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The evolution of safety and security literature has been notably accompanied with the rise of modern terrorism, above all after the attacks to World Trade Center in 2001. This was the first bloody incident where four commercial airplanes have been weaponized against the most powerful nation in the planet. Like the recent COVID-19 pandemic, 9/11 has changed not only geopolitics but travel behavior as never before. In this grim context, the present conceptual article focuses and examines the evolution of safety???security literature head by Event Management , as fertile ground in Event Management and Tourism studies, because of terrorism. We identify three academic schools that in different stages make a seminal contribution to the studied field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has the privatization of US national security been a feature of recent history? Scholars have pointed to the need for rapid security expansion post 9/11 and to changes in economic and political ideology. As a supplementary reason, this article proposes the ending of the 'Pinkerton Pause', 1893–1977. Following the Homestead debacle of 1892, Congress passed the Anti-Pinkerton Act, banning detective agencies from federal service and effectively inhibiting the privatization of national security. Attempts at repeal failed. However, the US Court of Appeals Equifax decision of 1977 prepared the way for change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will attempt to show how horror movies function as societies' nightmares. They can be interpreted as depictions of our collective struggle to integrate and inevitably repress national trauma. In most psychotherapeutic traditions dreams are regarded as valuable communications from the unconscious and vital for psychological maturation. Among dreams, nightmares often point to indigestible experiences on an individual level. Similarly I will argue that horror movies grapple with our collective traumas and can be interpreted just like dreams. They are our collective nightmares. The logic of this approach is based on psychodynamic and analytic theory and the shared characteristics (isomorphism) of watching a movie and having a dream. Relevant psychodynamic theory and movie analysis will be used to further this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article lays out the work of Costs of War, a project of scholars creating public‐facing knowledge toward the goal of challenging US militarism. Emerging from literature that critiques US imperial violence and deconstructs the commonplace understandings that support it, our efforts identify and confront pillars of belief about war that are shaped by the powerful military‐industrial complex and rooted in an underlying devaluation of the lives of Muslims, people of color, women, and oppressed groups who bear the brunt of militarization both at home and abroad. We use our research and associated website (costsofwar.org) to reach out to journalists, editors, Congress, policymakers, civic groups, social movements, and the US public. In contesting the soundbites about the post‐9/11 wars that allow these wars to be seen as inevitable and to continue uncontested, we hope to help avert the next war championed by those least likely to live with the horrific and decades‐long consequences. We describe our approach, its successes, and its stumbling blocks in hope of offering insights for scholars in the social sciences who wish to use their research in service of activist goals and social justice movements, antiwar and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article intends to explore the political act of transmitting victimhood and trauma into theatrical activism, thereby turning it into a tool to fight against the psycho-social consequences of post-9/11 terror. Kathryn Blume, a contemporary American feminist theatre activist, attains this through the use of testimonies incorporated into the plays as extended monologues of dissent. Her theatrical movement, 'The Lysistrata Project', and plays, most of which are verbatim testimonials, especially The Boycott (2007) and The Accidental Activist (2003), act as sites of resistance against American sociopolitical, cultural and environmental issues concerning the current global conflict after the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I engage in a discourse analysis of National Geographic's docuseries "9/11: One Day in America" to argue that the series' multi-layered effort at commemoration, geared as a long-awaited "full" telling of the 9/11 story, but committed to honoring a specific group of victims and survivors, is enabled by a disorienting temporality that raises questions about the role of national memorials and archives at this moment. Temporality is essential to the development of narrative, and with narrative a central element in the making of memory worlds, temporality cannot be underestimated as a key factor in how memories take shape. "One Day" depends on structural instantiations of time to develop its narrative as authentic memory, reflecting a paradoxical linear yet circular pattern that simultaneously authenticates and undermines the veracity of the story it tells. "One Day" transports viewers into lower Manhattan and through the events of 9/11 via a vividly illustrated timeline. But while a linear version of time in "One Day" supports the telling of survivor stories and the memorialization of the dead, the overarching effect of the timeline for viewers is circular, transporting viewers back in time to 2001 and a state of fear and confusion, forcing collective memory to exist in a repetitive temporality that excuses a turn away from history and consequences. The resulting circular mechanism for commemoration allows cultural institutions, like the ones represented in "One Day," to emphasize the past at the expense of more critical understandings of both history and the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads the South Korean novel The Boy from Paradise (2013) by J. M. Lee as a work of post-9/11 fiction. It situates the novel within the post-Cold War matrix of geopolitical conflict on the Korean peninsula, held in place by the tension between the neoconservative preoccupation with "holding the rogue to account," on the one hand, and the neoliberal fantasy of integrating it into the borderless world system on the other. These opposing attitudes toward the North Korean rogue—expressed within a frame narrative in which an American CIA agent interrogates a wanted North Korean math savant with Asperger's—point to a deeper crisis within the notion of accountability itself as a moral, narrative, and calculative enterprise. However, while the novel attempts to defuse the "North Korea problem" by recourse to a national allegory, its reparative vision is eventually undone by its core conceit—the ableist pathologization of North Korea as an "autistic" nation. Ultimately, this article makes the case for rethinking not only the place of North Korea in the larger contemporary world-literary system but also the literary-ethical consequences of exercising one's creative license: the very act of writing itself as an intractable form of roguery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinctive among memorials for its rurality and its integration of the natural landscape, the Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania narrates the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001 through an embodied experience of trauma and relief. In this article, we analyze the rhetorical interaction between the memorial's pastoral setting and the Visitor Center's traumatic and temporal reenactment of the doomed flight. Contributing to scholarly understanding of how pastoral landscape functions in memorialization, we argue that the memorial's materiality interpellates visitors into the subject position of a safety-seeking citizen, which facilitates the unquestioned militarization of the nation-state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war on terror as a discourse assumes that terrorism is an essential threat of global proportions, is mostly perpetuated by Islamist networks, and requires a strong international response. This discourse had tremendous impacts on both domestic and international politics. Consequentially, a large number of studies analyse the assumptions underlying and the policies legitimised by the war on terror discourse. However, existing work mostly focusses on one or a few cases, predominantly in the global north. This article introduces a novel dataset containing information on the war on terror discourse in the school textbooks of 36 countries, representing around 64% of the world's population, for the period 2003–2014. Based on this dataset, I present the first comprehensive analysis of the global diffusion of the war on terror discourse. The study finds that the discourse has by no means globalised but is mostly limited to wealthy countries in Europe and North America. There are hence clear limits to the USA's soft power and the hyper-globalisation of terrorism discourses. Factors like terrorism intensity, armed conflict and authoritarian regime have little predictive power. This is despite clear incentives for challenged (authoritarian) regimes to adapt the war on terror discourse. Contrary to common assumptions in critical security and terrorism studies, the war on terror discourse is hardly associated with an emphasis on terrorists' irrationality and hatred or with the marginalisation of socio-political grievances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical background of the under-study Urdu novel “Sasa” is a tragedy set in the 21st century. The incident of 11th September 2001, stands as a poignant historical event, reshaping the global political landscape in mere hours. This paper analyses the novel Sasa delving into the far-reaching consequences of the twin tower demolition in New York, particularly resonating across the Muslim world. The repercussions of this calamitous and violent incident extend beyond geographical borders, leaving an indelible mark on nations such as Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iraq. However, a significant facet of this impact is observed through the lens of Pakistani Muslims residing in the United States and Western countries, who directly grappled with the aftermath of the tragedy. Central to the novel's narrative are characters who embody the multifaceted questions surrounding the motivations behind the tragedy. These questions are intricately woven into the characters' actions and dialogues, unravelling a complex interplay of political, social, and economic issues. As the characters navigate their identities both domestically and abroad, themes of identity, conflict, and harmony emerge as pivotal touchpoints. Within the narrative, Muslim characters hopelessly long for a path of peace amidst the prevailing tide of war, intolerance and animosity propagated by Western and European media. Central to the novel's narrative is a character named Saleem who embodies the multifaceted questions. In quest of his long hunted answer to the question of Love he travels to America, but he had to face hatred instead. This research employs a qualitative analysis approach, utilizing textual analysis and thematic exploration to unearth the layers of meaning embedded within the characters' experiences and interactions. By contextualizing the characters within a global framework, this study seeks to shed light on the intricate web of human emotions, motivations, and responses triggered by Sasa. Ultimately, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the broader sociopolitical repercussions of traumatic events and underline the importance of nuanced narratives that counter prevailing biases and prejudices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFrom the title to the text, happiness matters in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. However, happiness has garnered less critical attention than the text’s political, cultural, social, gendered, and realist readings, implicating the impossibility of achieving ‘utmost happiness’ in the post-9/11 world rife with political chaos. Alternatively, this paper claims that by defying the limitations of a political vision, oppressing gendered norms, and social structures that ensnare individuals in unhappy states, the drab graveyard where, Anjum- the Muslim transgender first takes up residence after failing to find happiness in Duniya and Khawabgah, and later sets up ‘a People’s Pool, a People’s Zoo and a People’s School’, the personal becomes a space where everyone, irrespective of gender, class, caste, and religion, can live together happily. Based on this counter reading of the text, this study divulges Roy’s optimistic invocation of the connection between the personal and political as an imaginative manifestation of the alchemy of happiness, which was theorised by Muslim philosopher Ghazali–whereby the divine contemplation experienced at the personal level contributes to communal happiness at the broader scale. Thus, the text philosophizes happiness as a transcendental experience that enables the individual to rise above base material concerns and drives him to the love of God, self, and humanity. This recognition of happiness as a spiritual reality holds the power to turn even a graveyard into paradise.

This paper provides a framework to make moral sense of terrorism. The framework consists in a test, referred to as the MODAL test, which is an acronym standing for five tests or principles for determining the moral defensibility or indefensibility of terrorism. The five principles concern the motives for terrorism, its objectives, destructiveness, availability of alternatives, and likelihood of success. This approach makes it conceivable but highly unlikely in practice that a terrorist act is morally justified. The MODAL test does not claim to be an exhaustive framework for analysing the moral legitimacy or illegitimacy of terrorism but rather a practical analytical tool aimed at securing a reliable grasp of the tricky question of the relation between morality and terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following 9/11, the United States, led at the time by the George W. Bush administration, formulated and disseminated a political narrative replete with falsehoods and rigid binaries intended to justify changes to its domestic and foreign policy. That narrative was based on Orientalist tropes and American exceptionalism – ideas which have been part of American political discourse for more than a century. Two post-9/11 multi-narrator novels – Laila Halaby's Once in a Promised Land (2007) and Laila Lalami's The Other Americans (2019) – respond to the dominant political narrative by deconstructing the binaries it is based on and by demonstrating its harmfulness to American society. Through close readings that analyze the ideological implications of the polyphonic novel form, this paper reveals that Halaby's and Lalami's novels implicate the narrative in the destructive political polarization of the 2000s and the 2010s while subverting persistent modes of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim sentiment. Mikhail Bakhtin's notions of polyphony and dialogism, as well as Jody Byrd's concept of cacophony, clarify the ways that narration is used in Once in a Promised Land and The Other Americans to enable the indictment of the post-9/11 narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neue Politische Literatur is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, I analyze the warnings I gave prior to the new millennium concerning the possibility of terrorism visiting American soil. The sources of the problem are discussed in detail. These warnings were not showcased in academic journals gathering dust on some university library shelve. They were given to a variety of governmental agencies as well as discussed in the mainstream media. My sources are revealed for all to see. Unfortunately, my prognostications proved accurate when hijacked planes slammed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two decades after the adoption of Resolutions 1368 and 1373 (2001), there still is no consensus on whether these resolutions recognise the alleged right of self-defence against terrorist groups. Considering the time that has elapsed, we use a traditional legal methodology to determine this question. Specifically, we examine the climate of exceptionality produced by 9/11, the content of the resolutions themselves, and the international practice in relation to them to elucidate the question. We conclude that while the context of exceptionality conditioned the lack of international reproach for the unlawful reaction, the content of the resolutions and the international practice surrounding them do not recognise such right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this systematic review is to examine longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and lower respiratory symptoms (LRS) specifically among responders present at the World Trade Center (WTC) site on September 11, 2001 (9/11). This group, which we refer to as "9/11 early responders," appears to have particularly high rates of both mental and physical illness relative to other 9/11-exposed populations. We performed a systematic literature review to examine associations between PTSD and LRS among 9/11 early responders in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews. After a structured search of Pubmed and the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) WTC bibliography for relevant articles, we identified 4 articles commenting on associations between PTSD and LRS in this population; all 4 passed quality review and were included in our primary analysis. 10 other articles we found in our research discussed rates of PTSD and LRS, but not associations between them, in the population in question; we commented on these in a secondary analysis. The data demonstrate that there are significant associations between PTSD and LRS among 9/11 early responders. The data also suggest that both of these phenomena are more prevalent among 9/11 early responders relative to other 9/11-exposed populations. These findings are relevant for optimizing care for the population in question, as well as for other survivors of past and future disasters with both psychiatric and medical sequelae. [Display omitted] • PTSD and Lower Respiratory Symptoms (LRS) are prevalent in 9/11 responders. • These are bidirectionally associated in responders present at the WTC on 9/11 itself. • PTSD and LRS appear more prevalent in this group relative to other 9/11 survivors. • Enhanced psychiatric and medical collaboration can optimize care for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore how Afghanistan is represented in two mainstream Bollywood films from the pre-9/11 period using Orientalism as a theoretical framework. While much literature exists on Afghanistan being Orientalized in Hollywood films, Bollywood representations of Afghanistan have not been studied from similar critical lenses. With the recent takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban after a twenty-year-long war, it is more urgent than ever today to examine Bollywood representations of Afghanistan given the crucial importance of India as a key geopolitical entity in the region. The paper shall study two films from the pre-9/11 period in order to understand if Bollywood has Orientalized the region like mainstream Hollywood films. Bollywood films well known for taking their influences from Hollywood productions, make it likely to be the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the twentieth-century's spatial turn in literary and cultural studies, this paper examines spaces and spatiality in Don DeLillo's novel Falling Man, a seminal fictional response to the most traumatic (spatial) event in the USA at the turn of the century. Starting from Robert T. Tally Jr.'s thesis that authors are cartographers, I analyze how DeLillo acts as a mapper of the post-9/11 space. By exploring the depictions of the altered spatial landscape DeLillo creates, and the world he thrusts his characters into, I examine the intricate relationship between space and identity. Ultimately, I argue that the loss of a familiar and dependable space creates unfamiliar spaces the characters struggle to navigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Rondine al Nido" is part of the Nevada-based first short story collection by Claire Vaye Watkins, Battleborn (2012). The third-person narrator focuses on a woman in her thirties who recounts her lover the experience of being sexually abused when she ran away at sixteen years old with a former friend to Las Vegas. Set in the backdrop of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the story dwells on the moment when the two girls could have escaped from the hotel room of their abusers but decided not to. The embedded story exemplifies Rosalind Gill's idea of the late 1990 s and early 2000 s postfeminism (2008), and compliance with male standards of a pornified sexual experience (Nikunen 2007). I argue that the use of temporality in the story allows for a revision of gender demands and stereotypes reinforced through nationalistic discourses surrounding 9/11, and foregrounds a "crisis ordinariness" (Berlant 2011: 10) with regards to sexual violence. Further, understanding the act of the telling as an ethical encounter with the Other allows the narrator to come to terms with her younger self and the friend whom she did not protect from sexual violence in the past.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article interrogates the ways in which Hollywood cinema articulates the exclusion of the Muslim child from popular discourses of childhood and how such exclusion continues to condition the cultural identity of children and most importantly how it defines the notion of childhood. This paper opts for a textual and discursive analysis of Hollywood’s post-9/11 film through a cultural and postcolonial studies’ lens. The main purpose behind this is to scrutinize Hollywood’s cultural conceptualization of children, how it represents different childhoods, in what way it categorizes children and who is perceived as a child.

On 23 May 2021, the Belarusian authorities forced a Ryanair flight from Athens to Vilnius to land in Minsk, citing a bomb threat that turned out to be a false alarm. The aircraft was carrying 123 passengers, fortunately none of them were injured in the incident, but one person - a journalist - who had been declared an extremist and persecuted by the Belarusian Government, was immediately detained by the Minsk authorities following the emergency landing. The purpose of this paper is to present the relevant regulatory environment governing the case and, as far as possible, to assess Belarusian behavior in the light of the regulation. However, during the discussion, I will not attempt to judge the case, but rather to highlight the dilemmas surrounding it and similar events like 9/11, such as the problem of the demarcation between civil and state aircraft, the use of weapons against aircraft, the self-defense of states, or the conflict between the human rights of those on board and those on the ground (mainly in the light of the Chicago Convention, the so called San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, and the United Nations Charter). „There are only two emotions on a plane: boredom and terror.” (Orson Welles)

For a long time, horror was an entertaining cinema genre. Since the late 1970s, critics and scholars have gradually started to examine it in terms of social and political content, often conveyed allegorically. Meanwhile, publications in English have prevailed in academic discourse, which is largely due to the long dominance of American horror. Film critics applied different methods of analysis – from Freudo-Marxism and gender studies to trauma studies and affect theory. Political analysis was often based on the thesis of the critic Robin Wood about the allegorical interpretation of monsters as the return of the repressed. However, in the 21st century, horror has changed significantly. New subgenres have emerged: “torture porn”, “found footage”, folk horror, post-horror, etc. Studios started to film a huge number of remakes, sequels of classical films in series format, etc. At the same time, researchers have continued to study horror as an allegory. Social and cultural consequences of September 11, 2001 became the main topic of the analysis. This trend kept going for more than fifteen years, but with Donald Trump’s coming to power the allegorical messages of the American horror have actually been replaced by direct political statements. Many horrors have begun to tell about current socio-political problems – racism, poverty, migration, etc. Scholars have to react to these changes, comprehending the transformation in the genre and correcting their views on allegorical reading as a method of analysis. The article describes an academic research transition to the understanding of “political horror” on the examples of the film “Get Out” (2017) and the franchise “The Purge” (2013 – to the present). It is concluded that this trend persists so far. However, despite the popularity of “political horror”, it is obvious that allegorical reading will remain an important tool for academic analysis of horror films.

The 9/11 and WMD controversies have encouraged new trends in CIA historiography. The writing of timely leadership memoirs means that in-house viewpoints now tend to precede outside assessment, eliminating one of intelligence historiography’s distinctive quirks. At the same time, former CIA personnel are far more willing to go on the record with journalists and scholars thus ensuring that their version of events reaches the widest possible audience. Finally, an invasion of British scholars into the field comes with the promise of objectivity conferred by distance. It is argued that, because of that distance, there has been a disposition to rely on the kind of source material that lends itself to a cultural approach to CIA history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laughter and humour can have therapeutic effects on traumatized individuals. Now, the generation of Muslims that grew up after the 9/11 terror attacks is using comic relief to recount their experience with Islamophobia. While the trend started with television stand-up comedians and their performances, the movement has spread through the social media grape vine all the way from Twitter to TikTok. In this article the (social) media landscape is examined and comedic content is analysed to assess how and why content creators share their experiences. It finds that the greatest difference between content creators results from the gender-based experiences they draw on when recounting their stories. Comedy was a very strong means of communicating this highly sensitive subject. Through humour, content creators also wished to also break the stereotype of Muslims not understanding satire and just being an angry inflexible mob. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is worth noting that Marxist and secular forms of resistance have been given much priority in postcolonial discourse. We find that almost all prominent postcolonial works produced in the 1980s and 1990s celebrated the secular and Marxist nature of anticolonial liberation struggles. This emanates from the fact that the concept of resistance within postcolonialism has been defined in secular terms. Postcolonial historians and critics marginalised the role of religious anticolonial movements in favour of secular, nationalist and Marxist liberation movements. It is 'odd' that postcolonialism did not devote some space for Islam and anticolonial Islamic liberation movements. However, the post-9/11 global resurgence of religion has prompted postcolonial studies to re-open the question of the sacred. Because 9/11 has provoked an upsurge of spirituality and religion worldwide, postcolonialism has entered the 'God debate' and postcolonial writers have started to investigate the multiple roles religion played in the imperial project. In this sense, this article sheds light on the role Islam played in shaping Moroccan anticolonial consciousness. It presents Islam – Salafism and Sufism - as a mobilising ideology for the anticolonial liberation movement in Morocco. In other words, being aware of the fact that the future of postcolonialism is the return to the past as well as of the growing interest in religion within postcolonialism, in this essay I am going to desecularise the postcolonial resistance by highlighting the theological origins of Moroccan nationalist movement and attempting to incorporate North African anticolonial spirituality into the realm of postcolonial studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This in-depth interview focuses on Aamer Hussein's role as a writer in general and his Muslim identity and heritage in particular. Among the issues raised are his ideas about identity; his life in Britain; Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) writing; Islamophobia; his response to the Rushdie Affair and post-9/11 discourses; Muslim literary traditions; and bilingualism. Hussein is mostly acclaimed for his short stories. The present interview also discusses his writings in general with a special focus on Another Gulmohar Tree (2009), his era, his manifold influences, and his role as a critic, while also shedding light on postcolonial themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a content analysis of American news coverage of World Trade Center (WTC) cough syndrome, a common ailment among 9/11 survivors, published before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, coverage was limited to areas geographically proximate to the attacks and embodied themes of respiratory disease descriptions, heroism and patriotism and government involvement. Pandemic-era coverage expanded to areas where survivors now live and embodied themes of survivors comparing 9/11 to the pandemic, survivors' vulnerability to COVID-19, lack of federal government transparency, calls for caution and safety protocols, heroism and patriotism and the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel has become the de facto material to memorialize 9/11. In this article, we show how the vast majority of steel from the World Trade Center (200,000 tons) was recycled abroad but what remained was sacralized and made into local memorials. Using newspaper reports and materials obtained from a freedom of information request, the article analyzes how dispersed memorialization honored first responders across the United States (and abroad) enlarging both the geography of trauma and responsibility to remember. We connect the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's curation, gifting, and transportation of 9/11 steel to a form of mourning with military antecedents as well as the deliberate focus on strength, masculinity, and participation in the War on Terror. Finally, we show how local memorialization democratized the process of 'sacred steel' distribution while also tightly controlling what could be done with salvaged metal in order to make sure that relics remained communal, rather than personalized, objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The democratic-reconstruction measures that were employed in Afghanistan following the USled invasion in late 2001 were riddled with problems, one of which related to the composition of the new government. The inclusion of warlords in the nation-building process, although it made strategic sense for the fledgling government, resulted in the reproduction of cycles of violence and was particularly detrimental to the interests of women, whose supposed liberation was at the centre of the War on Terror discourse. This paper examines this phenomenon through the eyes of Malalai Joya, who, in her memoir A Woman Among Warlords provides an insightful account of the radical, misogynist warlords who occupied positions of power in the newly formed government. As a young female politician in a historically male domain, Joya is a rare voice of resistance against her government and the American military. In raising her voice against the power holders, Joya subverts the dominant narrative of the war, especially pertaining to the liberation of Afghan women. She argues that by colluding with the warlords, the US and the Karzai administration were complicit in allowing violence to continue in political and social spheres. This paper argues that the US-led invasion largely failed to make any concrete ideological transformation and instead aided the reestablishment of oppressive power structures, especially in Afghanistan's provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to draw an analysis of the United Nation's Security Council response in dealing with the challenges of International terrorism, prior to and after 9/11 attacks in 2001. The 9/11 terrorist attacks shocked the entire International community in context of the UN handling of terrorism as a threat to international peace and security. Speedily and decisively in the UN history, the Security Council unanimously adopted number of Resolutions which included Resolution 1368 within 24 hours of the attacks, Resolution 1373, Resolution 1377, Resolution 1535, and Resolution 1540, (Edward 2004). After the 9/11 attack, for the first time in the UN history, the then Secretary-General Kofi Annan said that Terrorism is a global threat. It calls for a united, global response. To defeat it, all nations must take counsel together, and act in unison. That is why we have the United Nations (Annan 2001). However, it begs the question whether the 11 September episode was a turning point in the UNSC response to International Terrorism. This paper raises the argument that prior to the 9/11 episode, UN as an international body did not recognise the threat of violence caused due to terrorism at a global scale which remained limited to the domestic sphere of nation-states alone. However, it was only in the aftermath of 9/11 that terrorism acquired an international recognition as a challenge confronted by nation states across the globe which required measures at the global level to combat the threat. In doing so, the paper unravels the various measures undertaken by the UNSC in containing the threat of terrorism while analysing the extent to which it has been successful in its efforts as an international institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US–China relations are increasingly important for international politics. It is a matter of curiosity what kind of relationship the United States, which is still the hegemonic power, will have with the rising China. As an unexpected event, the 9/11 attacks changed the foreign policy priorities of the United States. Likewise, these attacks caused a significant change in the normal course of China–US relations. This study aimed to respond to the question of how the 9/11 attacks and the events that followed impacted China–US relations. In this study, it is claimed that the 9/11 attacks delayed the rise of China as a top priority in the US foreign policy for a long time. It is argued that the 9/11 attacks prevented the formation of a consistent policy against China. The 9/11 attacks and the developments afterward delayed the US view of China as a strategic competitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çankaya University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Cankaya University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of International Relations Studies / Uluslararası Ilişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)