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Assessing the effects of fishing activity and environmental variability on fishing species might help to understand their fluctuations and to manage them accordingly. However, despite the increasing number of studies linking fisheries and environmental data, few had a multi-species approach considering flatfish species and different age groups. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of environmental and fishing related variables on commercial flatfish species across different regions of the Portuguese coast. For that, sea surface temperature, North Atlantic Oscillation, upwelling index, wind components, river discharges and fishing effort were related to landings per unit effort (LPUE) of five commercial flatfish species ( Pleuronectes platessa , Dicologlossa cuneata , Microchirus spp., Solea lascaris , and Solea solea ) fished by the artisanal fleet along different regions of Portuguese coast (Northwestern coast, Southwestern coast, and Southern coast), using a multi-model statistical approach from 1989 to 2009. The fishing effort had the same effect along the life cycle and was negatively related with LPUE trends for most of the species. Regarding to environmental variability, during early phases (larval to juvenile – age-group-0) the factors that affected the recruitment, in addition to being related to the physiological needs (e.g., sea surface temperature) of individuals that will trigger growth and survival, were related to larval transport and dispersion from offshore spawning areas to coastal nursery habitats beyond (e.g., wind components and upwelling). For juvenile and young-adult phases (age-groups I and II), the effects of environmental variability appeared to be linked to physiological needs important for growth and maturation (e.g., temperature). Concluding, different effects were observed depending on the region, species, and life-cycle phase. Therefore, these environmental-fishing relationships should be used when managing local fishing resources. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. UID/Multi/04326/2020 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0008

The overall objective of this PhD research proposal is to understand adaptation to climate change in social-ecological systems. More specifically, the aim is to describe the Socio- Ecological key components that can influence adaptation, by looking the connectivity among resource, actors, and institutions. I will explore how connectivity influence Adaptation and what processes affect that relationship, in terms of feedbacks, trade-offs and synergies between SE components. I will develop a case study in Galician artisanal fisheries and another case study in Cuban fisheries. Understanding what drives connectivity and adaptation in both systems will allow me to derive general implications for an Adaptation Framework for SES. Keywords: SES, adaptation, network analysis, connectivity, biodiversity, gear diversity, social capital, resilience. There is broad evidence that climate change is having impacts on marine ecosystems around the world. Despite this evidence, little is known about the consequences of the impacts for the human communities that depend on these coastal systems. In other words, scientific knowledge about climate change from the social-ecological systems (SESs) perspective remains scarce. During recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the impacts of climate change on fishery-based livelihoods, identifying current and potential adaptation strategies, socio-economic implications and potential climate policies. Specifically, small-scale fisheries (SSF) are important for societies as they provide key social, cultural and economic benefits. More so than other fisheries, SSF are expected to be unequally impacted by climate change, with important implications for all of the livelihoods that they sustain. Indeed, beyond impacts, the scientific community highlights the importance of studying SSF and their sustainability, vulnerability and adaptation under climate change. Thus, although theory suggests that key social and social-ecological relationships influence individual behaviour when responding to impacts and when engaging in adaptation pathways, there is still little evidence for these interactions. The SES perspective aims to achieve sustainability in human-environmental contexts by considering the levels of complexity and the diversity of its operating components. However, adaptation is a dynamic process, and additional integration of a resilience perspective can allow us to approach such changing SES processes and to navigate through uncertainty. In addition to SES and resilience perspectives, the social justice perspective must be taken into account in order to prevent the risk of maladaptation and to ensure a fair adaptation process. Unfortunately, little is known about the specific drivers that affect the development of resilience pathways for fishers and fisheries more broadly. For these reasons, we urgently need to understand what adaptation means for fisheries SESs from a resilience perspective and how adaptation works under climate change. This will help us to (1) identify adaptive strategies and actions that help SSF overcome current and future climatic crises; and (2) avoid potential maladaptation outcomes. Specifically, this thesis focuses on conceptualizing adaptation, identifying gaps in the existing scientific knowledge and demonstrating recent theories about adaptive capacity and the network approach. It reports a participatory, bottom-up approach using qualitative (systematic literature review, focus groups, interviews, questionnaires) and quantitative methods (statistical models and analysis), in order to better understand the multidimensional process of fisheries adaptation to climate change. To address this main objective, four sets of specific research questions were formulated and integrated in each of the three main objectives of this thesis. Objective 1 contributes to the design of a fisheries SES adaptation framework with a resilience approach. The first research question (RQ1) is “Can we design a framework for fisheries SES climate change adaptation with a resilience perspective?”. Objective 2 analyzes the SES components of SSF in SES, vulnerability and adaptation actions research. The second research question (RQ2) is "To what extent has research on climate change vulnerability and adaptation of SSF SES considered the full range of SES components?”. Objective 3 identifies empirically the general adaptation pathway and the role of adaptive capacity in triggering responses to climate change impacts, exploring the early transformative individual behaviour in SSF. Two sets of research questions were designed for this purpose. For this third objective, the first set of research questions (RQ3) are "What are the response pathways that fishers follow under incremental climate change impact scenarios?”, and "How do social-ecological network structures affect individual’s responses?”. The second set of research questions (RQ4) are “Under which impact scenarios does individual livelihood diversification take place?” and "How do adaptive capacity influences individual behaviour to engage in a transformative strategy, such as livelihood diversification?”. In order to answer the research questions, this thesis presents four scientific articles (hereafter papers) included in Chapter 3. Paper 1 introduces an Adaptation Process Framework that tackles fisheries adaptation to climate change by a resilience approach. Paper 2 analyzes the current knowledge of SSF and SES sustainability, vulnerability and adaptation across disciplines. Paper 3 investigates the role of social and social-ecological ties (as a fundamental component of adaptive capacity and SES framework) in adaptation. Finally, Paper 4 explores transformation and demonstrates the significant role of adaptive capacity in livelihood diversification as an early transformative response. It is important to note that Paper 1 is based on a conceptualization of the social-ecological adaptation process in fisheries. By contrast, Paper 2 is a literature review of various social-ecological disciplines that analyze empirical SSF case studies in terms of sustainability, vulnerability and adaptation under climate change. Both of these papers are based on evidence collected worldwide. Finally, Papers 3 and 4 focus on a case study of a Galician SSF in order to empirically demonstrate novel and recent adaptation theories. For this, Paper 3 and Paper 4 use social survey data to apply statistical analysis and build multinomial models in order to obtain robust answers to the original research questions. Located in the north-west of Spain, the Galician fisheries have a key social, historical and economic role in the region. Galician coastal fisheries are constituted by 4,500 vessels that represents more than 40% of Spanish catches. Specifically, Galician SSF system is highly diverse in natural resources, fishing gear and regulations and human capital (70% categorized as men and 30% as women) organized into 63 institutional entities (Confrarías) that manage the marine extractive activities of the fishing communities. Generally, all 63 fisher guilds take part in a top-down governance system which comprises a combination of diverse management regimes (e.g. TURFs, TACs and ITQs). Under these management regimes, fishers can hold different fishing licenses depending on the type of target resources and the gears and practices used. Social diversity also is reflected in these SSF with different bonding fishing groups around fisheries. In this aspect, social relationships play a fundamental role in the Galician fisheries development. Some example of the relationships found in the Galician SSF are bonding ties (ties between same type of fishers), bridging ties (ties between different type of fishers), linking ties (ties between fishers and institutional actors), ties with informal leaders and social-ecological ties (ties between fishers and marine resources). Galician SSF were selected as a case study for Paper 3 and Paper 4 given (1) their nature as a coupled SES with a well-known cultural attachment in the marine environment, (2) the complex and diverse socio-political context of fisher guilds as the core of SSF communities and (3) the emerging evidence of the impacts of climate change on marine habitats. In other words, all of these reasons make Galician SSF a suitable case study for climate change adaptation research. Given the need in the relevant literature for a common-ground framework that analyzes the adaptation process across disciplines, Paper 1 introduces a novel Adaptation Process Framework of fisheries SESs facing climate change impacts from a resilience perspective. First, this paper provides a review of recent conceptual, theoretical and empirical evidence about responses of social systems, ecological systems and SESs to climate change. Specifically, the review focuses on the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and fisheries, sustainable SESs, vulnerability, adaptation and resilience theory and practice. Secondly, it conceptually develops the adaptation process in order to establish the underlying basis and mechanisms to clearly describe the reasoning that integrates the evidence obtained. Here, the adaptation pathways and the socialecological processes specifically described provide the rational explanation. This exercise of compiling and summarising information across disciplines contributes to building an integrated framework for describing the social-ecological behaviour of fisheries that are being affected by climate change, and it identifies key scientific gaps and questions for subsequent analysis. As a result of this scientific exercise, the Adaptation Process Framework aims to tackle fisheries’ resilience to shifts in target species. This framework does this through the SES perspective and with particular emphasis on determining strategies and policy solutions under the contemporary climate change. The proposed framework covers both the environmental and social dimensions of the system, at the individual, collective and governance levels. It describes ecological changes due to species distribution shifts and impacts on fisheries activity, economy and their social system. In addition, the framework enables the identification of adaptation pathways, which range from remaining to transforming stages of adaptation, with their associated policy actions, risks and potential solutions. It provides a useful tool that serves as a point of convergence among disciplines and facilitates (1) an understanding of climate change impacts on SSF, (2) the generation of scientific knowledge about resilience in SESs, (3) decision making and (4) policy development. These results introduce a novel perspective regarding fisheries in times of the contemporary climate change and provide guidance for policy actions and potential solutions. This objective has been published in the international scientific journal One Earth (see Ojea et al., 2020 in Chapter 3). Paper 2 conducts a meticulous analysis across disciplines in order to identify (1) empirical scientific evidence, (2) remaining gaps in the scientific knowledge and (3) key aspects for SSF and SES adaptation. Through a systematic review of three relevant areas of the scientific literature (SES framework operationalizations, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-derived Vulnerability assessments and studies addressing the readiness of fishers to exit a declining fishery), this paper quantifies those aspects of the fishery system that were measured in the case studies and translates them to the SES framework language. This study also compares the geographical distribution and the coverage of SES components across disciplines, with a particular focus on the analysis of interactions within SSF. The research findings reported in Paper 2 led to recommendations for future understanding and analysis of climate change adaptation in SSF and SES. In particular, the results of the analysis show that Vulnerability assessments are the geographically most broadly operationalized set of studies. Actors (i.e., fishers) constitute the most commonly studied subsystem across frameworks, while Related Ecosystems are the least commonly studied sub-system. Across disciplines, seven second-tier variables of SES are still not empirically addressed in SSF. In this context, a broad array of adaptive capacity determinants such as cultural dependence (flexibility), education (learning), people’s beliefs (socio-cognitive), cooperative behaviour (social organization) and gender and perceived inequality (competing concerns), all of which strongly influence the agency of individuals facing climate change, have been underused. To address this, six new first-tier variables are proposed for incorporation into the SES framework due their importance in the analysis of sustainability, vulnerability and adaptation in SSF. Surprisingly, Interactions subsystem - a key component of the adaptive capacity - are among the least-well covered subsystems within the SES framework in empirical vulnerability and adaptation studies, despite their crucial role in climate change adaptation. The types of interactions most commonly studied in SSF include those between Actors and Resource units and those between Actors and Governance systems. Findings were summarized in the following five needs in terms of lessons learnt, in order to guide climate change adaptation research: (1) increase the number and the geographical coverage of adaptation studies, (2) integrate the ecological dimension into adaptation studies, (3) incorporate social and cultural factors in adaptation studies, (4) consider interactions between sub-systems and scales and (5) apply the SES framework in climate change adaptation research. This chapter was published in the international scientific journal of Marine Policy (see Salgueiro-Otero et al., 2020 in Chapter 3). Paper 3 and Paper 4 apply and test novel theories and perspectives such as the Adaptation Process Framework, the network continuum framework and the Adaptive Capacity framework. For this purpose, more than 430 individual surveys were conducted in the Galician case study, specifically in nine different small-scale fishing communities covering the diversity of existing fisheries. After filtering the quality of the surveys conducted, the final number of suitable observations was reduced to 404. Data covering fishers’ responses under 10 climate change impact scenarios (five increasing and five decreasing fishing-based income), adaptive capacity indicators and complementary information were collected in the survey. As this objective focuses on fishers’ adaptation, the Adaptive Capacity theory has been chosen to build the models that empirically test the specific research questions related to Paper 3 and Paper 4. Focusing on the RQ3 (the role of network structures in adaptation), Paper 3 quantifies fishers’ responses under hypothetical scenarios of climate change impacts and analyzes the statistical significance of the different pathways across scenarios. In addition, five multinomial multilevel logit mixed-effect models with robust variance estimates are fitted to explore the links between individual stated behaviour and adaptive capacity. All models were composed using the fishers’ responses to hypothetical negative impact scenarios as a nominal dependent variable and adaptive capacity indicators as independent variables. In this case, one multinomial multilevel logit mixed-effect model was fitted for each hypothetical scenario with a resulting final sample size of 375 observations per model (due to missing values). A variance inflation factors analysis was also run to confirm that there were no problems related to multicollinearity among predictors. Results regarding RQ3 show that fishers under an increasing gradient of hypothetical climate change impact scenarios follow the general pathway of remaining in SSF with the business as usual behaviour (remain and cope) – change gears and resources within SSF (adapt) – diversify livelihoods out of SSF (early transformation) – leave SSF (full transformation), provided by RQ1 in Paper 1. The results also demonstrate that communication-based bonding ties are significant and positive in relation to adaptation. However, trust-based bonding ties are significant and positive in relation to resistance to change. Fishers who develop bridging communication ties are more likely to make transformative and exit responses and those who communicate with informal leaders are prone to retaining the status quo. These novel results confirm previous findings on adaptation frameworks and social and risk theories. The insights provided by this study also strongly demonstrate the crucial role of social relationships in climate change adaptation of fisheries systems. These results may help to guide desirable policies for sustainable SES. The work regarding RQ3 is submitted and under review in the international scientific journal PNAS (see Salgueiro-Otero et al., 2021 in Chapter 3). Regarding RQ4, Paper 4 quantifies when fishers decide to diversify livelihoods in order to identify early transformations. Also, this paper aims to identify adaptive capacity determinants that enable and constrain early transformations. With this objective, the paper uses a multinomial multilevel logit mixed-effect model with robust variance estimates. The model was composed using the fisher’s responses to hypothetical scenarios of climate change impacts as a nominal dependent variable and adaptive capacity indicators as independent variables. Regarding the dependent variable, the model considers all fisher’s responses under the 10 positive and negative impact scenarios. In addition, a variance inflation factors analysis was run to confirm that there were no problems related to multicollinearity among predictors. Results for RQ4 show that livelihood diversification increases under climate change negative impacts. Values from the multinomial multilevel logit mixed-effect model indicate that, compared to remainers, bonding communication, bridging trust and perceived inequality are negatively related to diversification of livelihoods. On contrast, fishers who develop bridging communication, depend on several main marine resources and diversify livelihoods at the current time are positively related to the diversification strategy. When compared to those who choose to exit, those with trust-based linking ties, with high level of SES-knowledge, who already diversify livelihoods and fishers categorised as women are more likely to diversify. In this respect, fishers with greater fishing experience and perceived inequality are less likely to diversify livelihoods. These findings shed light on the role that adaptive capacity plays in SSF transformations. This research provides crucial information that can support not only sustainable fisheries but importantly contributes to the identification of specific key processes towards just and egalitarian marine systems. Results regarding RQ4 are submitted and under review in the international scientific Journal of Ecology and Society (see Salgueiro-Otero et al., 2021 in Chapter 3). From this comprehensive research, six relevant lines for further discussion can be extracted. First, the potential of the Adaptation Process Framework as an approach to addressing resilience to climate change and developing further research questions. Second, the network structures as conceptualizations of interactions between individual, collective and governance levels that contribute to adaptation at the SES scale. These interactions can provide relevant indicators of potential trade-offs and synergies that influence adaptation. Third, a people-centered research using an individual approach may help to quantify adaptive capacity determinants and potential trade-offs with adaptive actions. Fourth, the relevance of the analysis and prevention of inequality in times of climate change adaptation. Here some evidence regarding age, gender and perceived inequality is discussed. The overlap between unequal distribution of impacts, individual and collective adaptive capacities and human diversity produces trade-offs that may threat social justice for sustainable and adaptive fisheries. Fifth, the integration of a power perspective and inclusive methods in adaptation research in order to build just SESs. As power seems to have a significant role in climate change adaptation, the mechanism that legitimizes power must also be analyzed. In this context, further work is recommended to identify how power dynamics can enable adaptation and facilitate social-ecological sustainability. Sixth, and finally, this dissertation discusses the transferability of the Adaptation Process Framework with the SES concept as unit of change. In addition, based on the results and conclusions of this dissertation, this work provides policy and practice-oriented recommendations for the real world fisheries and fishing sector. Recommendations for fisheries policy and specific practices are described for cases where fisheries (1) need to be maintained in the current state, (2) need to adapt and (3) need to transform. This section also discusses key aspects to consider in cross-policies and practices and which ones can avoid socialecological traps. Overall, this dissertation proposes a novel theoretical Adaptation Process Framework and performs empirical tests to demonstrate the foundations and utility of the framework: (1) explaining real-world fisheries problems; (2) generating cutting-edge research questions; and (3) providing valuable insights that may benefit the design of policies to support fishers’ adaptation to climate change. Although this work focuses on specific SSFs, the results have implications for fisheries more broadly, as well as for cross sectorial adaptation theory. In conclusion, the findings of this research can provide promising and novel questions in people-environment investigations facing profound crises that can greatly enrich interdisciplinary adaptation research. El objetivo final de esta propuesta de investigación doctoral es entender la adaptación al cambio climático en sistemas socio-ecológicos (SSE). Más específicamente, el objetivo es describir los componentes socio-ecológicos claves que pueden influenciar en el proceso de adaptación a través de la conectividad entre recursos, actores e instituciones. En otras palabras, exploraré como la conectividad influencia la adaptación e intentaré definir qué procesos afectan esta relación, en términos de retro-alimentaciones, balances y sinergias entre los componentes socio-ecológicos. Para ello, desarrollaré un caso de estudio en las pesquerías artesanales de Galicia y otro caso de estudio en las pesquerías de Cuba. Entendiendo qué componentes lideran la conectividad y la adaptación en ambos sistemas me permitirá derivar implicaciones generales para establecer un marco de adaptación en SSE. Palabras clave: SSE (Sistemas socio-ecológicos), adaptación, análisis de red, conectividad, biodiversidad, diversidad de artes, capital social y resiliencia. O obxectivo final desta proposta de investigación doutoral é entender a adaptación ó cambio climático en sistemas socio-ecolóxicos (SSE). Máis específicamente, o obxectivo é describir os compoñentes socio-ecolóxicos claves que poden influenciar no proceso de adaptación a través da conectividade entre recursos, actores e institucións. En outras palabras, explorarei cómo a conectividade influencia a adaptación e intentarei definir qué procesos afectan esta relación, en termos de retro-alimentacións, balances e sinerxias entre os compoñentes socio-ecolóxicos. Para isto, desenvolverei un caso de estudo nas pesqueiras artesanais de Galicia e outro caso de estudo nas pesqueiras de Cuba. Entendendo qué compoñentes lideran a conectividade e a adaptación en ambo-los dous sistemas permitirame derivar implicacións xerais para establecer un marco de adaptación en SSE. Palabras clave: SSE (Sistemas Socio-Ecolóxicos), adaptación, análise de rede, conectividade, biodiversidade, diversidade de artes, capital social e resiliencia.

[ES] La incorporación del noroeste ibérico al marco administrativo y económico romano dio lugar a importantes cambios en los sistemas de distribución de bienes de consumo. De manera concreta, este estudio se enfoca en el aprovechamiento de los recursos marinos, influido tanto por la significación social que adquiere el consumo de ciertos productos como por la demanda generada ante los nuevos gustos alimenticios. El nuevo escenario socioeconómico se manifiesta mediante modificaciones significativas en los modelos de explotación, estableciéndose factorías litorales para el procesado de peces y moluscos que, a su vez, requieren de un desarrollo de la distribución comercial. En este trabajo realizamos una evaluación del comercio y consumo de los productos marinos en los asentamientos romanos de nueva creación en el noroeste de la península ibérica a partir del registro zooarqueológico. [EN] The incorporation of the Iberian northwest into the Roman administrative and economic network brought about important changes in the distribution systems of consumer products. In particular, this study focuses on the exploitation of marine resources, influenced both by the social significance acquired by the consumption of certain products and by the demand generated by new food tastes. The new socio-economic scenario manifests itself in important modifications of the exploitation models, establishing factories on the coast for the transformation of fish and molluscs which, in turn, require the development of commercial distribution. In this paper we evaluate the trade and consumption of marine products in the newly created Roman settlements in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula based on the zooarchaeological record.

Despite the importance of livelihood diversification as a transformation strategy in small-scale fisheries facing climate change, empirical evidence on this complex phenomenon is scarce. This work aims to shed light on factors that help to explain the transformative behavior of small-scale fishers when faced with climate change impacts. Using primary survey data from 404 small-scale fishers across 9 communities in Galicia, NW Spain, we examined how different aspects of fishers’ adaptive capacities relate to their stated decisions to engage in livelihood diversification when faced with hypothetical climate change scenarios. The results of our multinomial multilevel mixed-effect logit model show that flexibility (current income diversification level and diversity of target fishery resources) has a strong, positive relationship with livelihood diversification responses. In contrast, learning, social organization, and competing concerns played a complex role. Specifically, we found that social-ecological system knowledge, communication with different fishing groups (bridging communication), trust in institutional actors, and gender (female) were positively related to livelihood diversification when faced with climate impacts. Fishing experience, communication within fishing groups (bonding communication), and trust in other fishing groups (bridging trust) were negatively related to diversification. Our results provide new empirical evidence on the factors associated with fisher’s decisions to engage in livelihood diversification when faced with climate impacts on fishery resources, lending critical insight for climate adaptation programs and policies. Axencia Galega de Innovación Xunta de Galicia Australian Research Council

Climate change is expected to have increasing impacts on marine ecosystems which will threaten the livelihoods and wellbeing of millions of people. Drawing on social-ecological network and sociodemographic data collected via face-to-face interviews with 404 small-scale commercial fishers from 9 Galician communities (Spain), we empirically examine the adaptation pathways that fishers follow when they face hypothetical impacts on their fishery resources and test the role of five social-ecological network structures on fisher’s stated intended responses to such scenarios. Our results show that fishers generally intend to follow a ‘remain—adapt—transform—exit (the fishery)’ pathway when faced with increasing climate impacts. Next, we demonstrate that trust-based bonding ties and ties to informal leaders are associated with a ‘business-as-usual’ strategy. In contrast, communicative bonding ties are associated with adaptive responses, while communicative bridging ties are associated with transformative and exit strategies. Our findings provide key empirical insight that broaden our understanding of the intricate relationship between social networks and adaptive behaviour relevant to social-ecological systems worldwide. Xunta de Galicia Australian Research Council | Ref. DE190101583

333 pages, [EN] Fishing is an essential activity worldwide not only as a source of food but also as an economic livelihood. Currently, overfishing is a major problem in exploited stocks which triggers significant changes in the stock structure of many fish populations. This situation does not allow to maintain in a long-term a sustainable harvest. Hence, it is essential to regulate extraction of fishery resources to not to jeopardise the sustainability of fish stocks. Stock assessment use models to forecast the production capacity of a stock and predict its future in order to control fishing. One of the cornerstone of this assessment is the S-R relationship, i.e., the relation of the adult biomass (S) and the recruits (R), understanding by recruitment the number of individuals reaching a certain age, once the massive mortality of the early stages has been exceeded. Based on the spawning stock biomass (SSB), the annual recruitment is estimated and reference points for fisheries stock management are extracted from this relationship. However, it has been observed in several exploited stocks an uncoupling in the S-R relationship which hampers the assessment. One reason can be that these models assume an equal production by each individual in the population, without considering parental effects on stock reproductive potential (SRP). SRP is the ability of females to produce viable offspring that reach recruitment age. Egg production is affected by several internal (e.g., female size or condition) and external factors (e.g. food availability and environmental conditions) which modulate the spawning dynamics and productivity, [ES] La pesca es una actividad esencial en todo el mundo, no sólo por proporcionar una fuente de alimento de alta calidad nutricional sino también por ser motor económico y medio de vida en muchas regiones del planeta. En la actualidad, muchas de las poblaciones de peces sufren una presión pesquera elevada, lo que, en ocasiones, deriva en una sobreexplotación del recurso. Esta sobrexplotación provoca cambios en la estructura poblacional y puede producir el colapso del stock, impidiendo una explotación sostenible. Por ello, es fundamental regular la extracción de los recursos pesqueros utilizando el mejor conocimiento científico y socio-económico disponible. La evaluación pesquera utiliza modelos para predecir la capacidad de producción de una población y pronosticar su futuro a fin de controlar por medio de la gestión pesquera la actividad extractiva. Uno de los aspectos clave en esta evaluación es la relación S-R, es decir, la relación de la biomasa adulta (S) y los reclutas (R), entendiendo por reclutamiento el número de individuos que alcanzan una determinada edad, una vez superada las primeras etapas de mortalidad masiva. A partir de la biomasa de la población reproductora, se estima el reclutamiento anual y de la relación S-R se extraen los puntos de referencia biológicos que son usados en gestión pesquera. Sin embargo, se ha observado en muchas poblaciones explotadas un desacoplamiento en la relación S-R que dificulta la evaluación. Uno de los motivos es la asunción que hacen este tipo de modelos de una producción equivalente por parte de cada individuo de la población, sin tener en cuenta los efectos parentales sobre el potencial reproductivo de la población (PR). El PR se define como capacidad que tiene una población para producir descendencia viable que alcance la edad de reclutamiento y depende de diversos factores internos (por ejemplo, el tamaño o la condición de la hembra) y externos (por ejemplo, la disponibilidad de alimento y las condiciones ambientales) que modulan la dinámica de desove y la productividad, La presente tesis ha sido posible gracias a la Beca predoctoral en Medioambiente concedida por la Fundación Tatiana Pérez de Guzmán el Bueno en el año 2017. Además, a los proyectos de la Agencia Española de Investigación: Ecología del reclutamiento de la merluza: implicaciones sobre la gestión del recurso (CTM2010-21856-C03-00) y Dinámica del reclutamiento de la Merluza Europea (CTM2015-66676-C2)

The degree of exposure of fishing communities to environmental changes can be partially determined by the vulnerability of the target species and the landings composition. Hence, identifying the species that ecologically most contribute to the vulnerability of the landings are key steps to evaluate the risk posed by climate change. We analyse the temporal variability in intrinsic sensitivity and the ecological vulnerability of the Portuguese fisheries landings, considering the species proportions derived both from the weights and revenues. To account for the diversification of species of each fleet, we explored the species dependence of the fishery in combination with the vulnerability of them. The analyses were carried out separately for three fleet typologies and three regions. Opposite to what has been observed at a global scale, the ecological sensitivity of the fisheries landings between 1989 and 2015 did not display a decline across areas or fishing fleets. Considering each fleet independently, for trawling, where average vulnerability was lower than in the other fleets, the sensitivity of the landings increased since the 2000s. On the other hand, the high vulnerability found in multi-gear fleets was compensated by diversification of the species caught, while purse-seine fleets targeted low vulnerability species but presented a high fishery dependence on few species. The results highlight the importance of combining information on ecological vulnerability and diversification of fishing resources at a regional scale while providing a measure of the ecological exposure to climate change. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. UIDB/04326/2020 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. SAICT-45-2017-02 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. ALG-01- 0145-FEDER-028518 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. PTDC/ASP-PES/28518/2017 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. MAR-01.03.02-FEAMP-0052 Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. FCT DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0008

The study of the genome of commercial gadiforms is an element of competitiveness as it allows optimizing their fishing management and improving their cultivation through improved growth and resistance to diseases. This doctoral thesis proposes the development and application of genetic tools as a methodological strategy to enhance the stocks optimization of two important fish species for aquaculture. In the methodological objectives, it is proposed to apply gene sequencing and molecular phylogenetics, the analysis of gene expression and the development of EST markers, respectively, to resolve situations of phylogenetic uncertainty, the selection of progenitors in culture and the characterization of fish stocks. El estudio del genoma de los gadiformes comerciales es un elemento de competitividad pues permite optimizar su gestión pesquera y mejorar su cultivo a través de la mejora del crecimiento y la resistencia a enfermedades. En esta tesis doctoral se plantea el desarrollo y la aplicación de herramientas genéticas como estrategia metodológica para potenciar la optimización de stocks de dos especies pesqueras importantes para la acuicultura. En los objetivos metodológicos se plantea aplicar la secuenciación génica y la filogenética molecular, el análisis de la expresión génica y el desarrollo de marcadores EST, respectivamente, para resolver situaciones de incertidumbre filogenética, la selección de progenitores en cultivo y la caracterización de stocks pesqueros. O estudo do xenoma dos gadiformes comerciais é un elemento de competitividade pois permite optimizar a súa xestión pesqueira e mellorar o seu cultivo a través da mellora do crecemento e a resistencia a enfermidades. Nesta tese doutoral exponse o desenvolvemento e a aplicación de ferramentas xenéticas como estratexia metodolóxica para potenciar a optimización de stocks de dúas especies pesqueiras importantes para a acuicultura. Nos obxectivos metodolóxicos exponse aplicar a secuenciación xénica e a filogenética molecular, a análise da expresión xénica e o desenvolvemento de marcadores EST, respectivamente, para resolver situacións de incerteza filoxenética, a selección de proxenitores en cultivo e a caracterización de stocks pesqueiros.

In the last four decades there has been a significant increase in experiences to implement marine spatial planning and the interest of the scientific community in evaluating the impacts of these policies. In this context, a lack of tools and techniques to be applied to the evaluation of strictly economic impacts is evident. Based on knowledge of the direct economic impacts on production in the activity sectors affected by marine planning, the aim of this study is to propose an input-output methodology to estimate total economic impacts that include indirect and induced impacts. This methodology has been applied to three case studies: The German Baltic Sea, Belgium and the North Sea and Skagerrak Strait of Norway. The positive effects derived from the application of these policies have been estimated in the three case studies, both in terms of increased production as well as value added and employment. In general, these positive impacts are concentrated in just a few marine-related sectors, although they also appear in other non-marine sectors. The results obtained offer a more complete view of the economic effects of these public planning policies and the methodology followed can be used as an applicable policy guideline to analyse other similar cases Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2018/48 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431E2018/07 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099225-B-100

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUG The complex nature of the Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) requires the integration and consideration of multiple elements, ranging from the ecological and environmental to the socio-economic as well as the political, institutional or cultural. To succeed, the public policies demand techniques and tools that allow to evaluate the effects or impacts on the society. By applying an empirical approach, this paper presents a framework to evaluate the direct economic impacts linked to the implementation of MSP policies in three case studies: Belgium, Germany and Norway. The methodological procedure is sequenced in 4 phases: identification of the sectors involved, data collection, construction of counterfactual scenarios and estimate of impacts after consulting the stakeholders. With the application of this framework to the case studies, an estimate was made of the variations in the value of production for each marine sector that can be directly attributed to the implementation of the MSP. In general, they were positive in the three cases analysed. In the medium scenario, cumulative final direct impacts of € 1875 million were estimated in the German case (2010–2016 period), € 929 million in the Belgian case (2014–2016) and € 2262 million in the Norwegian case (2013–2016). These results can serve as the basis for further estimations of indirect and induced impacts of the implementation of spatial management policies in a blue economy context Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2018 / 48 Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431E2018 / 07 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-099225-B-100

Unwanted catches can be reduced by improving fishing effectiveness in targeting species and sizes and by banning their sale for human consumption. The landing obligation introduced by the European Union can be seen as a combination of these two measures, and the aim of this paper is to analyse its effects on the Southern Iberian Hake Stock fishery. To this end, reference points for a mixed fishery are computed under the two measures as the steady-state solution of a dynamic optimal management problem. Our results show that measures that improve selectivity obtain better results than sales ban strategies in terms of increasing yields and stocks and reducing discards. In particular, we find that reducing the selectivity parameters by 90% for the three early ages leads to an almost six-fold increase in the hake yield and lowers the discard rate by more than 20 percentage points. Banning the sale of the two youngest ages also increases hake yield by 21% and the discard rate by 7 percentage points., Las capturas no deseadas pueden reducirse mejorando la efectividad a la hora de seleccionar las especies y los tamaños elegidos, así como prohibiendo su venta para el consumo humano. La obligación de desembarco impulsada por la Unión Europea (UE) puede entenderse como una combinación de ambos tipos de medidas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los efectos de estos dos tipos de políticas aplicados a la pesquería de la Merluza del Caladero Sur Ibérico. Con este objetivo, se computaron los puntos de referencia asociados a una pesquería mixta para las dos políticas como la solución del estado estacionario de un problema de gestión dinámica óptima. Nuestros resultados muestran que las medidas que mejoran la selectividad pesquera generan mejores resultados que las que prohíben la venta, incrementando la producción y el stock y reduciendo los descartes. En concreto, encontramos que reducir los parámetros de selectividad un 90% para las tres edades más jóvenes multiplica la producción de merluza por casi 6, a la vez que reduce la tasa de descartes en más de 20 puntos porcentuales. A su vez, nuestros resultados también muestran que prohibir la venta de las dos edades más jóvenes aumenta la producción de merluza un 21% incrementando también la tasa de descartes en 7 puntos porcentuales.

Microalgae culture is currently receiving considerable attention for its potential in wastewater treatment and production of algal biomass from which high-value bioproducts and bioenergy can be obtained, as well as the consequent carbon dioxide sequestration via photosynthesis process. However, biomass harvesting is one of the bottlenecks in microalgae culture and microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems. Energy intensive technologies are required to separate the solid-liquid phase due the low density of microalgae. Low-cost processes, such as sedimentation, are not efficient enough due to the low settling velocities of the microalgae. Sedimentation coupled to coagulation and flocculation has been widely studied on lab-scale in order to increase the microalgae settling velocity. However, few studies have addressed the scaling up of these experimental results in order to industrializing the process. The thesis has been divided into two main parts. A first study addressed the physical and theoretical principles of sedimentation used for the operation and optimization of biomass harvesting from a microalgae culture for wastewater treatment at demonstration scale in the framework of the INCOVER research project "Innovative Eco-technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastewater" (GA 689242) (https://incover-project.eu/), which aimed to validate innovative technologies at demonstration scale to convert wastewater into an alternative energy source and value-added products. A second study focused on the operation and optimization of the downstream thickening process of biomasspreviously harvested in the same facilities. Finally, the second part consist of a study and optimization of the behavior of mixed liquor in its transit through a high rate algae pond for wastewater treatment using Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling for its implementation in the city of Aligarh. This study has been carried out under the H2020 PAVITR project (http://www.pavitr.net; GA 821410), which aims at validation of sustainable natural and advanced technologies for water and wastewater treatment, monitoring and safe reuse of water in India. In the first study of the first part, the physical and theoretical principles of sedimentation were addressed to be used for the operation and optimization of harvesting biomass in lamella settler (700 L) from a microalgae culture for wastewater treatment on a three semi-closed tubular photobioreactor (11.7 m3 each) at demonstrative scale. During 6 months the inflow (6900 m3·day-1), coagulant dosage (1-12 mg·L-1) and purges of the biomass (60-240 L·day-1) were adjusted in order to achieve a proper separation of the solid-liquid phase. Results in this section evidenced the efficiency of the Lamella in the solid-liquid separation task obtaining an outlet turbidity below of 5 NTU after the optimization period. In the second part, two thickeners were operated and optimized in order to achieve a proper concentration (20 g·L-1) of previous harvested biomass for subsequent anaerobic digestion process at the same installations. The scrapers and purges were optimized in four periods during two months. Results showed an eventually concentrations of 26.5 g·L-1 in last period due a minimized use of scrapers in order to avoid the particles resuspension allowing a proper compression settling. In the second part, demonstrative-scale HRAP system was designed to be implemented in Aligarh (India) with a treatment capacity of 50 m3·day-1. The objective of the study was to assist, verify and optimize the conventional dimensioning of the High Rate Algae Ponds (HRAP) by means of biokinetic modelling and hydrodynamic analysis using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). According to the biokinetic model simulations, 4 days was the optimal hydraulic retention time to enhance nutrient removal. A 3D model of the HRAP was built to analyze the hydrodynamic behavior of 36 different carousel designs. The different combinations of baffle numbers on the reversals, center wall widths and tear-shape sizes were simulated. The presence of low velocity zones as well as the useful area vs. the total occupied area were quantify. Two baffles and tear-shapes with a diameter equal to ¼ of the channel width was the most efficient configuration. In addition, a techno-economic assessment of the system determined an investment cost of € 483 per population equivalent (PE) and an operational cost of € 0.19 per m3 of treated wastewater. El cultiu de microalgues està rebent actualment una atenció considerable pel seu potencial en el tractament d'aigües residuals i la producció de biomassa d'algues de la qual es poden obtenir bioproductes d'alt valor i bioenergia, així com el segrest consegüent de diòxid de carboni mitjançant el procés de fotosíntesi. Tot i això, la recol·lecció de biomassa és un dels colls d'ampolla del cultiu de microalgues i dels sistemes de tractament d'aigües residuals basats en elles. La separació de la fase sòlida-líquida requereix tecnologies d'alt consum energètic a causa de la baixa densitat de les microalgues. Els processos de baix cost, com la sedimentació, no són prou eficaços a causa de la baixa velocitat de sedimentació de les microalgues. La sedimentació combinada amb la coagulació i la floculació s'ha estudiat àmpliament a escala de laboratori per augmentar la velocitat de sedimentació de la biomassa algal. Tot i això, pocs estudis han abordat l'augment d'escala d'aquests resultats experimentals per industrialitzar el procés. La tesi ha estat dividida en dues parts. La primera està formada per dos estudis i és el tema principal d'aquesta tesi. Un primer estudi va abordar els principis físics i teòrics de la sedimentació que s'utilitzen pel funcionament i optimització de la recol·lecció de biomassa d'un cultiu de microalgues pel tractament d'aigües residuals a escala demostrativa en el marc del projecte de recerca INCOVER "Innovative Eco-technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastewater" (GA 689242) (https://incover-project.eu/), l'objectiu del qual era validar tecnologies innovadores a escala demostrativa per convertir les aigües residuals en una font d’energia alternativa i en productes de valor afegit. Un segon estudi es va centrar en el funcionament i optimització del procés d'espessiment posterior de la biomassa prèviament collida a les mateixes instal·lacions mitjançant dos espessidors treballant en línia. Finalment, la segona part va consistir en l'estudi i l'optimització del comportament del licor barrejat en el trànsit per un estany d'algues d'alta taxa pel tractament d'aigües residuals mitjançant la modelització de la Dinàmica de Fluids Computacional per a la seva implantació a la ciutat d’Aligarh. Aquest estudi s'ha realitzat en el marc del projecte H2020 PAVITR (http://www.pavitr.net; GA 821410), l'objectiu del qual és la validació de tecnologies naturals i avançades sostenibles pel tractament de l'aigua i de les aigües residuals, control i la reutilització segura de l’aigua a l’Índia. Al primer estudi de la primera part, es van abordar els principis físics i teòrics de la sedimentació per utilitzar-los en el funcionament i l'optimització de la collita de biomassa en sedimentador de làmines (700 L) d'un cultiu de microalgues pel tractament d'aigües residuals en un fotobioreactor tubular semitancat de tres (11,7 m3 cadascun) a escala demostrativa. Durant 6 mesos es va ajustar el flux d'entrada (6900 m3-dia-1), la dosi de coagulant (1-12 mg·L-1) i les purgues de la biomassa (60-240 L·dia-1) per aconseguir una adequada separació de la fase sòlid-líquida. Els resultats d'aquest apartat van evidenciar l'eficàcia de les lamel·les en la tasca de separació sòlid-líquid obtenint una terbolesa de sortida inferior a 5 NTU després del període d'optimització. En el segon estudi, es van operar i optimitzar dos espessidors per aconseguir una concentració adequada (20 g·L-1) de la biomassa recol·lectada prèviament pel posterior procés de digestió anaeròbia a les mateixes instal·lacions. Els espessidors i les purgues es van optimitzar en quatre períodes durant dos mesos. Els resultats van mostrar una concentració final de 26,5 g·L-1 a l'últim període a causa d'un ús minimitzat dels rascadors per evitar la resuspensió de les partícules permetent una adequada sedimentació per compressió. A la segona part, es va dissenyar una Llacuna d'Alta Càrrega a escala demostrativa per ser implementada a Aligarh (Índia) amb una capacitat de tractament de 50 m3・dia-1. L'objectiu de l'estudi era assistir, verificar i optimitzar el dimensionament convencional de les llacunes d'alta càrrega mitjançant la modelització biocinètica i l'anàlisi hidrodinàmica mitjançant dinàmica de fluids computacional (CFD). Segons les simulacions del model biocinètic, el temps de retenció hidràulica òptim per millorar l'eliminació de nutrients va ser de 4 dies. Es va construir un model 3D de la llacuna per analitzar el comportament hidrodinàmic de 36 dissenys en forma de carrusel amb diferents configuracions. Es van simular les diferents combinacions de nombres de deflectors en les inversions, amples de paret central i mides de forma de llàgrima als extrems del mur central. Es va quantificar la presència de zones de baixa velocitat, així com l'àrea útil davant de l'àrea total ocupada. La configuració més eficient va ser la composta per dos deflectors i formes de llàgrima amb un diàmetre igual a . de l'amplada del canal. A més, una avaluació tecno-econòmica del sistema va determinar un cost d'inversió de 732 euros per població equivalent (PE) i un cost operatiu de 0,19 euros per m3 d'aigua residual tractada. El cultivo de microalgas está recibiendo actualmente una atención considerable por su potencial en el tratamiento de aguas residuales y la producción de biomasa de algas de la que se pueden obtener bioproductos de alto valor y bioenergía, así como el consiguiente secuestro de dióxido de carbono mediante el proceso de fotosíntesis. Sin embargo, la recolección de biomasa es uno de los cuellos de botella del cultivo de microalgas y de los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales basados en ellas. La separación de la fase sólida-líquida requiere tecnologías de alto consumo energético debido a la baja densidad de las microalgas. Los procesos de bajo coste, como la sedimentación, no son lo suficientemente eficaces debido a la baja velocidad de sedimentación de las microalgas. La sedimentación combinada con la coagulación y la floculación se ha estudiado ampliamente a escala de laboratorio para aumentar la velocidad de sedimentación de la biomasa algal. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han abordado el aumento de escala de estos resultados experimentales con el fin de industrializar el proceso. La tesis se ha dividido en dos partes principales. La primera está conforma por dos estudios y es el tema principal de esta tesis. Un primer estudio abordó los principios físicos y teóricos de la sedimentación que se utilizan para el funcionamiento y la optimización de la recolección de biomasa de un cultivo de microalgas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales a escala demostrativa en el marco del proyecto de investigación INCOVER "Innovative Eco-technologies for Resource Recovery from Wastewater" (GA 689242) (https://incover-project.eu/), cuyo objetivo era validar tecnologías innovadoras a escala demostrativa para convertir las aguas residuales en una fuente de energía alternativa y en productos de valor añadido. Un segundo estudio se centró en el funcionamiento y optimización del proceso de espesamiento posterior de la biomasa previamente cosechada en las mismas instalaciones mediante dos espesadores trabajando en línea. Por último, la segunda parte consistió en el estudio y optimización del comportamiento del licor mezclado en su tránsito por un estanque de algas de alta tasa para el tratamiento de aguas residuales mediante la modelización de la Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional para su implantación en la ciudad de Aligarh. Este estudio se ha realizado en el marco del proyecto H2020 PAVITR (http://www.pavitr.net; GA 821410), cuyo objetivo es la validación de tecnologías naturales y avanzadas sostenibles para el tratamiento del agua y de las aguas residuales, el control y la reutilización segura del agua en la India. En el primer estudio de la primera parte, se abordaron los principios físicos y teóricos de la sedimentación para utilizarlos en el funcionamiento y la optimización de la cosecha de biomasa en sedimentador de láminas (700 L) de un cultivo de microalgas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales en un fotobiorreactor tubular semicerrado de tres (11,7 m3 cada uno) a escala demostrativa. Durante 6 meses se ajustó el flujo de entrada (6900 m3·día-1), la dosis de coagulante (1-12 mg·L-1) y las purgas de la biomasa (60-240 L·día-1) para conseguir una adecuada separación de la fase sólido-líquida. Los resultados de este apartado evidenciaron la eficacia de las lamelas en la tarea de separación sólidolíquido obteniendo una turbidez de salida inferior a 5 NTU tras el periodo de optimización. En el segundo estudio, se operaron y optimizaron dos espesadores para conseguir una concentración adecuada (20 g·L-1) de la biomasa recolectada previamente para el posterior proceso de digestión anaerobia en las mismas instalaciones. Los espesadores y las purgas se optimizaron en cuatro periodos durante dos meses. Los resultados mostraron una concentración final de 26,5 g·L-1 en el último periodo debido a un uso minimizado de los rascadores para evitar la resuspensión de las partículas permitiendo una adecuada sedimentación por compresión. En la segunda parte, se diseñó una Laguna de Alta Carga a escala demostrativa para ser implementada en Aligarh (India) con una capacidad de tratamiento de 50 m3·día-1. El objetivo del estudio era asistir, verificar y optimizar el dimensionamiento convencional de las Lagunas de Alta Carga mediante la modelización biocinética y el análisis hidrodinámico mediante Dinámica de Fluidos Computacional (CFD). Según las simulaciones del modelo biocinético, el tiempo de retención hidráulica óptimo para mejorar la eliminación de nutrientes fue de 4 días. Se construyó un modelo 3D de la laguna para analizar el comportamiento hidrodinámico de 36 diseños en forma de carrusel con diferentes configuraciones. Se simularon las diferentes combinaciones de números de deflectores en las inversiones, anchos de pared central y tamaños de forma de lágrima en os extremos del muro central. Se cuantificó la presencia de zonas de baja velocidad, así como el área útil frente al área total ocupada. La configuración más eficiente resultó ser la compuesta por dos deflectores y formas de lágrima con un diámetro igual a ¼ de la anchura del canal. Además, una evaluación técnico-económica del sistema determinó un coste de inversión de 732 euros por población equivalente (PE) y un coste operativo de 0,19 euros por m3 de agua residual tratada. Enginyeria ambiental

The United Kingdom has played a prominent role in the Common Fisheries Policy&mdash, by contributing to fisheries activities and also by participating in the design of the fisheries policy. Brexit is certain to have significant repercussions for European fisheries activities and their management. This study analyses the views held by companies linked to the fisheries sector in Galicia (fishing, wholesale trade, canned fish, aquaculture, and fish processing), one of the European regions most affected by Brexit given that more than 80% of the Spanish fishing fleet working on UK waters is located in this region. We adopt a quantitative methodology based on the Pearson&rsquo, s chi-squared test, the likelihood ratio, and the Fisher&rsquo, s exact test for analyzing opinions about various topics. Results indicate that companies engaged in marine fisheries or trade in fishing goods hold a mostly negative view of Brexit&rsquo, s effects. In total, 30% of those surveyed anticipate that Brexit will have negative consequences for EU workers in UK fishery companies, a slightly higher percentage of these respondents expect the United Kingdom&rsquo, s exit from the EU to depress Spain&rsquo, s foreign trade, over half of those surveyed perceived Brexit as resulting in the adverse scenario of reduced access to fisheries&rsquo, resources and were in favor of reformulating the current system of total allowable catches (TACs) and quotas among the remaining post-Brexit member states. Most respondents also agreed that Brexit will have negative repercussions on vessels of the Galician fleet operating under the British flag. Our statistical analysis identifies a significant relationship between negative attitudes and the firm&rsquo, s size for fisheries&rsquo, sectors as a whole, however, no relation between those attitudes and firm size or turnover is identified when the particular fishing companies&rsquo, perceptions are evaluated.

Este proyecto es una propuesta de investigación sobre la gestión pesquera en Galicia integrando diferentes aspectos temáticos y diferentes propuestas metodológicas. Las actividades relacionadas con el medio marino tienen una gran relevancia social, cultural y económica, y su gestión se muestra cada vez más compleja. Esta complejidad, que surge de la interrelación de aspectos diferentes como la economía, biología, ordenación del territorio o desarrollo sostenible, es lo que trataremos de abordar en nuestra investigación. El ámbito de aplicación del estudio serán las actividades pesqueras, marisqueras y acuícolas dentro de las aguas interiores gallegas. La selección de las actividades en aguas interiores está motivada por su singularidad organizativa e institucional y por la complejidad espacial, ambiental y social. Para desarrollar el proyecto nos apoyamos en las bases metodológicas de la Economía Financiera, la Economía de los Recursos Naturales, la Economía Social y la Economía Institucional. Este proxecto é unha proposta de investigación sobre a xestión pesqueira en Galicia integrando diferentes aspectos temáticos e diferentes propostas metodolóxicas. As actividades relacionadas co medio mariño teñen unha gran relevancia social, cultural e económica, e a súa xestión estase a demostrar cada vez máis complexa. Esta complexidade, que xorde da interrelación de aspectos diferentes como a economía, bioloxía, ordenación do territorio ou desenvolvemento sostible, é o que trataremos de abordar na nosa investigación. O ámbito de aplicación do estudo serán as actividades pesqueiras, marisqueiras e acuícolas dentro das augas interiores galegas. A selección das actividades en augas interiores está motivada pola súa singularidade organizativa e institucional e pola complexidade espacial, ambiental e social. Para desenvolver o proxecto apoiándonos nas bases metodolóxicas da Economía Financeira, da Economía dos Recursos Naturais, da Economía Social e da Economía Institucional. This project is a research proposal on fisheries management in Galicia integrating different methodological approaches. Activities related to the marine environment has a social, cultural and economic significance, and its management is complex. This complexity arises from the interplay of economics, biology, planning or sustainable development, and it is the focus of our research. The scope of the study will be the fishing, shellfish and aquaculture activities in inland waters of Galicia. The selection of inland activities is motivated by its organizational and institutional uniqueness and its characteristics: spacial, environmental and social. To develop the project we use the methodological approaches of Financial Economics, Economics of Natural Resources, Social Economy and Institutional Economics.

Tras décadas de investigación pesquera, numerosos autores han concluido que la sostenibilidad está más relacionada con la transformación social que con establecer límites biológicos (Crean y Wisher, 2000), y que gestionar pesquerías es gestionar personas más que gestionar peces (Hilborn, 2002). En este sentido, la comunidad científica ha intentado definir sistemas de gobernanza capaces de implementar políticas públicas que conduzcan a la sostenibilidad, analizando los resultados de distintos acuerdos institucionales en la gobernanza de los recursos comunes. Este proyecto de tesis pretende aplicar el marco de Análisis de Sistemas Socio-Ecológicos complejos (MASES) y la teoría de recursos comunes (CPR) a la gestión de pesquerías en Galicia, con el objetivo de analizar qué patrones de interacciones y resultados (sobreexplotación, conflicto, colapso, estabilidad e incremento de los rendimientos) son más probables por la aplicación de un conjunto particular de reglas de gobernanza, propiedad y uso en un contexto tecnológico, socioeconómico y político específico. Para ello, será necesario: - Definir y analizar el marco institucional de gestión de las pesquerías en Galicia. - Evaluar sus resultados atendiendo a criterios de eficiencia económica, equidad, robustez/resiliencia. - Analizar cómo diferentes estructuras de gobernanza permiten solventar problemas en la gestión de recursos comunes y qué resultados podrían alcanzarse bajo acuerdos institucionales alternativos. Tras décadas de investigación pesquera, numerosos autores concluiron que a sustentabilidade está máis relacionada coa transformación social que con establecer límites biolóxicos (Crean y Wisher, 2000), y que xestionar pesqueiras é xestionar persoas máis que xestionar peces (Hilborn, 2002). Neste senso, a comunidade científica tentou definir sistemas de gobernanza capaces de implementar políticas públicas que conduzan á sustentabilidade, analizando os resultados de distintos acuerdos institucionais na gobernanza dos recursos comúns. Este proxecto pretende aplicar o marco de Análise de sistemas socio-ecolóxicos complexos (MASES) e a Teoría de recursos comúns (CPR) á xestión de pesquerías en Galicia, co obxetivo de analizar qué patróns de interaccións e resultados (sobreexplotación, conflicto, colapso, estabilidade e incremento dos rendementos) son máis probables pola aplicación dun conxunto particular de regras de gobernanza, propiedade e uso nun contexto tecnolóxico, socioeconómico e político específico. Para elo, será preciso: - Definir e analizar o marco institucional da xestión das pesqueiras en Galicia. - Avaliar o seus resultados atendendo a criterios de eficiencia económica, equidade, robustez/resiliencia. - Analizar cómo diferentes estructuras de gobernanza permiten solventar problemas na xestión de recursos comúns e que resultados poderían acadarse baixo acordos institucionais alternativos. After several decades of fisheries research, many authors have pointed out that sustainability is more related with social transformation than with setting biological limits (Crean y Wisher, 2000) and managing fisheries is managing people more than managing fish (Hilborn, 2002). In this sense, the scientific community has tried to define governance systems which allow for the implementation of public policies that lead to sustainability, analyzing the outcomes of different institutional arrangements in the governance of common-pool resources. This project is focused on the application of the Socio-Ecological Systems framework (MASES) and the common-pool resources theory (CPR) to the fisheries management in Galicia, analyzing what patterns of interactions and out- comes (overuse, conflict, collapse, stability, and increasing returns) are likely to result from using a particular set of rules for the governance, ownership, and use in a specific technological, socioeconomic, and political environment. This will require: - To define and to analyze the institutional framework of fisheries management in Galicia. - To assess its results according to criteria of economic efficiency, equity, robustness/resilience. - To analyze how the different governance structures allow solving problems in common-pool resources management and what outcomes could be achieved under alternative institutional frameworks.

The new Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), includes as one of its pillars the concept of maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Member States are required to manage the stocks in their waters to achieve MSY in 2015 as part of the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) and the precautionary principle. Other legislation, such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, Directive 2008/56/EC), requires Member states (MS) to take the necessary measures to achieve or maintain Good Environmental Status (GES) in their waters by 2020. It proposes the use of MSY as an indicator for exploited populations (descriptor 3). European hake (Merluccius merluccius) is one of the main target species of the Spanish fleet. The southern hake stock is assessed annually by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO). The model used for the assessment of this stock is "Gadget", a multispecies model that allows the integration of trophic relationships. The current version of the model does not explore the role of top predators (e.g. marine mammals) and their predation over hake is included within a single parameter, the natural mortality (M), assumed as a constant within the model, so that the consequences of changes in cetacean populations (e.g. abundance, distribution, diet, etc) are ignored. Several cetacean species (e.g. common and bottlenose dolphins) consume a significant amount of hake, and investigating their potential role on hake dynamics can improve its management. Modeling cetacean population dynamics will also be a tool to help their conservation by guiding possible management measures that ensure their viability or recovery. All cetacean species are listed in Annex V of the Law of Protection of Natural Heritage and Biodiversity (42/2007) and protected by national and international legislation (e.g. Habitats Directive). La nueva Política Pesquera Común (PPC), incluye como aspecto central el concepto de rendimiento máximo sostenible (MSY), comprometiendo a los Estados Miembros a gestionar los stocks de sus aguas y a llevarlos a niveles capaces de producir MSY en 2015 como parte de la aplicación ecosistémica a la gestión de pesquerías (EAFM) y el principio de precaución. Otras, como la Directiva sobre la Estrategia Marina (Directiva 2008/56/EC), requieren que se asegure su Buen Estado Ambiental (GES) para el 2020, proponiendo el uso del MSY como indicador para las poblaciones explotadas (descriptor 3). La merluza europea (Merluccius merluccius) es una de las principales especies objetivo de la flota española. El stock sur de merluza es evaluado anualmente por el International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) y el Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). Para la evaluación del stock se utiliza "Gadget", una plataforma de desarrollo de modelos multiespecíficos que permite integrar relaciones tróficas. El modelo actual no explora el papel que los depredadores superiores (ej. mamíferos marinos) y su efecto se engloba dentro de un parámetro único, la mortalidad natural (M), que se asume constante, por lo que se ignoran las consecuencias que los cambios en la abundancia, distribución y dieta de los depredadores pueden producir sobre el stock. Debido a que se ha demostrado que los cetáceos (ej. delfín común y delfín mular) consumen una importante cantidad de merluza, investigar el papel que pueden estar jugando en la dinámica de la merluza puede mejorar su gestión. Al mismo tiempo, modelar las poblaciones de estos cetáceos permitirá explorar su estado de conservación y establecer medidas de gestión para asegurar la estabilidad o recuperación de estas especies, todas ellas enmarcadas en el anexo V de la Ley de Protección del Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad (42/2007) y protegidas por legislación nacional e internacional (Directiva Hábitats). A nova Política Pesqueira Común (PPC), inclúe como aspecto central o concepto de rendemento máximo sostible (MSY), comprometendo ós Estados Membros a xestionar os stocks das súas augas e a levalos a niveis capaces de producir MSY no 2015 como parte da aplicación ecosistémica á xestión das pesqueiras (EAFM) e o principio de precaución. Outras, como a Directiva sobre a Estratexia Mariña (Directiva 2008/56/EC), requiren que se asegure o Bo Estado Ambiental (GES) para o 2020, propoñendo o uso do MSY como indicador para as poboacións explotadas (descritor 3). A pescada europea (Merluccius merluccius) é unha das principais especies obxectivo da flota española. O stock sur de pescada é avaliado anualmente polo International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) e o Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). Para a avaliación do stock utilízase "Gadget", unha plataforma de desenvolvemento de modelos multiespecíficos que permite integrar relacións tróficas. O modelo actual non explora o papel que os depredadores superiores (ex. mamíferos mariños) e o seu efecto englobase dentro dun parámetro único, a mortalidade natural (M), que se asume constante, polo que se ignoran as consecuencias que os cambios na abundancia, distribución e dieta dos depredadores poden producir sobre o stock. Debido a que foi demostrado que os cetáceos (ex. delfín común e delfín mular) consumen unha importante cantidade de pescada, investigar o papel que poden estar xogando na dinámica da pescada pode mellorar a súa xestión. O mesmo tempo, modelar as poboacións de estes cetáceos permitirá explorar o seu estado de conservación e establecer medidas de xestión para asegurar a estabilidade ou recuperación de estas especies, todas elas enmarcadas no anexo V da Lei de Protección do Patrimonio Natural e a Biodiversidade (42/2007) e protexidas pola lexislación nacional e internacional (Directiva Hábitats). Instituto Español de Oceanografía

A methodology that endogenously determines catchability functions that link fi shing mortality with contemporaneous stock abundance is presented. We consider a stochastic age-structured model for a fishery composed by a number of fi shing units (fleets, vessels or métiers) that optimally select the level of fishing effort to be applied considering total mortalities as given. The introduction of a balance constrain which guarantees that total mortality is equal to the sum of individual fi shing mortalities optimally selected, enables total fishing mortality to be determined as a combination of contemporaneous abundance and stochastic processes affecting the fishery. In this way, future abundance can be projected as a dynamic system that depends on contemporaneous abundance. The model is generic and can be applied to several issues of fisheries management. In particular, we illustrate how to apply the methodology to assess the floating band target management regime for controlling fishing mortalities which is inspired in the new multi-annual plans. Our results support this management regime for the Mediterranean demersal fishery in Northern Spain. This work was funded by the European Commission as part of the MINOUW project (H2020-SFS-2014-2, number 634495) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (ECO2016-78819-R, AEI/FEDER, UE)

The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of the collaboration between stakeholders and scientists in the construction of a bio- economic model to simulate management strategies for the fisheries in Iberian Atlantic waters. For 3 years, different stakeholders were involved in a model development study, participating in meetings, surveys and workshops. Participatory modelling involved the definition of objectives and priorities of stakeholders, a qualitative evaluation and validation of the model for use by decision-makers, and an iterative pro- cess with the fishing sector to interpret results and introduce new scenarios for numerical simulation. The results showed that the objectives of the participating stakeholders differed. Incorporating objectives into the design of the model and prioritizing them was a challenging task. We showed that the parameterization of the model and the analysis of the scenarios results could be improved by the fishers’ input: e.g. ray and skate stocks were explicitly included in the model; and the behaviour of fleet dynamics proved much more complex than assumed in any traditional modelling approach. Overall, this study demonstrated that stakeholder engagement through dialogue and many interactions was beneficial for both, scientists and the fishing industry. The researchers obtained a final refined model and the fishing industry benefited from participating in a process, which enables them to influence decisions that may affect them directly (to shape) whereas non-participatory pro- cesses lead to management strategies being imposed on stakeholders (to be shaped). European Commission. MYFISH Maximising yield of fisheries while balancing ecosystem, economic and social concerns

The landing obligation policy was one of the major innovations introduced in the last Common Fisheries Policy reform in Europe. It is foreseen that the policy will affect the use of fishing opportunities and hence the economic performance of the fleets. The problem with fishing opportunities could be solved if single-stock total allowable catches (TACs) could be achieved simultaneously for all the stocks. In this study, we evaluate the economic impact of the landing obligation policy on the Spanish demersal fleet operating in the Iberian Sea region. To generate TAC advice, we used two sets of maximum sustainable yield (MSY) reference points, the single-stock MSY reference points defined by ICES and a set of multistock reference points calculated simultaneously using a bioeconomic optimization model. We found that the impact of the landing obligation is time and fleet dependent and highly influenced by assumptions about fleet dynamics. At fishery level, multistock reference points mitigate the decrease in the net present value generated by the implementation of the landing obligation. However at fleet level, the effect depends on the fleet itself and the period. To ensure the optimum use of fishing opportunities, the landing obligation should be accompanied by a management system that guarantees consistency between single-stock TACs. In this regard, multistock reference points represent an improvement over those currently in use. However, further investigation is necessary to enhance performance both at fleet level and in the long term., SI

Os peixes vermelhos, Lutjanidae, são o grupo mais importante de peixes recifais capturados pela frota artesanal na costa nordeste do Brasil. Este longevo grupo de peixes demersais começaram a ser explotados massivamente durante as décadas de 50 e 60, com o objetivo de diversificar a decadente pesca de atuns e lagosta. Aqui, eu forneci ideias sobre a ecologia reprodutiva do ariacó (Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758)), o paramirim (Rhomboplites aurorubens, (Cuvier, 1829)) e o vermelho do olho amarelo (Lutjanus vivanus, (Cuvier, 1828)), três das principais espécies alvo da família Lutjanidae na costa norte do estado da Bahia, Brasil e os e os impactos da pesca artesanal sobre estas espécies. Primeiro, eu descrevi alguns parâmetros populacionais, como a proporção sexual (SR), a relação peso-comprimento (WRL), o fator de condição (K) e padrões de distribuição espacial na área de amostragem. Eu encontrei que a proporção sexual esteve desviada a fêmeas em L. synagris e para machos nas demais espécies em comprimentos maiores que 30 cm e que a distribuição da proporção sexual indica segregação o sexual no gênero Lutjanus e aleatória em Rhomboplites, um primeiro sinal de agregação para a posta. Quando eu examinei a relação peso-comprimento, populacionalmente e para todas as espécies, eu encontrei uma relação alométrica negativa, que significa que indivíduos pequenos tem diferente condições que os grandes e que primeiro o investimento é em crescer que aumentar em peso. Também, eu encontrei que o fator de condição foi o principal fator de agregação na área de amostragem. Depios disto, eu descrevi a ecologia reprodutiva das fêmeas baseando-me em modernos protocolos de histologia e análise de imagem. Em particular, busquei predizer os impactos da pesca sobre a população de fêmeas maduras e conhecer, não somente o potencial reprodutivo e a temporalidade reprodutiva das espécies, mas também gerar informação aplicável e viável para o manejo dos recurso. Aa escala ciclo de vida de temporalidade foi estimada com base a idade de primeira maturação (R. aurorubens 16 cm, Lutjanus 18 cm) e a escala anual foi descrita usando-se o índice gonadossomático (GSI) e histologia. A prevalência de fêmeas em capacidade de posta e os valores do GSI indicaram que a época de posta destas espécies é longa, indo de agosto a abril em Lutjanus e de outubro a abril em Rhomboplites. Comparações com metodologia de dados morfológicos e histológicos foram realizadas, as quais indicaram que o primeiro tipo de dado não foi capaz de descrever o ciclo reprodutivo dos vermelhos. Para L. vivanus, foi necessário o uso de uma validação adicional através do uso da distribuição de frequência do diâmetro dos ovócitos em vitelogênese, do número de ovócitos em desenvolvimento secundário (NDO) e do número relativo de ovócitos em desenvolvimento secundário (NDOr), porque o uso das fases de desenvolvimento gonadal não foi aplicável, posto que cada mês esteve composto por mais de 50% de fêmeas na fase capaz de pôr. Histologicamente, as gônadas de Lutjanidae demonstraram os diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento gonadal encontrados em espécies de desova pelágica, incluindo núcloes migratórios, coalescência e hidratação. Três estágios de folículos pós-ovulatórios (recente, intermediários e antigos) e dois estágios de atresia (alpha e beta) foram bem diferenciados, ademais de estruturas císticas de folículos hidratados, nematódeos e cestódeo. Na escala intrasazonal, eu encontrei que a fração de posta foi de 0,18 (L. vivanus, com intervalo de posta de 4,6 dias) a 0,27 (L. synagris e R. aurorubens e L. synagris, com intervalo de posta de 3,4 dias), o equivalente a um período de posta individual de aproximadamente dois meses. A estratégia de recrutamento para a posta foi apresentada por primeira vez para a assembleia: assincrônica no começo da estação reprodutiva (L. synagris e R. aurorubens) e sincrônica durante o período de posta para todas as espécies. O tipo de fecundidade foi determinada por estereologia. Os resultados demonstraram que estas espécies são desovantes por lote de fecundidade indeterminada que apresentam desenvolvimento ovariano assincrônico. A principal influência maternal sobre a produção de ovos foram o comprimento e o peso, indicando que fêmeas maiores e em melhor condição são as mais fecundas e, que os principais fatores sazonais relacionados com a fecundidade foram as fases da lua e as estações segundo o ritmo das chuvas.A fecundidade anual da assembleia esteve entre 1 a 19 milhões de ovos (L. synagris e R. aurorubens) e de 34 a 55 milhões de ovos hidratados, o que define estas espécies como altamente fecundas. No entanto, é importante salientar que este fato, per se, não garante resiliência contra a exploração. No Brasil, somente uma espécie da família Lutjanidae (L. purpureus) tem uma política de proteção e, atentando aos meus resultados, medidas de gestão para as estudadas no Litoral Norte da Bahia são fornecidas. Como encontrei que os picos de postas de Lutjanidae coincidem com os picos das águas mais quentes no nordeste brasileiro e, portanto, mais ricas e em melhores condições ao assentamento das larvas, eu indiquei que a melhor alternativa para este recurso deveria ser a delimitação de períodos de defeso biológico. Finalmente, eu também considerei que o esforço temporal e geográfico feito pela embarcação padrão utilizada para as amostragens neste trabalho, seguiu um modelo que variou muito pouco e está fundamentada no conhecimento ecológico tradicional dos pescadores, e, portanto, os resultados deste trabalho, juntamente com o conhecimento dos pescadores deveriam ser integrados para definir as estações de defeso, com o intuito de proteger diferentes fases de capacidade de posta e de condição das fêmeas. Becas MAE-AECID | Ref. 0000295218 Programa Proforte PPG-UNEB The European Cooperative in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) action FA0601 - Fish Reproduction and Fisheries (FRESH) CSIC

Concerns over the re-distributive effects of individual transferable quotas (ITQ’s) have led to restrictions on their tradability. We consider a general equilibrium model with firm dynam- ics to evaluate the redistributive impact of changing the tradability of ITQs. A change in tradability would happen, for example, if permits are allowed to be traded as a separate asset from ownership of an active firm. If the property right is associated with ownership of an active firm, the permit can be leased in each period but it is not possible to exit the industry and keep the right. However, allowing the permits to be traded as a separate asset has two effects. First, it leads to a greater concentration of production in the industry. Second, it directly converts a non-tradable asset into a tradable one, and this is equivalent to giving a lump sum transfer to all firms. The first effect implies a concentration in revenues, while the second implies a redistribution of wealth. We calibrate our model to match the observed increase in revenue inequality in the Northeast Multispecies (Groundfish) U.S. Fishery. We show that although observed revenue inequality –measured by the Gini coefficient– increases by 12%, wealth inequality is reduced by 40%.

244 páginas, Este traballo de investigación foi desenvolvido no marco do proxecto Bioloxía, ecoloxía e uso do hábitat das especies obxectivo da flota artesanal na ría de Vigo: mecanismos de xestión ecosistémica (Artevigo) con referencia 09MMA022402PR. Artevigo foi financiado pola Xunta de Galicia a través do programa Incite, de subvencións correspondentes ós programas sectoriais de investigación aplicada, Peme I+D e I+D Suma do Plan Galego de Investigación, Desenvolvemento e Innovación Tecnolóxica, no ano 2009.

A widespread belief exists as to the low financial profitability of fishing companies, but fishermen continue to invest and provoke problems of over-capitalisation. The aim of this study is to provide information on the financial profitability of the European fleet, to analyse the differences between the different segments and the possible influence of structural policies. The results we obtain show that, within the European institutional framework, the prospects of obtaining yields suited to the investment made increase. The coincidence of countries which practise a policy of protectionism and low profitability fleets should be reflected on in the light of the present Common Fisheries Policy reform procedure. Xunta de Galicia | Ref. PGIDT01PXI30004PR

El objetivo del proyecto se alinea con el uso sostenible de los recursos marinos en coincidencia con el segundo de los cuatro Clústeres de I+D del Campus do Mar. En particular está relacionado con la línea de investigación 2.5 de dicho Programa: “Economía, Legislación y Gestión de los recursos marinos” ya que se estudia la sostenibilidad de los recursos y la vinculación de las pesquerías con la economía a través de la consecución de los siguientes objetivos: a. Identificar y analizar los principales sistemas de gestión que aplican el enfoques holísticos como el ecosistémico. b. Diseñar un sistema de evaluación de la gestión pesquera válido para la toma de decisiones y enmarcado dentro del enfoque ecosistémico. c. Valoración de impactos socioeconómicos a través de un caso práctico de la pesca gallega y otro vinculado a los segmentos gallegos de flota sujetos a Totales Admisibles de Capturas (TACs). Para ello, este proyecto doctoral está estructurado en dos partes; una enfocada en el contexto y metodología y otra que expone un análisis aplicado. Por un lado, en el Capítulo 1, se detalla el enfoque de gestión ecosistémico para los recursos pesqueros, identificando sus principales marcos y lugares de aplicación. En el Capítulo 2, se propone un procedimiento, dentro del contexto de la metodología input-output, para abordar la evaluación de impactos socioeconómicos provocados por las variaciones de los recursos pesqueros disponibles y un análisis de cómo influyen sobre otros sectores de una economía. Por otro lado, en la segunda parte de este trabajo doctoral se presenta la aplicación del método propuesto. Para ello, en el Capítulo 3, se caracterizará la actividad pesquera en Galicia con el fin de ofrecer una visión de conjunto de esta actividad, evaluando la intensidad y dependencia socioeconómica de la actividad a lo largo de la costa gallega. En el Capítulo 4 se aplicará el procedimiento propuesto, adaptándolo a la realidad descrita y evaluando las repercusiones socioeconómicas de las variaciones o shocks de oferta sobre todos los sectores de su economía. Para ello se analizaron distintos escenarios, basados en variaciones físicas marginales en la capacidad de producción y en el reparto actual de las posibilidades de pesca (años 2015 y 2016), presentando los principales resultados por segmento de actividad y por zona costera. Para finalizar exponemos las principales conclusiones alcanzadas a través de este proyecto doctoral. Además, se incluyen las referencias bibliográficas utilizadas para este trabajo.