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3. Regenerative fuel cells

Author

Garche, Juergen, primary, Smolinka, Tom, additional, Navarra, Maria Assunta, additional, Panero, Stefania, additional, and Scrosati, Bruno, additional

Published
2022
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5. Contributors

Author

Amikam, Gidon, primary, Ansar, Asif S., additional, Ayers, Kathy, additional, Badgett, Alex, additional, Barnett, Alejandro O., additional, Bergmann, Henry, additional, Bessarabov, Dmitri, additional, Brisse, Annabelle, additional, Corgnale, Claudio, additional, Engelbrecht, Nicolaas, additional, Friedrich, Kaspar Andreas, additional, Gago, Aldo S., additional, Garche, Juergen, additional, Gendel, Youri, additional, Gorensek, Maximilian B., additional, Grader, Gideon S., additional, Hart, David, additional, Ito, Hiroshi, additional, Khoza, Thulile, additional, Kusnezoff, Mihails, additional, Landman, Avigail, additional, Langmi, Henrietta W., additional, Lehner, Franz, additional, Leon, Aline, additional, Manabe, Akiyoshi, additional, Millet, Pierre, additional, Modisha, Phillimon M., additional, Nativ, Paz, additional, Navarra, Maria Assunta, additional, Panero, Stefania, additional, Pivovar, Bryan, additional, Razmjooei, Fatemeh, additional, Reißner, Regine, additional, Reksten, Anita H., additional, Rothschild, Avner, additional, Ruth, Mark, additional, Schefold, Josef, additional, Scrosati, Bruno, additional, Smolinka, Tom, additional, Staser, John A., additional, Thomassen, Magnus S., additional, Weidner, John W., additional, and Xu, Ziqi, additional

Published
2022
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10. List of Contributors

Author

Abada, Sara, primary, Abert, Michael, additional, Barnett, Brian, additional, Brandt, Klaus, additional, Buqa, Hilmi, additional, Dandl, Sonia, additional, Doering, Harry, additional, Feng, Xuning, additional, Fleischhammer, Meike, additional, Forseth, Sissel, additional, Fuentevilla, Daphne A., additional, Garche, Jürgen, additional, Gilljam, Martin, additional, Hendricks, Christopher E., additional, Hoffmann, Detlef, additional, Hollmotz, Lars, additional, Jeevarajan, J.A., additional, Kerchner, George A., additional, Koehler, Uwe, additional, Kurzweil, Peter, additional, Lamp, Peter, additional, Lian, Torleif, additional, Liaw, Bor Yann, additional, Liebau, Verena, additional, Lu, Languang, additional, Lyness, Christopher, additional, Marlair, Guy, additional, McCoy, Christopher H., additional, Ofer, David, additional, Ouyang, Minggao, additional, Petit, Martin, additional, Pettinger, Karl-Heinz, additional, Pinkwart, Karsten, additional, Pozin, Michael, additional, Schultheiß, Jörg, additional, Schweizer-Berberich, Markus, additional, Spek, Erik J., additional, Sriramulu, Suresh, additional, Tübke, Jens, additional, Vie, Preben J.S., additional, Vogt, Johanna, additional, Wang, Cao-Yang, additional, Wang, FuQing, additional, Wei, YiMin, additional, Weydahl, Helge, additional, Wiaux, Jean-Pol, additional, Wicelinski, Steven, additional, Wilhelmy, Jürgen, additional, and Wöhrle, Thomas, additional

Published
2019
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19. List of Contributors

Author

Albers, J., primary, Badeda, J., additional, Bremmer, M., additional, Chumchal, C., additional, Denlinger, M., additional, Douady, J.P., additional, Fouache, S., additional, Furukawa, J., additional, Garche, J., additional, Gelbke, M., additional, Hildebrandt, T., additional, Huck, M., additional, Kabzinski, J., additional, Karden, E., additional, Kirchev, A., additional, Kizler, J., additional, Königsmann, M., additional, Kronenberg, B., additional, Kuipers, M., additional, Kurzweil, D., additional, Kurzweil, P., additional, Kwiecien, M., additional, Lam, L.T., additional, Maleschitz, N., additional, Meissner, E., additional, Mirza, A.H., additional, Mondoloni, C., additional, Moseley, P.T., additional, Moyer, T.J., additional, Osada, A., additional, Peng, S., additional, Peters, K., additional, Prengaman, R.D., additional, Rand, D.A.J., additional, Ruch, M., additional, Sarrau, J.F., additional, Sauer, D.U., additional, Schmucker, C., additional, Schoch, E., additional, Schöttle, J., additional, Schröer, P., additional, Smith, K., additional, Wagner, R., additional, Warm, A., additional, and Wirth, J., additional

Published
2017
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20. Preface

Author

Garche, Jürgen, primary, Karden, Eckhard, additional, Moseley, Patrick T., additional, and Rand, David A.J., additional

Published
2017
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24. Linear and Nonlinear Aging of Lithium-Ion Cells

Author

Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Keil, Jonas Peter Lothar, Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), and Keil, Jonas Peter Lothar

Abstract

The transition from an early stage, linear to a later stage, nonlinear aging behavior of lithium-ion cells significantly determines their economic and sustainable usage. The presented thesis investigates the linear and nonlinear aging behavior and the underlying degradation mechanisms based on laboratory experiments, electrochemical analysis and in-situ neutron diffraction. To describe the aging behavior, a physicochemical model is developed considering solid-electrolyte interphase re-/formation, lithium plating and lithium stripping side reactions., Der Übergang von einem anfangs linearen zu einem späteren nichtlinearen Alterungsverhalten von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen bestimmt maßgeblich deren wirtschaftlichen und nachhaltigen Einsatz. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das lineare und nichtlineare Alterungsverhalten und die zugrundeliegenden Degradationsmechanismen anhand von Laborexperimenten, elektrochemischer Analyse und in-situ Neutronendiffraktometrie. Um das Alterungsverhalten abzubilden, wurde ein physikalisch-chemisches Modell entwickelt, das die Nebenreaktionen der Solid Electrolyte Interphase Neu-/Bildung, der Lithium Abscheidung und der Lithium Auflösung berücksichtigt.

Published
2022

25. Linear and Nonlinear Aging of Lithium-Ion Cells

Author

Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.);Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Keil, Jonas Peter Lothar, Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.);Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), and Keil, Jonas Peter Lothar

Abstract

The transition from an early stage, linear to a later stage, nonlinear aging behavior of lithium-ion cells significantly determines their economic and sustainable usage. The presented thesis investigates the linear and nonlinear aging behavior and the underlying degradation mechanisms based on laboratory experiments, electrochemical analysis and in-situ neutron diffraction. To describe the aging behavior, a physicochemical model is developed considering solid-electrolyte interphase re-/formation, lithium plating and lithium stripping side reactions., Der Übergang von einem anfangs linearen zu einem späteren nichtlinearen Alterungsverhalten von Lithium-Ionen-Zellen bestimmt maßgeblich deren wirtschaftlichen und nachhaltigen Einsatz. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das lineare und nichtlineare Alterungsverhalten und die zugrundeliegenden Degradationsmechanismen anhand von Laborexperimenten, elektrochemischer Analyse und in-situ Neutronendiffraktometrie. Um das Alterungsverhalten abzubilden, wurde ein physikalisch-chemisches Modell entwickelt, das die Nebenreaktionen der Solid Electrolyte Interphase Neu-/Bildung, der Lithium Abscheidung und der Lithium Auflösung berücksichtigt.

Published
2022

31. Contributors

Author

Gidon Amikam, Asif S. Ansar, Kathy Ayers, Alex Badgett, Alejandro O. Barnett, Henry Bergmann, Dmitri Bessarabov, Annabelle Brisse, Claudio Corgnale, Nicolaas Engelbrecht, Kaspar Andreas Friedrich, Aldo S. Gago, Juergen Garche, Youri Gendel, Maximilian B. Gorensek, Gideon S. Grader, David Hart, Hiroshi Ito, Thulile Khoza, Mihails Kusnezoff, Avigail Landman, Henrietta W. Langmi, Franz Lehner, Aline Léon, Akiyoshi Manabe, Pierre Millet, Phillimon M. Modisha, Paz Nativ, Maria Assunta Navarra, Stefania Panero, Bryan Pivovar, Fatemeh Razmjooei, Regine Reißner, Anita H. Reksten, Avner Rothschild, Mark Ruth, Josef Schefold, Bruno Scrosati, Tom Smolinka, John A. Staser, Magnus S. Thomassen, John W. Weidner, and Ziqi Xu

Published
2022
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32. The history of water electrolysis from its beginnings to the present

Author

Juergen Garche, Mihails Kusnezoff, Henry Bergmann, and Tom Smolinka

Subjects
Electrolysis, Electrolysis of water, Hydrogen, Waste management, business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Voltaic pile, law.invention, Renewable energy, Steam reforming, chemistry, law, Environmental science, business, Central element
Abstract

The principle of the electrochemical decomposition of water in an electrolysis cell has already been known for more than 230 years. The first generation of hydrogen by electricity was done as early as 1789 by van Troostwijk and Deiman using an electrostatic generator as the direct current source. Shortly after Volta invented the voltaic pile in 1800, Carlisle and Nicholson used such a device to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen. In the same year, Ritter performed comparable experiments in Jena, Germany. Moreover, Cruickshank used a voltaic pile for the electrochemical decomposition of NaCl to hydrogen and chlorine at the beginning of the 19th century. Nevertheless, it took decades before the processes were used in the first technical applications. Around 1890 Charles Renard constructed a water electrolysis unit to generate hydrogen for French military airships. It is estimated that around 1900 more than 400 industrial alkaline water electrolyzers were in operation worldwide and large-scale deployment of the chlor-alkali process started. Later, different types of commercial alkaline water electrolyzers were developed in the 20th century to generate hydrogen needed to produce ammonia fertilizers based on low-cost hydroelectricity. As the 20th century progressed, the more cost-effective production of hydrogen by steam reforming of methane increasingly replaced water electrolysis, and by the end of the 20th century, the process was only used in niche applications. In the late 1960s the development of proton exchange membrane electrolysis began at General Electric using an acidic fluorinated ionomer as a solid electrolyte. But the technology became established in the following decades only in laboratory, military, and space applications due to the high material costs. At about the same time, General Electric, and the Brookhaven National Laboratory also started to develop high-temperature electrolysis with solid oxide cells. In Germany, Dornier followed in the HOT ELLY project this technology until the mid-1980s. But despite of all technical progress made commercialization of the membrane and solid oxide electrolysis could not be launched in that time. But new interest in water electrolysis was stimulated already in the 1990s as hydrogen was regarded as a green energy carrier for renewable energy sources like wind and solar power and to power fuel cells, e.g., in automotive applications. However, it is only in the last 10 years that we have seen a significant increase in global interest for water electrolysis, with the adoption of ambitious national climate protection programs. Water electrolysis is regarded as the central element for sector coupling and is expected to make an important contribution to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions close to net-zero by 2050.

Published
2022
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33. Regenerative fuel cells

Author

Stefania Panero, Bruno Scrosati, Maria Assunta Navarra, Juergen Garche, and Tom Smolinka

Subjects
power-to-gas, business.industry, hydrogen accumulator, electricity storage, elctrolyzer, fuel cell, hydrogen storage, regenerative fuel cell, Energy storage, Renewable energy, Accumulator (energy), Environmental science, Specific energy, Hydraulic accumulator, Electricity, Process engineering, business, Regenerative fuel cell, Electrical efficiency
Abstract

A regenerative fuel cell (RFC) is a hydrogen accumulator which is charged via an electrolyzer (electricity conversion into H2) and discharged via the fuel cell (H2 conversion into electricity), where the storage media is pressurized hydrogen. The also generated oxygen is mostly not stored in terrestrial applications. There are discrete RFCs (DRFC) consisting of two separate stacks (electrolyzer and fuel cell) and unitized RFCs (URFC) with one single stack working during charge in electrolysis mode and during discharge in fuel cell mode. URFCs show a high specific energy up to 1500 Wh kg−1. Furthermore, it is possible to optimize the power and energy of the system independently, which is important for seasonal storage of larger amounts of energy. In contrast to conventional electrochemical accumulators the discharge power of RFCs is unaffected by the state-of-charge of the system. But unfortunately, due to the long conversion chain with associated losses, RFCs generally have low levels of efficiency compared to conventional electrochemical accumulators. The high specific energy of URFCs makes the system interesting for niche applications in military and space areas where efficiency and related costs are not primary parameters. For civil terrestrial applications, however, costs and electrical efficiency are mostly primary parameters. DRFCs are preferred since the individual stacks (EL, FC) can be better optimized. However, for the time being, there are existing no commercial applications of RFCs, as they are not really competitive, especially not with electrochemical accumulators. In the future could be electricity storage with RFCs possible in off-grid or island applications in which a high level of autonomy is required but also in grid application with high share of renewables to stabilized power supply. In a broader sense are power-to-gas storage systems identically with DRFCs. Power-to-gas technologies and therefore also electrolyzers currently are developing strongly which will decreases the costs and increases the efficiency of RFC as well. The RFC technology is in the moment proton exchange membranes based, but they are relatively costly caused by use of platin group metal catalysts. Alkaline-RFCs could reduce the cost by using non-platin group metal catalysts. Because Alkaline–RFCs show an unsatisfactory performance and poor cyclability, therefore, the development is still in an initial stage. The efficiency of PEM-RFCs (URFC max. 35%, DRFC max. 40%) is relatively low. Higher efficiencies, however, show SO-RFCs. SO-URFCs already reach today in an early development state ca. 45% efficiency and could be used also in terrestrial applications.

Published
2022
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35. Contributors

Author

Adelmann, Peter, primary, Arai, Hajime, additional, Bernard, Patrick, additional, Blank, Tobias, additional, Djinović, Petar, additional, Droste-Franke, Bert, additional, Fuchs, Georg, additional, Garche, Jürgen, additional, Gitis, Alexander, additional, Jörissen, Ludwig, additional, Kasper, Ulf, additional, Kirchev, Angel, additional, Kurzweil, Peter, additional, Leuthold, Matthias, additional, Lippert, Michael, additional, Lunz, Benedikt, additional, Magnor, Dirk, additional, Mittelsteadt, Cortney, additional, Moseley, Patrick T., additional, Moser, Albert, additional, Norman, Tim, additional, Ojong, Emile Tabu, additional, Price, Anthony, additional, Rand, David A.J., additional, Rich, Meagan, additional, Sauer, Dirk Uwe, additional, Schäfer, Andreas, additional, Schuster, Henning, additional, Schüth, Ferdi, additional, Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria, additional, Smolinka, Tom, additional, Steilen, Mike, additional, Thien, Tjark, additional, Tomazic, Gerd, additional, Willey, Jason, additional, and Wolf, Erik, additional

Published
2015
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36. List of contributors

Author

Arbizzani, C., primary, Castillo, E. Cabrera, additional, Danzer, M.A., additional, De Giorgio, F., additional, Fetcenko, M., additional, Garche, J., additional, Goldbach, T., additional, Grazioli, D., additional, Hauser, A., additional, Helms, H., additional, Herrmann, F., additional, Huber, C., additional, Kämper, C., additional, Karden, E., additional, Kim, H., additional, Kintner-Meyer, M.C., additional, Koch, J., additional, Kuhn, R., additional, Kurzweil, P., additional, Lambrecht, U., additional, Liebau, V., additional, Linse, C., additional, Lunz, B., additional, Maglia, F., additional, Mastragostino, M., additional, Moseley, P.T., additional, Müller, M., additional, Oh, S.-M., additional, Perner, A., additional, Püttner, A., additional, Rothfuss, F., additional, Salvadori, A., additional, Sauer, D.U., additional, Schott, B., additional, Scrosati, B., additional, Sun, Y.-K., additional, Vetter, J., additional, Viswanathan, V.V., additional, and Zelinsky, M., additional

Published
2015
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38. Preface

Author

Moseley, Patrick T., primary and Garche, Jürgen, additional

Published
2015
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43. Role of active material composition and microstructure in lithium-ion battery cell safety

Author

Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Geder, Jan, Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), and Geder, Jan

Abstract

Present dissertation addresses impact of electrode active materials’ composition and microstructure on thermal stability and safety of lithium-ion battery cell. Ageing-induced changes are shown to have an ambivalent effect on cell safety as they simultaneously destabilize and passivate segments of the electrodes. Thermal stability of two cathode types is investigated at different active material surface area. Surface area plays a key role in thermal stability of lithium cobalt oxide cathode. Thermal stability of over-lithiated oxide cathodes is affected by a complex variety of factors besides the surface area. Factors contributing to electrodes’ thermal (in)stability are reflected by parameters pertaining the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrodes’ decomposition reaction. Their impact is demonstrated by a mathematical model., Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Auswirkung der Zusammensetzung und Mikrostruktur der Aktivmaterialien in den Elektroden auf die thermische Stabilität und Sicherheit einer Lithium-Ionen-Batteriezelle. Alterungsbedingte Änderungen weisen eine ambivalente Auswirkung auf die Zellsicherheit auf, indem sie die Teile der Elektroden gleichzeitig destabilisieren und passivieren. Thermische Stabilität zweier Kathodenarten wird bei unterschiedlicher spezifischer Oberfläche des Aktivmaterials untersucht. Spezifische Oberfläche spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für die thermische Stabilität der Lithium-Kobalt-Oxid-Kathode. Die thermische Stabilität der über-lithiierten Oxid-Kathoden wird beeinflusst durch eine komplexe Anzahl von Faktoren, abgesehen von der spezifischen Oberfläche. Faktoren, die zur thermischen (In)stabilität der Elektroden beitragen, spiegeln sich in den Parametern der Thermodynamik und Kinetik der Elektrodenzersetzung wieder. Ihre Auswirkung wird durch ein mathematisches Modell demonstriert.

Published
2021

44. Role of active material composition and microstructure in lithium-ion battery cell safety

Author

Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.);Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), Geder, Jan, Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.), Jossen, Andreas (Prof. Dr.);Garche, Jürgen (Prof. Dr.), and Geder, Jan

Abstract

Present dissertation addresses impact of electrode active materials’ composition and microstructure on thermal stability and safety of lithium-ion battery cell. Ageing-induced changes are shown to have an ambivalent effect on cell safety as they simultaneously destabilize and passivate segments of the electrodes. Thermal stability of two cathode types is investigated at different active material surface area. Surface area plays a key role in thermal stability of lithium cobalt oxide cathode. Thermal stability of over-lithiated oxide cathodes is affected by a complex variety of factors besides the surface area. Factors contributing to electrodes’ thermal (in)stability are reflected by parameters pertaining the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrodes’ decomposition reaction. Their impact is demonstrated by a mathematical model., Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Auswirkung der Zusammensetzung und Mikrostruktur der Aktivmaterialien in den Elektroden auf die thermische Stabilität und Sicherheit einer Lithium-Ionen-Batteriezelle. Alterungsbedingte Änderungen weisen eine ambivalente Auswirkung auf die Zellsicherheit auf, indem sie die Teile der Elektroden gleichzeitig destabilisieren und passivieren. Thermische Stabilität zweier Kathodenarten wird bei unterschiedlicher spezifischer Oberfläche des Aktivmaterials untersucht. Spezifische Oberfläche spielt eine entscheidende Rolle für die thermische Stabilität der Lithium-Kobalt-Oxid-Kathode. Die thermische Stabilität der über-lithiierten Oxid-Kathoden wird beeinflusst durch eine komplexe Anzahl von Faktoren, abgesehen von der spezifischen Oberfläche. Faktoren, die zur thermischen (In)stabilität der Elektroden beitragen, spiegeln sich in den Parametern der Thermodynamik und Kinetik der Elektrodenzersetzung wieder. Ihre Auswirkung wird durch ein mathematisches Modell demonstriert.

Published
2021

48. Operation conditions of batteries in PV applications

Author

Jossen, Andreas, Garche, Juergen, and Sauer, Dirk Uwe

Subjects
Solar energy -- Research, Earth sciences, Petroleum, energy and mining industries
Abstract

For a continuous energy supply of photovoltaic operated and off-grid loads, the storage of the solar generated electrical energy is necessary. About 60% of all over the world manufactured solar cells are used for such stand alone systems. In case of photovoltaic systems, mainly electrochemical battery storage systems are used. The paper describes the requirements for batteries in solar systems. The most important storage systems, such as lead-acid, NiMH and Li-ion batteries are described in detail and further developing trends are discussed. As it is well known that the operation conditions strongly influence the battery lifetime, this paper reviews photovoltaic operation conditions and experience in performance and lifetime in photovoltaic systems. Keywords: Solar system; Batteries; Lead-acid battery

Published
2004

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