the existing infrastructure. Hence, it is important to develop a good model to mitigate signal attenuation and co-channel interference that comes with the deployment of the 5G NR network. The existing models and measured data were compared to find out the closest model to the measured value. This paper proposed a modify Okumura-Hata (Ok-Hata) model for signal propagation in new 5G network. Also, an improved Autoregressive Particle Swarm Intelligent (APSI) algorithm was presented to enhance the proposed model for better performance. The modified Ok-Hata model outperformed all the existing models. The modified model has the potential to mitigate the effect of interference in 5G NR at 3.5 GHz frequency. The proposed new model has the capacity to solve some network issues such as; path loss, co-channel interference in 5G network. The result shows that there was no signal interference between the existing, and modified models. The result also shows that enhanced APSI is suitable for 5G NR network planning in Abuja, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some areas the distribution of telecommunications networks is not evenly distributed, one example is in the city of Ternate. Several areas in the city of Ternate. The purpose of this study is to determine the quality of the 4G LTE network from providers in the city of Ternate, namely (Telkomsel and Indosat) using the G-Nettrack Pro application, the parameters measured are rsrp or network strength, The method used in this study is the drive test, The results showed that the RSRP distribution of Telkomsel operators in Sasa Village had a percentage of 43.05% with a sample of 155. Meanwhile, Indosat operators had a percentage of 34.83% with a sample of 117, the RSRP distribution of Telkomsel operators in Gambesi Village had a percentage of 42.02% with a sample of 133. While Indosat Operators have a percentage of 24.64% with a sample of 70, RSRP Distribution of Telkomsel Operators in the Stadium Village has a percentage of 64.29% with a sample of 117. Meanwhile, Indosat Operators have a percentage of 53.05% with a sample of 87, Distribution of RSRP Telkomsel Operators in Kelurahan Stadiums have a percentage of 57.76% with a sample of 145. Meanwhile, Indosat Operators have a percentage of 37.18% with a sample of 87. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing number of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) requires appropriate electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) for charging coordination to maintain grid stability and enhance PEV user convenience. As such, the widespread adoption of electric mobility can be successful. EVGI is facilitated through charging stations and empowers PEV users to manage their charging demand by using smart charging solutions. This makes PEV grids assets that provide flexibility to the power grid. The Internet of Things (IoT) feature can make smooth EVGI possible through a supporting communication infrastructure. In this regard, the selection of an appropriate communication protocol is essential for the successful implementation of EVGI. This study assesses the efficacy of the UK's 4G network with TCP and 4G UDP protocols for potential EVGI operations. For this, an EVGI emulation test bed is developed, featuring three charging parking lots with the capacity to accommodate up to 64 PEVs. The network's performance is assessed in terms of data packet loss (e.g., the data-exchange capability between EVGI entities) and latency metrics. The findings reveal that while 4G TCP often outperforms 4G UDP, both achieve latencies of less than 1 s with confidence intervals of 90% or greater for single PEV cases. However, it is observed that the high penetration of PEVs introduces a pronounced latency due to queuing delays in the network including routers and the base station servers, highlighting the challenges associated with maintaining efficient EVGI coordination, which in turn affects the efficient use of grid assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathloss is a key element that causes signal deterioration in the channel as the signal power reduces inversely with propagation distance, this deterioration experienced by the channel is majorly as a result of reflection, absorption, and scattering of the signal. This study however takes into consideration the radio path loss for precise base station (BS), frequency, and power adjustment prediction evaluated over a frequency of 2.3 GHz. With a distance range between 0.1 and 1.5 km for collection of data on the measured received signal strength (MRSS), five empirical models and a modified model were used to validate the measured data to determine their suitability for pathloss prediction at Federal University of Technology, Owerri (FUTO), Imo state, Nigeria. The results shows that the root mean square error (RMSE) for the Okumura-Hata, COST 231-Hata, Ericsson model, Lee, Stanford University Interim (SUI), ECC-33, and modified models are 14.33, 9.73, 25.79, 48.4, 33.76, and 8.31 dB respectively. Additionally, the Ericsson model provided 0.498 dB, the COST 231-Hata recorded 0.733 dB, and the modified model provided 0.453 dB for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Therefore, the improved model produces the best results, consequently, be deployed to approximately predict path loss for mobile radio coverage in Owerri, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's growing population increasingly relies on 4G networks, presenting challenges for the Ministry managing mobile broadband adoption. There are severe data network congestion problems in metropolitan areas, particularly Jakarta, Indonesia's capital city. Urgent action is required to address infrastructure and capacity limitations and maintain reliable connectivity. Carrier aggregation (CA) may alleviate bottlenecks by giving users higher bandwidth, throughput, and data rates. This research examined the techno-economic aspects of using 2.1 GHz CA versus non-CA in an urban region of North Jakarta. CA required fewer eNodeB and performed better on key performance indicators like received signal power, signal-to-noise ratio, and throughput. Cellular operators also saw faster investment returns with CA. CA's performance and economic benefits make it a promising solution for Indonesia's 4G network congestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the large amount of data generated by society has led to a dependency on data analysis and visualisation tools. Therefore, the objective of this research was to implement a cloud-based tool to improve the visualisation of data obtained from 4G network simulation on smart meters. Two stages were carried out in order to analyse and process the data using a cloud-based tool to support data visualisation and to understand and facilitate effective decision-making. This resulted in a remarkable 27.39% increase in average data quality, thanks to the authenticity and reliability of the data obtained through the 4G LTE network on smart meters. It also had a significant impact on the percentage of data read and displayed, with an increase of 63.70%. Finally, the percentage of useful data when applying the tool in the cloud also increased by 47.30%. This allows end users to visualise and understand the behaviour of electricity meters with an LTE network through a customised dashboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks, especially 4G LTE technology, have revolutionized the way we communicate and access information (Dike & Iddy, 2023). The performance and reliability of these networks, specific to the network operator in this study, are critical factors in ensuring a seamless user experience. However, the understanding of network behavior in urban environments, characterized by high population densities and diverse mobility patterns, remains a challenging task. This paper presents a dataset comprising 4G LTE user equipment measurements collected along Sabon-Gari Market, located in Kano, Nigeria, using a major 4G LTE network operator. The dataset is the result of a comprehensive data collection effort aimed at understanding wireless connectivity and network performance within this urban market environment. The primary objective is to share and make available this dataset to the research community, fostering further investigations and advancements in the field of mobile communication technologies. The work undertook an extensive data collection campaign in Sabon-Gari Market using a major 4G LTE network operator. The G-NetTrack Pro Android application was utilized to capture user equipment measurements during a three-week period, encompassing both morning and evening periods. The aim is to provide valuable insights into the wireless connectivity and network performance characteristics of Sabon-Gari Market using a major 4G LTE network operator. Researchers and practitioners can leverage this dataset to analyze network behavior, study mobility patterns, investigate the impact of various factors on network performance, and develop innovative solutions to enhance wireless communication technologies in similar urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing electromagnetic waves in mobile communication networks has increased the level of human exposure to electromagnetic fields that may result in concerns about health hazards associated involves the soaking up of cellular phone electromagnetic energy. The human body is penetrated by the electromagnetic fields that emit from a cell phone. The specific absorption rate (SAR) that is generated in the human head and body layers usually expresses the thermal effect on human tissue. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the thermal effects of the electromagnetic field induced inside the human head and body through the construction of a simplified model for both. The RF-source and human body models are built by using the ANSYS high-frequency structural simulator (HFSS). A planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) will use to assign SAR values to different body tissues for the fourth generation (4G) of mobile phone communication at an operational frequency of 2.6 GHz and power radiated of 125 mW. The model is simulated and analyzed to evaluate the SAR induced at different human tissues depending on the source-to-antenna distance and its generated values must not exceed the safe limits for harmful thermal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gain a deeper understanding of the hotly contested topic of the non-thermal biological effects of microwaves, new metrics and methodologies need to be adopted. The direction proposed in the current work, which includes peak exposure analysis and not just time-averaged analysis, aligns well with this objective. The proposed methodology is not intended to facilitate a comparison of the general characteristics between 4G and 5G mobile communication signals. Instead, its purpose is to provide a means for analyzing specific real-life exposure conditions that may vary based on multiple parameters. A differentiation based on amplitude-time features of the 4G versus 5G signals is followed, with the aim of describing the peculiarities of a user's exposure when he runs four types of mobile applications on his mobile phone on either of the two mobile networks. To achieve the goals, we used signal and spectrum analyzers with adequate real-time analysis bandwidths and statistical descriptions provided by the amplitude probability density (APD) function, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), channel power measurements, and recorded spectrogram databases. We compared the exposimetric descriptors of emissions specific to file download, file upload, Internet video streaming, and video call usage in both 4G and 5G networks based on the specific modulation and coding schemes. The highest and lowest electric field strengths measured in the air at a 10 cm distance from the phone during emissions are indicated. The power distribution functions with the highest prevalence are highlighted and commented on. Afterwards, the capability of a convolutional neural network that belongs to the family of single-shot detectors is proven to recognize and classify the emissions with a very high degree of accuracy, enabling traceability of the dynamics of human exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logistics audit is an effective instrument for assessing logistics performance and identifying potential problems. The fourth party logistics firm (4PL) deputes the client's logistics delivery tasks to the third party logistics firm (3PL). To improve the service quality of the 3PL, we investigate the optimal contracting problem of the 4PL with logistics audits and examine the effect of the audit instrument. We model the issue with and without audit in the menu of contracts, and the cooperative bargaining contract. By comparing the optimal contract with and without audit, we find that the audit contract improves the service quality, and can reduce the information rent of the 4PL. The numerical results show that the audit contract yields higher expected profits to the 4PL when the rectification cost is lower. The proposed model can provide a potentially useful tool to help the 4PL manager decide on designing the optimal contract for controlling the logistics service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network simulator (ns-3) is a reputed simulation platform for performance evaluation of cellular networks. In this work, we explore the use of ns-3 for tracking of successful handovers (HO) and handover failures and consequent impact on 4G LTE network throughput with the aim of discovering new analytical relations about HOs and new methods to optimize the resulting throughput. Decreased cell sizes in newer generation networks lead to increasing number of handovers and handover failures that have significant impact. We begin by reviewing analytical models in the literature that aim to predict number of HO and HO failures in terms of HO control and network parameters. We initially conduct a suite of exhaustive validation studies of such analytical models, based on the simulation execution manager (SEM) for ns-3 for parallelization. Via this, we discover new causal relations relating HO failures and choice of HO control parameters on network throughput. Based on these initial results, we next evaluate the application of Gaussian process regression for prediction of instantaneous network throughput and bandit algorithms as an effective mechanism to optimize throughput over time. The new relations discovered help better understand the impact of input handover control parameters on the number of handovers and handover failures allowing us to fine tune them. The new optimization and prediction methods discovered give good gains over baseline algorithms and help accurately predict throughput respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional yield monitoring in breeding plots is manually conducted, which is labour-intensive and inefficient. To address this issue, a harvester-borne yield monitoring system that collects yield information during the harvesting in plots was designed. The system consists of a host computer and a slave computer. The slave computer used weight and moisture sensors to collect yield information of crops. The host computer used LabVIEW software to design a data management platform that displays and saves yield information and draws yield distribution maps for data visualization. The host and slave computers communicate data through 4G networks. By designing anti-interference measures, the dynamic experimental results showed that the maximum relative errors between the measured weight and moisture content by the system were 1.330% and 2.800%, which met the accuracy requirements of yield testing in plot breeding. The results indicated that the structure of the system is reasonable and can provide reliable yield monitoring tools for researchers in breeding plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an upsurge of data by global brands to interact/reach prospective clients, the birth of the Internet has today bridged the information gap. Usability is a webometric feature that seeks to ascertain the experience and convenience level of users who interact with a web-based system. It solicits user perception about a digital product and scores vital aspects therein, based on certain criteria. With the website as the digital product of choice, it will seek to score the design and architecture. Thus, the website's deployment must change, reshape and refocus a user's image while satisfying the user's search quest for data about the institution. Our study is an investigation of website usability based on some criteria that describes usability of academic websites with a focus on the Dennis Osadebay University Anwai-Asaba, Nigeria. Result shows the strengths and weaknesses (problems cum prospects) of the websites in relation to redesigning and improving the university website. Its major strength is in its content and architecture; While, the site struggled to ensure effective search, navigation, design and others. Findings suggest that the FUPRE websites is lacking in various usability areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design for sub-6 GHz applications, featuring a unique combination of antenna elements and control mechanisms. The antenna is composed of an outer split-ring resonator loaded with an inner spiral resonator, which can be adjusted through the remote control of PIN diode or Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT) switches. The compact antenna, measuring 22 × 16 × 1.6 mm3, operates in broadband, or tri-band mode depending on the ON/OFF states of switches. The frequency reconfigurability is achieved using two BAR64−02V PIN diodes or two CG2415M6 SPDT switches acting as RF switches. SPDT switches are controlled remotely via Arduino unit. Additionally, the antenna demonstrates an omni-directional radiation pattern, making it suitable for wireless communication systems. Experimental results on an FR-4 substrate validate the numerical calculations, confirming the antenna's performance and superiority over existing alternatives in terms of compactness, wide operating frequency range, and cost-effectiveness. The proposed design holds significant potential for applications in Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac), Bluetooth (5 GHz), ISM (5 GHz), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), wireless backhaul (4G and 5G networks), WLAN (IEEE 802.11 a/n/ac/ax), 5G NR n1 band, and Wi-Fi access points due to its small size and easy control mechanism. The antenna can be integrated into various devices, including access points, gateways, smartphones, and IoT kits. This novel frequency reconfigurable antenna design presents a valuable contribution to the field, paving the way for further advancements in wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-Generation (5G) cellular networks target substantial gains over 4G networks to meet the increasing data rate, capacity and low-latency demands of emerging mobile applications. This research investigates the potential of largescale antenna system architectures named Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) to enhance the spectral efficiency and reliability of 5G new radio (NR) wireless access. Comprehensive system-level modeling and simulations quantify the throughput, capacity and transmit power savings realizable under various realistic propagation environments. Results demonstrate significant performance gains over contemporary network configurations, supporting Massive MIMO as a key enabler on the road to 5G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the range of customers in cellular era will increase at a geometrical rate, the call for and complexity of the provider is rising, making sure within side they want for cellular operators to shift the provider using difficulty to their core technology with the intention to switch extra information with excessive speed. The 5G cell networks is that the consequences of this paradigm shift and is currently being deployed in advanced nations regardless of the reality that they may be capable of put in force 6G cell networks. However, maximum of the growing nations in addition to Bangladesh (Middle-earnings country) are, or will be, the usage of 3G or 4G cellular networks very lately for which the general position is not but complete. In this study, we are now exploring how a lot emphasis can be positioned on setting up the 5G cell networks in Bangladesh in addition to health effect of 4G and upcoming 5G cellular networks. We first take note of display that there may be capability for tackling foremost technological demanding situations in Bangladesh while putting in place the 5G cellular networks. The numerous protection factors of 5G cellular networks were provided that is an ongoing hassle and Bangladesh goes to technologically ready to deal with many protection issues of it. At the same time, it has been proven that the context of the usage of 5G networks in Bangladesh is relevant at present. As a result, putting in place the 5G networks in Bangladesh will take now not than expected. Finally, the outcomes of the usage of 4G, 5G cellular networks on human health had been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of signal at a particular location is essential to determine the performance of mobile system. The problem of poor network in Lagos, Nigeria needs to be addressed especially now that the attention is toward online learning and meetings. Existing empirical Path Loss (PL) models designed elsewhere are not appropriate for predicting the 4G Long-Term Evolution (LTE) signal in Nigeria. This research developed a modified Okumura-Hata model in 4G network. The Okumura-Hata model being the closest to the measured values was modified using the PL exponent. The modified model was enhanced by Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The measured data, modified and existing models were simulated using MATLAB R2018a software. Root Mean Square (RMSE) was used to evaluate the performance modified and existing and models. The result showed that Enhanced GSA model outperformed the existing models. The study successfully developed a modified PL model for LTE in Lagos, Nigeria. Therefore, modified model will be a good model in network planning for voice and fast online data connection in 4G LTE network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud gaming is a relatively new trend in gameplay nowadays. It sends the user's actions to the gaming server through the internet. having the data and computation of game software processed in the cloud server. and then sending the gaming screen to the user's computer. The advantage of such a method is that it prevents users from wasting money on unneeded hardware upgrades. The same game can run on many platforms simultaneously. decreasing hardware requirements. The 5G mobile network is becoming increasingly popular: it offers a better environment than the 4G mobile network. 10 to 100 times quicker internet speed, and reduced network energy usage. making cloud gaming a more delightful experience. However, safe data access in the cloud remains a primary priority in such a system. This paper proposes a robust system allowing users to access the game securely and authentically through cloud space. In addition. to defend against specific network assaults. we employ an intrusion prevention system. Our system is implemented in an ideal simulation scenario to demonstrate the functional advantages that improve the next-generation gaming experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-device communication offers a promising technology for the 5G network that aims to enhance the data rate, reduce latency and cost, improve energy efficiency, and provide other desired features. The 5G heterogeneous network (5GHN) with a decoupled association strategy of downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) is a promising solution for the challenges faced in the 4G heterogeneous network (4GHN). The research presented in this paper evaluates the performance of the 4GHN as well as a DL-and-UL-coupled (DU-CP) access scheme in comparison with the 5GHN with a DL-and-UL-decoupled (DU-DCP) access scheme in terms of the energy efficiency and network throughput in four-tier heterogeneous networks. The energy and throughput are optimized for both scenarios, i.e., DU-CP and DU-DCP, and the results are compared. Detailed performance analyses of the DU-CP and DU-DCP access schemes were conducted with the help of comparisons of the results achieved by implementing a genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Both of these algorithms are suited for the non-linear problem under investigation in which the search space is large. The simulation results have shown that the DU-DCP access scheme gives a better performance than the DU-CP scheme in a four-tier heterogeneous network in terms of network throughput and energy efficiency. The PSO achieves an energy efficiency of 12 Mbits/joule for the DU-CP and 42 Mbits/joule for the DU-DCP, whereas the GA yields an energy efficiency of 28 Mbits/joule for the DU-CP and 55 Mbits/joule for the DU-DCP. The performance of the proposed method is compared with those of three other schemes. The results show that the DU-DCP scheme using the GA outperforms the compared methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Deployment of new techniques to accommodate high data throughput, significant reliability, and quality of service (QoS) delivery prompts the use of 4G and 5G networks in several applications. In these networks, Vehicle‐to‐Everything (V2X) communications authorised by device‐to‐device cellular links (D2D) have gained momentum because of their potential to improve road safety, efficiency, and convenience. This improvement is to be provided by different types of V2X communications, including Vehicle‐to‐Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle‐to‐Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle‐to‐Network (V2N) communications. However, considering several limiting factors such as mobility and increasing number of vehicles, efficiency of using wireless resources is a challenging task. Indeed, different research works on V2X radio resource allocation have been studied and evaluated with respect to several criteria. In this study, a survey of recent works but in a different way synthesising radio resource allocation methods is presented. Resource allocation classification into different categories is proposed. This classification is related to three main factors. The first takes into account the selection mode factor. It highlights the use of different approaches in each of the centralised, distributed, and mixed modes. The second one takes into account the considered performance criteria, including capacity, priority, delay etc. The last one focuses on the methods and scenarios used to evaluate a resource allocation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fifth‐generation (5G) networks deal with high‐frequency data rates, ultra‐low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, more availability, and a more uniform user experience. To validate the high‐frequency rates, 5G networks engage beam searching operation. By adopting a beam searching state between the short and long sleep, one can reduce the system's delay. The energy consumption of user equipment (UE) in 5G networks is much higher than in the 4G networks. To reduce the energy consumption and increase the energy saving in UE, Long‐Term Evolution (LTE)‐5G networks adopt the discontinuous reception (DRX) scheme with a fixed number of short sleep. LTE‐DRX without beam search operation (i.e., beam alignment) cannot work in 5G networks. Hence, keeping this scenario in mind, we have modeled a new modified directional discontinuous reception (MD‐DRX) mechanism for LTE‐5G networks. The MD‐DRX mechanism captures the behavior of a beam searching, an inactive, an active, a long sleep, an ON, and a short sleep states. The short sleep state consists of a maximum M short sleep. To get the optimal energy saving and energy consumption (i.e., energy efficiency) from the MD‐DRX mechanism, it is required to check the system's throughput. The trade‐off between energy saving/energy consumption and throughput will provide the system's optimal energy saving and optimal energy consumption. In this paper, we have obtained the system's optimal energy saving and throughput by optimizing the maximum short sleep and short sleep duration. To get the energy efficiency for LTE‐5G networks, the trade‐off between average energy consumption/energy saving and throughput is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile data has become an integral part of everyday life, making Internet trends more and more profound and deeply embedded in life and the future. Mobile broadband (MBB) is one of the main aims of fifth-generation (5G) networks due to unprecedented growth in data demand. However, 5G networks are not yet deployed in many countries, whereas existing MBB networks, such as third generation (3G) and fourth generation (4G), are available in most world countries. As a result, there is a need to monitor and troubleshoot end-to-end network performance and ensure a better user experience. This paper provides an overview of MBB networks in terms of deployment environments, performance metrics, and implementation scenarios. It highlights the most important criteria for assessing MBB performance and the applications and measurement methods utilized, such as external and internal measurements and the classification of geographical areas. In addition, it provides measurement-based performance analyses of two existing mobile network operators (MNOs) (Omantel and Ooredoo) in the Sultanate of Oman. This performance analysis uses data measurements in various indoor and outdoor environments in five cities (Muscat, Ibra, Sur, Bahla, and Al kamil Wal Wafi). Several performance metrics are considered, such as signal level and quality, throughput, ping rate, and handover. Experimental results demonstrate that the 4G networks were the dominant networks in all measured locations for indoor and outdoor scenarios. Moreover, 5G data measurements are also recorded in the capital city of Oman, Muscat. The results of the 5G measurements show that both MNOs achieved a higher data rate with a lower ping rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile wireless communication technologies have now become an everyday part of our lives, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Monitoring the autonomous system under exposition to electromagnetic fields may play an important role in broading of our still limited knowledge on their effect on human body. Thus, we studied the interaction of the high frequency electromagnetic field (HF EMF) with living body and its effect on the autonomic control of heart rate using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) linear and nonlinear analyses in healthy volunteers. A group of young healthy probands (n=30, age mean: 24.2 ± 3.5 years) without any symptoms of disease was exposed to EMF with f=2400 MHz (Wi-Fi), and f=2600 MHz (4G) for 5 minutes applied on the chest area. The short-term heart rate variability (HRV) metrics were used as an indicator of complex cardiac autonomic control. The evaluated HRV parameters: RR interval (ms), high frequency spectral power (HF-HRV in [ln(ms2)]) as an index of cardiovagal control, and a symbolic dynamic index of 0V %, indicating cardiac sympathetic activity. The cardiac-linked parasympathetic index HF-HRV was significantly reduced (p =0.036) and sympathetically mediated HRV index 0V % was significantly higher (p=0.002) during EMF exposure at 2400 MHz (Wi-Fi), compared to simulated 4G frequency 2600 MHz. No significant differences were found in the RR intervals. Our results revealed a shift in cardiac autonomic regulation towards sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic underactivity indexed by HRV parameters during EMF exposure in young healthy persons. It seems that HF EMF exposure results in abnormal complex cardiac autonomic regulatory integrity which may be associated with higher risk of later cardiovascular complications already in healthy probands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transportation Science & Technolgy is the property of Transportation Science & Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the impact of factors (network coverage, customer service, video calls, and downloading Speed) of 3G and 4G telecommunication services performance on customer satisfaction in the Punjab region of Pakistan. This research indicates how to make strong relations with customers and what factors of the 3G and 4G networks need to be improved to enhance the revenue of telecom operator companies. The study has recognized the four main hypotheses responsible for checking the level of customer satisfaction in the telecommunication industry of Pakistan in the Punjab region. The study depends on essential insights gathered on the arbitrary premise from 300 clients of significant telecom administrators in the Punjab area. The respondents have selected on irregular premises and were welcomed to express their sentiments through an organized survey. A complete questionnaire has been utilized for statistics collection and exists based on the analysis of descriptive measurement, correlation, and regression analysis and analyzed through SmartPLS software. They indicate that the independent variables network coverage, customer service, video calls, and downloading speed are key driving factors of customer satisfaction. Among all independent variables "Internet downloading speed" highly impacts the dependent variable "customer satisfaction" based on 3G and 4G network performance. There are a limited number of studies that focus on customer satisfaction in the telecommunication sector in Pakistan. The study will fill the gap in the literature and help service providers to increase the satisfaction level of their customers and captivate new customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies characterizing the era of the fourth industrial revolution have enabled smart home networks to support their various systems and services. In a blockchain-based smart-home network environment, all connected IoT devices must be controlled safely and efficiently. Nevertheless, existing block-chain-based smart-home IoT systems pose a delay issue due to the necessary block generation time. In addition, IoT devices installed in smart homes should be able to prevent forgery attacks such as spoofing because they are often directly associated with personal information. In this study, we proposed an enhanced method to control smart home devices safely and efficiently by applying the zero-knowledge proof combined with a blockchain-based IoT system to protect the public keys of home network devices and the communication among them. The proposed model was approximately 10 s faster than the block generation-based model when it communicated three times in rinkeby, which is one of the test networks of Ethereum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]