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1. Rossby waves driven by the Mid Mediterranean Jet impact the Eastern Mediterranean mesoscale dynamics

Author: Pirro, Annunziata, Menna, Milena, Mauri, Elena, Laxenaire, Remi, Salon, Stefano, Bosse, Anthony, Martellucci, Riccardo, Viboud, Samuel, Valran, Thomas, Hayes, Daniel, Speich, Sabrina, Poulain, Pierre-Marie, and Negretti, Maria Eletta
Published: 2024
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2. Rossby waves driven by the Mid Mediterranean Jet impact the Eastern Mediterranean mesoscale dynamics

Author: Annunziata Pirro, Milena Menna, Elena Mauri, Remi Laxenaire, Stefano Salon, Anthony Bosse, Riccardo Martellucci, Samuel Viboud, Thomas Valran, Daniel Hayes, Sabrina Speich, Pierre-Marie Poulain, and Maria Eletta Negretti
Subjects: Cyprus eddy, Rossby waves, Levantine Basin, Stratified beta plane, Laboratory experiments, Mid Mediterranean Jet, Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract The most prominent and persistent feature of the eastern Mediterranean Levantine Basin (LB) is the warm anticyclonic Cyprus Eddy (CE) located above the Eratosthenes Seamount (ESM). This eddy periodically couples with two smaller cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, the South Shikmona Eddy (SSE) and North Shikmona Eddy (NSE), which form downstream. The reason for the zonal drift of the CE center and the formation mechanism of the CE, SSE and NSE is largely debated today, yet the upwelling and biological productivity of the LB can be strongly impacted by the local dynamics. Using a variety of research methods—theory, models, laboratory and field experiments—we demonstrate that the CE is an anticyclonic Taylor column generated by the eastward Mid Mediterranean Jet (MMJ) impinging over the ESM. When the center of the CE is west of 32.7° E, a Rossby wave with embedded cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices corresponding to the SSE and NSE, respectively, forms downstream. The position of the CE center reveals to be dependent on the intensity of the MMJ and thus on the cyclonic/anticyclonic mode of the North Ionian Gyre. Our results highlight the key role the central Mediterranean Sea plays on LB, and can be used to predict the Easter Mediterranean Sea mesoscale dynamics up to about three years in advance. They also show how Rossby waves can trigger the transport of nutrient-rich coastal waters offshore, a mechanism that is of paramount importance for the oligotrophic environment of the LB. The coherent results from our multi-approach research underscore the uniqueness and reliability of our findings.
Published: 2024
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3. Predicting the Loop Current dynamics combining altimetry and deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel

Author: Manta, Gaston, Durante, Giovanni, Candela, Julio, Send, Uwe, Sheinbaum, Julio, Lankhorst, Matthias, and Laxenaire, Rémi
Subjects: Yucatan Channel, Loop Current, Gulf of Mexico, eddy shedding, mooring, satellite altimetry, Oceanography, Ecology
Abstract: The Loop Current is the main mesoscale feature of the Gulf of Mexico oceanic circulation. With peak velocities above 1.5 m s–1, the Loop Current and its mesoscale eddies are of interest to fisheries, hurricane prediction and of special concern for the security of oil rig operations in the Gulf of Mexico, and therefore understanding their predictability is not only of scientific interest but also a major environmental security issue. Combining altimetric data and an eddy detection algorithm with 8 years of deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel, we developed a predictive model for the Loop Current extension in the following month that explains 74% of its variability. We also show that 4 clusters of velocity anomalies in the Yucatan Channel represent the Loop Current dynamics. A dipole with positive and negative anomalies towards the western side of the Channel represents the growing and retracted phases respectively, and two tripole shape clusters represent the transition phases, the one with negative anomalies in the center associated with 50% of the eddy separation events. The transition between these clusters is not equally probable, therefore adding predictability. Finally, we show that eddy separation probability begins when the Loop Current extends over 1800 km (~27.2°N), and over 2200 km of extension, eddy detachment and reattachment is more frequent than separation. These results represent a step forward towards having the best possible operational Loop Current forecast in the near future, incorporating near real-time data transmission of deep flow measurements and high resolution altimetric data.
Published: 2023

4. Global Assessment of Mesoscale Eddies with TOEddies: Comparison Between Multiple Datasets and Colocation with In Situ Measurements

Author: Artemis Ioannou, Lionel Guez, Rémi Laxenaire, and Sabrina Speich
Subjects: mesoscale eddies, remote sensing, satellite altimetry, eddy tracking methods, subsurface oceanic signal, eddy–eddy interactions, Science
Abstract: The present study introduces a comprehensive, open-access atlas of mesoscale eddies in the global ocean, as identified and tracked by the TOEddies algorithm implemented on a global scale. Unlike existing atlases, TOEddies detects eddies directly from absolute dynamic topography (ADT) without spatial filtering, preserving the natural spatial variability and enabling precise, high-resolution tracking of eddy dynamics. This dataset provides daily information on eddy characteristics, such as size, intensity, and polarity, over a 30-year period (1993–2023), capturing complex eddy interactions, including splitting and merging events that often produce networks of interconnected eddies. This unique approach challenges the traditional single-trajectory perspective, offering a nuanced view of eddy life cycles as dynamically linked trajectories. In addition to traditional metrics, TOEddies identifies both the eddy core (characterized by maximum azimuthal velocity) and the outer boundary, offering a detailed representation of eddy structure and enabling precise comparisons with in situ data. To demonstrate its value, we present a statistical overview of eddy characteristics and spatial distributions, including generation, disappearance, and merging/splitting events, alongside a comparative analysis with existing global eddy datasets. Among the multi-year observations, TOEddies captures coherent, long-lived eddies with lifetimes exceeding 1.5 years, while highlighting significant differences in the dynamic properties and spatial patterns across datasets. Furthermore, this study integrates TOEddies with 23 years of colocalized Argo profile data (2000–2023), allowing for a novel examination of eddy-induced subsurface variability and the role of mesoscale eddies in the transport of global ocean heat and biogeochemical properties. This atlas aims to be a valuable resource for the oceanographic community, providing an open dataset that can support diverse applications in ocean dynamics, climate research, and marine resource management.
Published: 2024
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5. Late summer northwestward Amazon plume pathway under the action of the North Brazil Current rings

Author: Olivier, L., Reverdin, G., Boutin, J., Laxenaire, R., Iudicone, D., Pesant, S., Calil, Paulo H.R., Horstmann, J., Couet, D., Erta, J.M., Huber, P., Sarmento, H., Freire, A., Koch-Larrouy, A., Vergely, J.-L., Rousselot, P., and Speich, S.
Published: 2024
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6. Ocean cross-validated observations from R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian, and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: P. L'Hégaret, F. Schütte, S. Speich, G. Reverdin, D. B. Baranowski, R. Czeschel, T. Fischer, G. R. Foltz, K. J. Heywood, G. Krahmann, R. Laxenaire, C. Le Bihan, P. Le Bot, S. Leizour, C. Rollo, M. Schlundt, E. Siddle, C. Subirade, D. Zhang, and J. Karstensen
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean is a turbulent region, filled with mesoscale eddies and regional currents. In this intense dynamical context, several water masses with thermohaline characteristics of different origins are advected, mixed, and stirred at the surface and at depth. The EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment that took place in January and February 2020 was dedicated to assessing the processes at play in this region, especially the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. For that reason, four oceanographic vessels and different autonomous platforms measured properties near the air–sea interface and acquired thousands of upper-ocean (up to 400–2000 m depth) profiles. However, each device had its own observing capability, varying from deep measurements acquired during vessel stations to shipboard underway near-surface observations and measurements from autonomous and uncrewed systems (such as Saildrones). These observations were undertaken with a specific sampling strategy guided by near-real-time satellite maps and adapted every half day, based on the process that was investigated. These processes were characterized by different spatiotemporal scales, from mesoscale eddies, with diameters exceeding 100 km, to submesoscale filaments of 1 km width. This article describes the datasets gathered from the different devices and how the data were calibrated and validated. In order to ensure an overall consistency, the platforms' datasets are cross-validated using a hierarchy of instruments defined by their own specificity and calibration procedures. This has enabled the quantification of the uncertainty in the measured parameters when different datasets are used together, e.g., https://doi.org/10.17882/92071 (L'Hégaret et al., 2020a).
Published: 2023
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7. Wildfire aerosol deposition likely amplified a summertime Arctic phytoplankton bloom

Author: Mathieu Ardyna, Douglas S. Hamilton, Tristan Harmel, Léo Lacour, Diana N. Bernstein, Julien Laliberté, Christopher Horvat, Rémi Laxenaire, Matthew M. Mills, Gert van Dijken, Igor Polyakov, Hervé Claustre, Natalie Mahowald, and Kevin Robert Arrigo
Subjects: Geology, QE1-996.5, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: Deposition of Siberian wildfire aerosols, which contained nitrogen, enhanced phytoplankton growth in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean in summer 2014, suggest satellite-based ocean color data and atmospheric transport modeling.
Published: 2022
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8. Predicting the Loop Current dynamics combining altimetry and deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel

Author: Gaston Manta, Giovanni Durante, Julio Candela, Uwe Send, Julio Sheinbaum, Matthias Lankhorst, and Rémi Laxenaire
Subjects: Yucatan Channel, Loop Current, Gulf of Mexico, eddy shedding, mooring, satellite altimetry, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Loop Current is the main mesoscale feature of the Gulf of Mexico oceanic circulation. With peak velocities above 1.5 m s–1, the Loop Current and its mesoscale eddies are of interest to fisheries, hurricane prediction and of special concern for the security of oil rig operations in the Gulf of Mexico, and therefore understanding their predictability is not only of scientific interest but also a major environmental security issue. Combining altimetric data and an eddy detection algorithm with 8 years of deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel, we developed a predictive model for the Loop Current extension in the following month that explains 74% of its variability. We also show that 4 clusters of velocity anomalies in the Yucatan Channel represent the Loop Current dynamics. A dipole with positive and negative anomalies towards the western side of the Channel represents the growing and retracted phases respectively, and two tripole shape clusters represent the transition phases, the one with negative anomalies in the center associated with 50% of the eddy separation events. The transition between these clusters is not equally probable, therefore adding predictability. Finally, we show that eddy separation probability begins when the Loop Current extends over 1800 km (~27.2°N), and over 2200 km of extension, eddy detachment and reattachment is more frequent than separation. These results represent a step forward towards having the best possible operational Loop Current forecast in the near future, incorporating near real-time data transmission of deep flow measurements and high resolution altimetric data.
Published: 2023
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9. Global Assessment of Mesoscale Eddies with TOEddies: Comparison Between Multiple Datasets and Colocation with In Situ Measurements.

Author: Ioannou, Artemis, Guez, Lionel, Laxenaire, Rémi, and Speich, Sabrina
Subjects: MARINE resource management, MESOSCALE eddies, LIFE cycles (Biology), OCEAN dynamics, SPATIAL filters
Abstract: The present study introduces a comprehensive, open-access atlas of mesoscale eddies in the global ocean, as identified and tracked by the TOEddies algorithm implemented on a global scale. Unlike existing atlases, TOEddies detects eddies directly from absolute dynamic topography (ADT) without spatial filtering, preserving the natural spatial variability and enabling precise, high-resolution tracking of eddy dynamics. This dataset provides daily information on eddy characteristics, such as size, intensity, and polarity, over a 30-year period (1993–2023), capturing complex eddy interactions, including splitting and merging events that often produce networks of interconnected eddies. This unique approach challenges the traditional single-trajectory perspective, offering a nuanced view of eddy life cycles as dynamically linked trajectories. In addition to traditional metrics, TOEddies identifies both the eddy core (characterized by maximum azimuthal velocity) and the outer boundary, offering a detailed representation of eddy structure and enabling precise comparisons with in situ data. To demonstrate its value, we present a statistical overview of eddy characteristics and spatial distributions, including generation, disappearance, and merging/splitting events, alongside a comparative analysis with existing global eddy datasets. Among the multi-year observations, TOEddies captures coherent, long-lived eddies with lifetimes exceeding 1.5 years, while highlighting significant differences in the dynamic properties and spatial patterns across datasets. Furthermore, this study integrates TOEddies with 23 years of colocalized Argo profile data (2000–2023), allowing for a novel examination of eddy-induced subsurface variability and the role of mesoscale eddies in the transport of global ocean heat and biogeochemical properties. This atlas aims to be a valuable resource for the oceanographic community, providing an open dataset that can support diverse applications in ocean dynamics, climate research, and marine resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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10. The Tropical Atlantic Observing System

Author: Foltz, GR, Brandt, P, Richter, I, Rodríguez-Fonseca, B, Hernandez, F, Dengler, M, Rodrigues, RR, Schmidt, JO, Yu, L, Lefevre, N, Da Cunha, L Cotrim, McPhaden, MJ, Araujo, M, Karstensen, J, Hahn, J, Martín-Rey, M, Patricola, CM, Poli, P, Zuidema, P, Hummels, R, Perez, RC, Hatje, V, Lübbecke, JF, Polo, I, Lumpkin, R, Bourlès, B, Asuquo, FE, Lehodey, P, Conchon, A, Chang, P, Dandin, P, Schmid, C, Sutton, A, Giordani, H, Xue, Y, Illig, S, Losada, T, Grodsky, SA, Gasparin, F, Lee, T, Mohino, E, Nobre, P, Wanninkhof, R, Keenlyside, N, Garcon, V, Sánchez-Gómez, E, Nnamchi, HC, Drévillon, M, Storto, A, Remy, E, Lazar, A, Speich, S, Goes, M, Dorrington, T, Johns, WE, Moum, JN, Robinson, C, Perruche, C, de Souza, RB, Gaye, AT, López-Parages, J, Monerie, P-A, Castellanos, P, Benson, NU, Hounkonnou, MN, Duhá, J Trotte, Laxenaire, R, and Reul, N
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography, Atmospheric Sciences, Life Below Water, Climate Action, tropical Atlantic Ocean, observing system, weather, climate, hurricanes, biogeochemistry, ecosystems, coupled model bias, Ecology, Geology
Abstract: The tropical Atlantic is home to multiple coupled climate variations covering a wide range of timescales and impacting societally relevant phenomena such as continental rainfall, Atlantic hurricane activity, oceanic biological productivity, and atmospheric circulation in the equatorial Pacific. The tropical Atlantic also connects the southern and northern branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and receives freshwater input from some of the world's largest rivers. To address these diverse, unique, and interconnected research challenges, a rich network of ocean observations has developed, building on the backbone of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). This network has evolved naturally over time and out of necessity in order to address the most important outstanding scientific questions and to improve predictions of tropical Atlantic severe weather and global climate variability and change. The tropical Atlantic observing system is motivated by goals to understand and better predict phenomena such as tropical Atlantic interannual to decadal variability and climate change; multidecadal variability and its links to the meridional overturning circulation; air-sea fluxes of CO2 and their implications for the fate of anthropogenic CO2; the Amazon River plume and its interactions with biogeochemistry, vertical mixing, and hurricanes; the highly productive eastern boundary and equatorial upwelling systems; and oceanic oxygen minimum zones, their impacts on biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems, and their feedbacks to climate. Past success of the tropical Atlantic observing system is the result of an international commitment to sustained observations and scientific cooperation, a willingness to evolve with changing research and monitoring needs, and a desire to share data openly with the scientific community and operational centers. The observing system must continue to evolve in order to meet an expanding set of research priorities and operational challenges. This paper discusses the tropical Atlantic observing system, including emerging scientific questions that demand sustained ocean observations, the potential for further integration of the observing system, and the requirements for sustaining and enhancing the tropical Atlantic observing system.
Published: 2019

11. Impact of upstream variability on the Loop Current dynamics in numerical simulations of the Gulf of Mexico

Author: Rémi Laxenaire, Eric P. Chassignet, Dmitry S. Dukhovskoy, and Steven L. Morey
Subjects: Gulf of Mexico, Loop Current, ocean modeling, eddies (oceanic), mesoscale processes, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Loop Current (LC), which is the main mesoscale dynamic feature of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), has a major impact on the circulation and its variability in the interior Gulf. The LC is a highly variable and dynamic feature. It changes shape from a short jet connecting the two openings of the GoM in an almost straight line ("retracted phase") to a long loop invading most of the eastern part of the GoM ("extended phase"). When it is in the extended phase, it can shed large anticyclonic eddies, called Loop Current Eddies, which then migrate to the western GoM. In this study, the processes controlling the LC dynamics are investigated using two multi-decadal simulations of the Gulf of Mexico HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model differing in their open boundary conditions (BCs) and altimetry-derived gridded fields. The LC in the simulation with BCs derived from monthly climatology state variables frequently remains in its retracted phase significantly longer than observed. In contrast, the duration of the retracted phase is notably shorter in the simulation in which the BCs have realistic daily variability. By examining the flow properties through the Yucatan Channel from which the LC originates, we find that increased intensity of this current and a westward shift of the mean core is associated with the LC transitions from the retracted to the extended phase. This transition is accompanied by an increase of both cyclonicity of the flow in the west and anticyclonicity in the east of the core of this jet. Moreover, the number of anticyclonic eddies entering in the GoM through the Yucatan Channel is significantly higher when the LC extends in the GoM. Consequently, this study demonstrates the importance of realistic flow variability at the lateral boundaries for accurate simulation of the LC system in a model, and reveals characteristics of the upstream flow associated with different LC behavior that can potentially aid in forecasting the LC system.
Published: 2023
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12. Wildfire aerosol deposition likely amplified a summertime Arctic phytoplankton bloom

Author: Ardyna, Mathieu, Hamilton, Douglas S., Harmel, Tristan, Lacour, Léo, Bernstein, Diana N., Laliberté, Julien, Horvat, Christopher, Laxenaire, Rémi, Mills, Matthew M., van Dijken, Gert, Polyakov, Igor, Claustre, Hervé, Mahowald, Natalie, and Arrigo, Kevin Robert
Published: 2022
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13. Le bovarysme

Author: Laxenaire, Michel
Published: 2021
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14. EUREC4A

Author: B. Stevens, S. Bony, D. Farrell, F. Ament, A. Blyth, C. Fairall, J. Karstensen, P. K. Quinn, S. Speich, C. Acquistapace, F. Aemisegger, A. L. Albright, H. Bellenger, E. Bodenschatz, K.-A. Caesar, R. Chewitt-Lucas, G. de Boer, J. Delanoë, L. Denby, F. Ewald, B. Fildier, M. Forde, G. George, S. Gross, M. Hagen, A. Hausold, K. J. Heywood, L. Hirsch, M. Jacob, F. Jansen, S. Kinne, D. Klocke, T. Kölling, H. Konow, M. Lothon, W. Mohr, A. K. Naumann, L. Nuijens, L. Olivier, R. Pincus, M. Pöhlker, G. Reverdin, G. Roberts, S. Schnitt, H. Schulz, A. P. Siebesma, C. C. Stephan, P. Sullivan, L. Touzé-Peiffer, J. Vial, R. Vogel, P. Zuidema, N. Alexander, L. Alves, S. Arixi, H. Asmath, G. Bagheri, K. Baier, A. Bailey, D. Baranowski, A. Baron, S. Barrau, P. A. Barrett, F. Batier, A. Behrendt, A. Bendinger, F. Beucher, S. Bigorre, E. Blades, P. Blossey, O. Bock, S. Böing, P. Bosser, D. Bourras, P. Bouruet-Aubertot, K. Bower, P. Branellec, H. Branger, M. Brennek, A. Brewer, P.-E. Brilouet, B. Brügmann, S. A. Buehler, E. Burke, R. Burton, R. Calmer, J.-C. Canonici, X. Carton, G. Cato Jr., J. A. Charles, P. Chazette, Y. Chen, M. T. Chilinski, T. Choularton, P. Chuang, S. Clarke, H. Coe, C. Cornet, P. Coutris, F. Couvreux, S. Crewell, T. Cronin, Z. Cui, Y. Cuypers, A. Daley, G. M. Damerell, T. Dauhut, H. Deneke, J.-P. Desbios, S. Dörner, S. Donner, V. Douet, K. Drushka, M. Dütsch, A. Ehrlich, K. Emanuel, A. Emmanouilidis, J.-C. Etienne, S. Etienne-Leblanc, G. Faure, G. Feingold, L. Ferrero, A. Fix, C. Flamant, P. J. Flatau, G. R. Foltz, L. Forster, I. Furtuna, A. Gadian, J. Galewsky, M. Gallagher, P. Gallimore, C. Gaston, C. Gentemann, N. Geyskens, A. Giez, J. Gollop, I. Gouirand, C. Gourbeyre, D. de Graaf, G. E. de Groot, R. Grosz, J. Güttler, M. Gutleben, K. Hall, G. Harris, K. C. Helfer, D. Henze, C. Herbert, B. Holanda, A. Ibanez-Landeta, J. Intrieri, S. Iyer, F. Julien, H. Kalesse, J. Kazil, A. Kellman, A. T. Kidane, U. Kirchner, M. Klingebiel, M. Körner, L. A. Kremper, J. Kretzschmar, O. Krüger, W. Kumala, A. Kurz, P. L'Hégaret, M. Labaste, T. Lachlan-Cope, A. Laing, P. Landschützer, T. Lang, D. Lange, I. Lange, C. Laplace, G. Lavik, R. Laxenaire, C. Le Bihan, M. Leandro, N. Lefevre, M. Lena, D. Lenschow, Q. Li, G. Lloyd, S. Los, N. Losi, O. Lovell, C. Luneau, P. Makuch, S. Malinowski, G. Manta, E. Marinou, N. Marsden, S. Masson, N. Maury, B. Mayer, M. Mayers-Als, C. Mazel, W. McGeary, J. C. McWilliams, M. Mech, M. Mehlmann, A. N. Meroni, T. Mieslinger, A. Minikin, P. Minnett, G. Möller, Y. Morfa Avalos, C. Muller, I. Musat, A. Napoli, A. Neuberger, C. Noisel, D. Noone, F. Nordsiek, J. L. Nowak, L. Oswald, D. J. Parker, C. Peck, R. Person, M. Philippi, A. Plueddemann, C. Pöhlker, V. Pörtge, U. Pöschl, L. Pologne, M. Posyniak, M. Prange, E. Quiñones Meléndez, J. Radtke, K. Ramage, J. Reimann, L. Renault, K. Reus, A. Reyes, J. Ribbe, M. Ringel, M. Ritschel, C. B. Rocha, N. Rochetin, J. Röttenbacher, C. Rollo, H. Royer, P. Sadoulet, L. Saffin, S. Sandiford, I. Sandu, M. Schäfer, V. Schemann, I. Schirmacher, O. Schlenczek, J. Schmidt, M. Schröder, A. Schwarzenboeck, A. Sealy, C. J. Senff, I. Serikov, S. Shohan, E. Siddle, A. Smirnov, F. Späth, B. Spooner, M. K. Stolla, W. Szkółka, S. P. de Szoeke, S. Tarot, E. Tetoni, E. Thompson, J. Thomson, L. Tomassini, J. Totems, A. A. Ubele, L. Villiger, J. von Arx, T. Wagner, A. Walther, B. Webber, M. Wendisch, S. Whitehall, A. Wiltshire, A. A. Wing, M. Wirth, J. Wiskandt, K. Wolf, L. Worbes, E. Wright, V. Wulfmeyer, S. Young, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, F. Ziemen, T. Zinner, and M. Zöger
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.
Published: 2021
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15. Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

Author: Abdalla, Saleh, Abdeh Kolahchi, Abdolnabi, Ablain, Michaël, Adusumilli, Susheel, Aich Bhowmick, Suchandra, Alou-Font, Eva, Amarouche, Laiba, Andersen, Ole Baltazar, Antich, Helena, Aouf, Lotfi, Arbic, Brian, Armitage, Thomas, Arnault, Sabine, Artana, Camila, Aulicino, Giuseppe, Ayoub, Nadia, Badulin, Sergei, Baker, Steven, Banks, Chris, Bao, Lifeng, Barbetta, Silvia, Barceló-Llull, Bàrbara, Barlier, François, Basu, Sujit, Bauer-Gottwein, Peter, Becker, Matthias, Beckley, Brian, Bellefond, Nicole, Belonenko, Tatyana, Benkiran, Mounir, Benkouider, Touati, Bennartz, Ralf, Benveniste, Jérôme, Bercher, Nicolas, Berge-Nguyen, Muriel, Bettencourt, Joao, Blarel, Fabien, Blazquez, Alejandro, Blumstein, Denis, Bonnefond, Pascal, Borde, Franck, Bouffard, Jérôme, Boy, François, Boy, Jean-Paul, Brachet, Cédric, Brasseur, Pierre, Braun, Alexander, Brocca, Luca, Brockley, David, Brodeau, Laurent, Brown, Shannon, Bruinsma, Sean, Bulczak, Anna, Buzzard, Sammie, Cahill, Madeleine, Calmant, Stéphane, Calzas, Michel, Camici, Stefania, Cancet, Mathilde, Capdeville, Hugues, Carabajal, Claudia Cristina, Carrere, Loren, Cazenave, Anny, Chassignet, Eric P., Chauhan, Prakash, Cherchali, Selma, Chereskin, Teresa, Cheymol, Cecile, Ciani, Daniele, Cipollini, Paolo, Cirillo, Francesca, Cosme, Emmanuel, Coss, Steve, Cotroneo, Yuri, Cotton, David, Couhert, Alexandre, Coutin-Faye, Sophie, Crétaux, Jean-François, Cyr, Frederic, d’Ovidio, Francesco, Darrozes, José, David, Cedric, Dayoub, Nadim, De Staerke, Danielle, Deng, Xiaoli, Desai, Shailen, Desjonqueres, Jean-Damien, Dettmering, Denise, Di Bella, Alessandro, Díaz-Barroso, Lara, Dibarboure, Gerald, Dieng, Habib Boubacar, Dinardo, Salvatore, Dobslaw, Henryk, Dodet, Guillaume, Doglioli, Andrea, Domeneghetti, Alessio, Donahue, David, Dong, Shenfu, Donlon, Craig, Dorandeu, Joël, Drezen, Christine, Drinkwater, Mark, Du Penhoat, Yves, Dushaw, Brian, Egido, Alejandro, Erofeeva, Svetlana, Escudier, Philippe, Esselborn, Saskia, Exertier, Pierre, Fablet, Ronan, Falco, Cédric, Farrell, Sinead Louise, Faugere, Yannice, Femenias, Pierre, Fenoglio, Luciana, Fernandes, Joana, Fernández, Juan Gabriel, Ferrage, Pascale, Ferrari, Ramiro, Fichen, Lionel, Filippucci, Paolo, Flampouris, Stylianos, Fleury, Sara, Fornari, Marco, Forsberg, Rene, Frappart, Frédéric, Frery, Marie-laure, Garcia, Pablo, Garcia-Mondejar, Albert, Gaudelli, Julia, Gaultier, Lucile, Getirana, Augusto, Gibert, Ferran, Gil, Artur, Gilbert, Lin, Gille, Sarah, Giulicchi, Luisella, Gómez-Enri, Jesús, Gómez-Navarro, Laura, Gommenginger, Christine, Gourdeau, Lionel, Griffin, David, Groh, Andreas, Guerin, Alexandre, Guerrero, Raul, Guinle, Thierry, Gupta, Praveen, Gutknecht, Benjamin D., Hamon, Mathieu, Han, Guoqi, Hauser, Danièle, Helm, Veit, Hendricks, Stefan, Hernandez, Fabrice, Hogg, Anna, Horwath, Martin, Idžanović, Martina, Janssen, Peter, Jeansou, Eric, Jia, Yongjun, Jia, Yuanyuan, Jiang, Liguang, Johannessen, Johnny A., Kamachi, Masafumi, Karimova, Svetlana, Kelly, Kathryn, Kim, Sung Yong, King, Robert, Kittel, Cecile M.M., Klein, Patrice, Klos, Anna, Knudsen, Per, Koenig, Rolf, Kostianoy, Andrey, Kouraev, Alexei, Kumar, Raj, Labroue, Sylvie, Lago, Loreley Selene, Lambin, Juliette, Lasson, Léa, Laurain, Olivier, Laxenaire, Rémi, Lázaro, Clara, Le Gac, Sophie, Le Sommer, Julien, Le Traon, Pierre-Yves, Lebedev, Sergey, Léger, Fabien, Legresy, Benoı̂t, Lemoine, Frank, Lenain, Luc, Leuliette, Eric, Levy, Marina, Lillibridge, John, Liu, Jianqiang, Llovel, William, Lyard, Florent, Macintosh, Claire, Makhoul Varona, Eduard, Manfredi, Cécile, Marin, Frédéric, Mason, Evan, Massari, Christian, Mavrocordatos, Constantin, Maximenko, Nikolai, McMillan, Malcolm, Medina, Thierry, Melet, Angelique, Meloni, Marco, Mertikas, Stelios, Metref, Sammy, Meyssignac, Benoit, Minster, Jean-François, Moreau, Thomas, Moreira, Daniel, Morel, Yves, Morrow, Rosemary, Moyard, John, Mulet, Sandrine, Naeije, Marc, Nerem, Robert Steven, Ngodock, Hans, Nielsen, Karina, Nilsen, Jan Even Øie, Niño, Fernando, Nogueira Loddo, Carolina, Noûs, Camille, Obligis, Estelle, Otosaka, Inès, Otten, Michiel, Oztunali Ozbahceci, Berguzar, P. Raj, Roshin, Paiva, Rodrigo, Paniagua, Guillermina, Paolo, Fernando, Paris, Adrien, Pascual, Ananda, Passaro, Marcello, Paul, Stephan, Pavelsky, Tamlin, Pearson, Christopher, Penduff, Thierry, Peng, Fukai, Perosanz, Felix, Picot, Nicolas, Piras, Fanny, Poggiali, Valerio, Poirier, Étienne, Ponce de León, Sonia, Prants, Sergey, Prigent, Catherine, Provost, Christine, Pujol, M-Isabelle, Qiu, Bo, Quilfen, Yves, Rami, Ali, Raney, R. Keith, Raynal, Matthias, Remy, Elisabeth, Rémy, Frédérique, Restano, Marco, Richardson, Annie, Richardson, Donald, Ricker, Robert, Ricko, Martina, Rinne, Eero, Rose, Stine Kildegaard, Rosmorduc, Vinca, Rudenko, Sergei, Ruiz, Simón, Ryan, Barbara J., Salaün, Corinne, Sanchez-Roman, Antonio, Sandberg Sørensen, Louise, Sandwell, David, Saraceno, Martin, Scagliola, Michele, Schaeffer, Philippe, Scharffenberg, Martin G., Scharroo, Remko, Schiller, Andreas, Schneider, Raphael, Schwatke, Christian, Scozzari, Andrea, Ser-giacomi, Enrico, Seyler, Frederique, Shah, Rashmi, Sharma, Rashmi, Shaw, Andrew, Shepherd, Andrew, Shriver, Jay, Shum, C.K., Simons, Wim, Simonsen, Sebatian B., Slater, Thomas, Smith, Walter, Soares, Saulo, Sokolovskiy, Mikhail, Soudarin, Laurent, Spatar, Ciprian, Speich, Sabrina, Srinivasan, Margaret, Srokosz, Meric, Stanev, Emil, Staneva, Joanna, Steunou, Nathalie, Stroeve, Julienne, Su, Bob, Sulistioadi, Yohanes Budi, Swain, Debadatta, Sylvestre-baron, Annick, Taburet, Nicolas, Tailleux, Rémi, Takayama, Katsumi, Tapley, Byron, Tarpanelli, Angelica, Tavernier, Gilles, Testut, Laurent, Thakur, Praveen K., Thibaut, Pierre, Thompson, LuAnne, Tintoré, Joaquín, Tison, Céline, Tourain, Cédric, Tournadre, Jean, Townsend, Bill, Tran, Ngan, Trilles, Sébastien, Tsamados, Michel, Tseng, Kuo-Hsin, Ubelmann, Clément, Uebbing, Bernd, Vergara, Oscar, Verron, Jacques, Vieira, Telmo, Vignudelli, Stefano, Vinogradova Shiffer, Nadya, Visser, Pieter, Vivier, Frederic, Volkov, Denis, von Schuckmann, Karina, Vuglinskii, Valerii, Vuilleumier, Pierrik, Walter, Blake, Wang, Jida, Wang, Chao, Watson, Christopher, Wilkin, John, Willis, Josh, Wilson, Hilary, Woodworth, Philip, Yang, Kehan, Yao, Fangfang, Zaharia, Raymond, Zakharova, Elena, Zaron, Edward D., Zhang, Yongsheng, Zhao, Zhongxiang, Zinchenko, Vadim, and Zlotnicki, Victor
Published: 2021
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16. Ship- and island-based atmospheric soundings from the 2020 EUREC4A field campaign

Author: C. C. Stephan, S. Schnitt, H. Schulz, H. Bellenger, S. P. de Szoeke, C. Acquistapace, K. Baier, T. Dauhut, R. Laxenaire, Y. Morfa-Avalos, R. Person, E. Quiñones Meléndez, G. Bagheri, T. Böck, A. Daley, J. Güttler, K. C. Helfer, S. A. Los, A. Neuberger, J. Röttenbacher, A. Raeke, M. Ringel, M. Ritschel, P. Sadoulet, I. Schirmacher, M. K. Stolla, E. Wright, B. Charpentier, A. Doerenbecher, R. Wilson, F. Jansen, S. Kinne, G. Reverdin, S. Speich, S. Bony, and B. Stevens
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: To advance the understanding of the interplay among clouds, convection, and circulation, and its role in climate change, the Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate campaign (EUREC4A) and Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) collected measurements in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. Upper-air radiosondes were launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from a network consisting of the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and four ships within 6–16∘ N, 51–60∘ W. From 8 January to 19 February, a total of 811 radiosondes measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. In addition to the ascent, the descent was recorded for 82 % of the soundings. The soundings sampled changes in atmospheric pressure, winds, lifting condensation level, boundary layer depth, and vertical distribution of moisture associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. Raw (Level 0), quality-controlled 1 s (Level 1), and vertically gridded (Level 2) data in NetCDF format (Stephan et al., 2020) are available to the public at AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/137). The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data set are described here.
Published: 2021
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17. Characterizing Mesoscale Eddies of Eastern Upwelling Origins in the Atlantic Ocean and Their Role in Offshore Transport

Author: Artemis Ioannou, Sabrina Speich, and Remi Laxenaire
Subjects: mesoscale eddies, eastern boundary upwelling systems, oceanic connectivity, cross-basin exchanges, subduction, Agulhas Cyclones, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: Motivated by the recurrent formation of eddies in the eastern upwelling areas, we examine cross-basin connectivity that is promoted by coherent, long-lived and long-propagating mesoscale eddies in the Atlantic Ocean. By applying the TOEddies detection and tracking algorithm to daily satellite observations (AVISO/DUACS) of Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT), we characterize mesoscale eddy activity and variability in the North and South Atlantic. This method provides a robust eddy-network reconstruction, enabling the tracking of eddies formed in the Atlantic eastern upwelling systems together with any merging and splitting events they undergo during their lifetime as long as they remain detectable in the altimetry field. We show that during the years of observations, mesoscale eddies are long-lived coherent structures that can ensure oceanic connectivity between the eastern and the western boundaries, as a result of complex inter-eddy interactions. Moreover, alignment of South Atlantic eddies of eastern boundary origins with available Argo floats achieves a mean cross-basin connectivity signal from both anticyclonic and cyc5lonic eddies which is particularly evident at depth, along thermocline isopycnal layers of γn = 26 - 27 kg m–3. We explore two individual cyclonic eddy trajectories from in-situ measurements gathered by different Argo profiling floats trapped inside the eddy cores. Our results support the hypothesis that mesoscale eddies sustain and transport water masses while subducting during their westward propagation.
Published: 2022
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18. Shelf Water Export at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Evidenced From Combined in situ and Satellite Observations

Author: Gaston Manta, Sabrina Speich, Marcelo Barreiro, Romina Trinchin, Camila de Mello, Rémi Laxenaire, and Alberto R. Piola
Subjects: subsurface shelf water export, cross-shelf exchanges, mesoscale eddies, satellite altimetry, Argo floats, western boundary currents, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is the region where opposing and intense western boundary currents meet along the Southwestern Atlantic slope at about 38°S, generating one of the most energetic mesoscale regions of the global ocean. Based on shipborne observations acquired within the Uruguayan Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ), combined with satellite data and an eddy tracking algorithm, we analyze the cross-shelf exchanges during May 2016, when the BMC was in an anomalous northern position. Two types of shelf water export were observed triggered by mesoscale dynamics: one was the export of shallow Rio de la Plata Plume waters driven off-shelf by the retroflection of the Brazil Current. This export formed a 70 km wide, 20 m deep filament that propagated offshore at 0.3 m s–1, with a transport of 0.42 Sv. It lasted about 10 days before being mixed with ambient Confluence waters by strong winds. An additional type of off-shelf transport consisted of a subsurface layer of Subantarctic Shelf Waters (SASW) about 60 m thick that subducted at the BMC reaching 130 m deep and transporting 0.91 ± 0.91 Sv. We show that geostrophic currents derived from satellite altimetry over the slope can be useful to track this subsurface off-shelf export as they are significantly correlated with absolute velocity measurements at this depth. Argo temperature and salinity profiles show evidence of these two types of shelf water export occurring between the BMC front and the separation of the Brazil Current from the shelf-break, suggesting this is a relatively frequent phenomenon, in agreement with previous observations.
Published: 2022
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19. Combining an Eddy Detection Algorithm with In-Situ Measurements to Study North Brazil Current Rings

Author: Corentin Subirade, Pierre L’Hégaret, Sabrina Speich, Rémi Laxenaire, Johannes Karstensen, and Xavier Carton
Subjects: ocean mesoscale eddies, satellite altimetry, tropical Atlantic, EUREC4A-OA, multi-decadal time series, spatio-temporal variability, Science
Abstract: North Brazil Current (NBC) rings are believed to play a key role in the Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate. Here, we use a new collection of high-resolution in-situ observations acquired during the EUREC4A-OA field experiment together with satellite altimetry to define, with unprecedented detail, the structure and evolution of these eddies. In-situ observations reveal a more complex structure than previously documented. In particular, we highlight a measurable impact of the Amazon outflow in creating a barrier layer over a large portion of the eddies. We show that this unprecedented data set allows us to estimate the accuracy of satellite altimetry gridded fields. The geostrophic velocities derived from satellite altimetry turn out to be considerably lower (up to 50% in amplitude) than the values measured by current meters. However, eddy properties as detected by TOEddies, a newly developed algorithm show to be relatively precise. For example, the eddy center and maximum azimuthal velocity contour fall within 25 ± 5 km and 16 ± 9 km, respectively, from the in-situ observed values. We apply TOEddies to 27 years of satellite altimetry to investigate the generic NBC rings behavior. We found a mean generation rate of 4.5 ± 1.1 rings per year, and a strong seasonal cycle in all eddy properties.
Published: 2023
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20. Massive and localized export of selected marine snow types at eddy edges in the South Atlantic Ocean

Author: Accardo, Alexandre, Laxenaire, Rémi, Baudena, Alberto, Speich, Sabrina, Kiko, Rainer, Stemmann, Lars, Accardo, Alexandre, Laxenaire, Rémi, Baudena, Alberto, Speich, Sabrina, Kiko, Rainer, and Stemmann, Lars
Abstract: The open ocean plays a critical role in mitigating climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere for long periods of time. This carbon storage occurs over decades to millennia and relies on the physical pump that transports cold, dense, and DIC-rich waters to the deep ocean, as part of the ocean’s overturning circulation, and the biological carbon pump (BCP). The BCP encompasses a wide range of processes, from the fixation of atmospheric CO2 by phytoplankton activity to carbon sequestration in the deep ocean. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations would be about 200 ppm higher than in a world without biology, and the global climate would be much warmer by default. This study highlights the idea that BCP efficiency is enhanced by the ocean dynamics at mesoscale and submesoscale. In fact, our results suggest that frontal regions, such as those between mesoscale eddies, could lead to an important accumulation and transport of particulate organic matter (POM) from the mixed layer depth (MLD) down to depths of about 600 meters. To reach these conclusions, a multifaceted approach was applied. It included in-situ measurements and marine snow images from a BGC Argo float equipped with an Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP6), satellite altimetry data, and Lagrangian physics diagnostics. We focused our study on three intense features in marine snow distribution observed during the 17-month long float mission in the Cape Basin, southwest of Africa. These features were located in the frontal region between mesoscale eddies. Our study suggests that a particle injection pump induced by a frontogenesis-driven mechanism has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of the biological pump by increasing the depth at which carbon is injected into the water column. This work also emphasizes the importance of establishing repeated sampling campaigns targeting the interface zones between eddies. This could improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the deep a
Published: 2024
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21. Lessons learned from the EUREC4A-OA experiment on the impact of ocean small scales on air-sea interactions in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic

Author: Speich, S, Karstensen, J, Reverdin, G, Olivier, L, Fernandez, P, L'Hégaret, P, Coadou, S, Laxenaire, R, Zhang, D, Gentemann, C, Landschutzer, P, Boutin, J, Bellenger, H, Pasquero, C, Meroni, A, Borgnino, M, Acquistapace, C, Bopp, L, Speich, Sabrina, Karstensen, Johannes, Reverdin, Gilles, Olivier, Léa, Fernandez, Pablo, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Coadou, Solange, Laxenaire, Rémi, Zhang, Dongxiao, Gentemann, Chelle, Landschutzer, Peter, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bellenger, Hugo, Pasquero, Claudia, Meroni, Agostino, Borgnino, Matteo, Acquistapace, Claudia, Bopp, Laurent, Speich, S, Karstensen, J, Reverdin, G, Olivier, L, Fernandez, P, L'Hégaret, P, Coadou, S, Laxenaire, R, Zhang, D, Gentemann, C, Landschutzer, P, Boutin, J, Bellenger, H, Pasquero, C, Meroni, A, Borgnino, M, Acquistapace, C, Bopp, L, Speich, Sabrina, Karstensen, Johannes, Reverdin, Gilles, Olivier, Léa, Fernandez, Pablo, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Coadou, Solange, Laxenaire, Rémi, Zhang, Dongxiao, Gentemann, Chelle, Landschutzer, Peter, Boutin, Jacqueline, Bellenger, Hugo, Pasquero, Claudia, Meroni, Agostino, Borgnino, Matteo, Acquistapace, Claudia, and Bopp, Laurent
Published: 2023

22. Moored observations of mesoscale features in the Cape Basin: characteristics and local impacts on water mass distributions

Author: M. Kersalé, T. Lamont, S. Speich, T. Terre, R. Laxenaire, M. J. Roberts, M. A. van den Berg, and I. J. Ansorge
Subjects: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: The eastern side of the South Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation Basin-wide Array (SAMBA) along 34.5° S is used to assess the nonlinear, mesoscale dynamics of the Cape Basin. This array presently consists of current meter moorings and bottom mounted Current and Pressure recording Inverted Echo Sounders (CPIES) deployed across the continental slope. These data, available from September 2014 to December 2015, combined with satellite altimetry allow us to investigate the characteristics and the impact of mesoscale dynamics on local water mass distribution and cross-validate the different data sets. We demonstrate that the moorings are affected by the complex dynamics of the Cape Basin involving Agulhas rings, cyclonic eddies and anticyclonic eddies from the Agulhas Bank and the South Benguela upwelling front and filaments. Our analyses show that exchange of water masses happens through the advection of water by mesoscale eddies but also via wide water mass intrusions engendered by the existence of intense dipoles. These complex dynamics induce strong intra-seasonal upper-ocean velocity variations and water mass exchanges between the shelf and the open ocean but also across the subantarctic and subtropical waters. This work presents the first independent observations comparison between full-depth moorings and CPIES data sets within the eastern South Atlantic region that gives some evidence of eastern boundary buoyancy anomalies associated with migrating eddies. It also highlights the need to continuously sample the full water depth as inter-basin exchanges occur intermittently and affect the whole water column.
Published: 2018
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23. Altimetry for the Future: Building on 25 Years of Progress

Author: Saleh Abdalla, Abdolnabi Abdeh Kolahchi, Susheel Adusumilli, Suchandra Aich Bhowmick, Eva Alou-Font, Laiba Amarouche, Ole Baltazar Andersen, Helena Antich, Lotfi Aouf, Brian Arbic, Thomas Armitage, Sabine Arnault, Camila Artana, Giuseppe Aulicino, Nadia Ayoub, Sergei Badulin, Steven Baker, Chris Banks, Lifeng Bao, Silvia Barbetta, Barbara Barcelo-Llull, Francois Barlier, Sujit Basu, Peter Bauer-Gottwein, Matthias Becker, Brian Beckley, Nicole Bellefond, Tatyana Belonenko, Mounir Benkiran, Touati Benkouider, Ralf Bennartz, Jerome Benveniste, Nicolas Bercher, Muriel Berge-Nguyen, Joao Bettencourt, Fabien Blarel, Alejandro Blazquez, Denis Blumstein, Pascal Bonnefond, Franck Borde, Jerome Bouffard, Francois Boy, Jean-Paul Boy, Cedric Brachet, Pierre Brasseur, Alexander Braun, Luca Brocca, David Brockley, Laurent Brodeau, Shannon Brown, Sean Bruinsma, Anna Bulczak, Sammie Buzzard, Madeleine Cahill, Stephane Calmant, Michel Calzas, Stefania Camici, Mathilde Cancet, Hugues Capdeville, Claudia Cristina Carabajal, Loren Carrere, Anny Cazenave, Eric P. Chassignet, Prakash Chauhan, Selma Cherchali, Teresa Chereskin, Cecile Cheymol, Daniele Ciani, Paolo Cipollini, Francesca Cirillo, Emmanuel Cosme, Steve Coss, Yuri Cotroneo, David Cotton, Alexandre Couhert, Sophie Coutin-Faye, Jean-Francois Cretaux, Frederic Cyr, Francesco d’Ovidio, Jose Darrozes, Cedric David, Nadim Dayoub, Danielle De Staerke, Xiaoli Deng, Shailen Desai, Jean-Damien Desjonqueres, Denise Dettmering, Alessandro Di Bella, Lara Dıaz-Barroso, Gerald Dibarboure, Habib Boubacar Dieng, Salvatore Dinardo, Henryk Dobslaw, Guillaume Dodet, Andrea Doglioli, Alessio Domeneghetti, David Donahue, Shenfu Dong, Craig Donlon, Joel Dorandeu, Christine Drezen, Mark Drinkwater, Yves Du Penhoat, Brian Dushaw, Alejandro Egido, Svetlana Erofeeva, Philippe Escudier, Saskia Esselborn, Pierre Exertier, Ronan Fablet, Cedric Falco, Sinead Louise Farrell, Yannice Faugere, Pierre Femenias, Luciana Fenoglio, Joana Fernandes, Juan Gabriel Fernandez, Pascale Ferrage, Ramiro Ferrari, Lionel Fichen, Paolo Filippucci, Stylianos Flampouris, Sara Fleury, Marco Fornari, Rene Forsberg, Frederic Frappart, Marie-laure Frery, Pablo Garcia, Albert Garcia-Mondejar, Julia Gaudelli, Augusto Getirana, Lucile Gaultier, Ferran Gibert, Artur Gil, Lin Gilbert, Sarah Gille, Luisella Giulicchi, Jesus Gomez-Enri, Laura Gomez-Navarro, Christine Gommenginger, Lionel Gourdeau, David Griffin, Andreas Groh, Alexandre Guerin, Raul Guerrero, Thierry Guinle, Praveen Gupta, Benjamin D. Gutknecht, Mathieu Hamon, Guoqi Han, Daniele Hauser, Veit Helm, Stefan Hendricks, Fabrice Hernandez, Anna Hogg, Martin Horwath, Martina Idzanovic, Peter Janssen, Eric Jeansou, Yongjun Jia, Yuanyuan Jia, Liguang Jiang, Johnny A. Johannessen, Masafumi Kamachi, Svetlana Karimova, Kathryn Kelly, Sung Yong Kim, Robert King, Cecile M.M. Kittel, Patrice Klein, Anna Klos, Per Knudsen, Rolf Koenig, Andrey Kostianoy, Alexei Kouraev, Raj Kumar, Sylvie Labroue, Loreley Selene Lago, Juliette Lambin, Lea Lasson, Olivier Laurain, Remi Laxenaire, Clara Lazaro, Sophie Le Gac, Julien Le Sommer, Pierre-Yves Le Traon, Sergey Lebedev, Fabien Leger, Benoit Legresy, Frank Lemoine, Luc Lenain, Eric Leuliette, Marina Levy, John Lillibridge, Jianqiang Liu, William Llovel, Florent Lyard, Claire Macintosh, Eduard Makhoul Varona, Cécile Manfredi, Frédéric Marin, Evan Mason, Christian Massari, Constantin Mavrocordatos, Nikolai Maximenko, Malcolm McMillan, Thierry Medina, Angelique Melet, Marco Meloni, Stelios Mertikas, Sammy Metref, Benoit Meyssignac, Jean-François Minster, Thomas Moreau, Daniel Moreira, Yves Morel, Rosemary Morrow, John Moyard, Sandrine Mulet, Marc Naeije, Robert Steven Nerem, Hans Ngodock, Karina Nielsen, Jan Even Øie Nilsen, Fernando Niño, Carolina Nogueira Loddo, Camille Noûs, Estelle Obligis, Inès Otosaka, Michiel Otten, Berguzar Oztunali Ozbahceci, Roshin P. Raj, Rodrigo Paiva, Guillermina Paniagua, Fernando Paolo, Adrien Paris, Ananda Pascual, Marcello Passaro, Stephan Paul, Tamlin Pavelsky, Christopher Pearson, Thierry Penduff, Fukai Peng, Felix Perosanz, Nicolas Picot, Fanny Piras, Valerio Poggiali, Étienne Poirier, Sonia Ponce de León, Sergey Prants, Catherine Prigent, Christine Provost, M-Isabelle Pujol, Bo Qiu, Yves Quilfen, Ali Rami, R. Keith Raney, Matthias Raynal, Elisabeth Remy, Frédérique Rémy, Marco Restano, Annie Richardson, Donald Richardson, Robert Ricker, Martina Ricko, Eero Rinne, Stine Kildegaard Rose, Vinca Rosmorduc, Sergei Rudenko, Simón Ruiz, Barbara J. Ryan, Corinne Salaün, Antonio Sanchez-Roman, Louise Sandberg Sørensen, David Sandwell, Martin Saraceno, Michele Scagliola, Philippe Schaeffer, Martin G. Scharffenberg, Remko Scharroo, Andreas Schiller, Raphael Schneider, Christian Schwatke, Andrea Scozzari, Enrico Ser-giacomi, Frederique Seyler, Rashmi Shah, Rashmi Sharma, Andrew Shaw, Andrew Shepherd, Jay Shriver, C.K. Shum, Wim Simons, Sebatian B. Simonsen, Thomas Slater, Walter Smith, Saulo Soares, Mikhail Sokolovskiy, Laurent Soudarin, Ciprian Spatar, Sabrina Speich, Margaret Srinivasan, Meric Srokosz, Emil Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Nathalie Steunou, Julienne Stroeve, Bob Su, Yohanes Budi Sulistioadi, Debadatta Swain, Annick Sylvestre-baron, Nicolas Taburet, Rémi Tailleux, Katsumi Takayama, Byron Tapley, Angelica Tarpanelli, Gilles Tavernier, Laurent Testut, Praveen K. Thakur, Pierre Thibaut, LuAnne Thompson, Joaquín Tintoré, Céline Tison, Cédric Tourain, Jean Tournadre, Bill Townsend, Ngan Tran, Sébastien Trilles, Michel Tsamados, Kuo-Hsin Tseng, Clément Ubelmann, Bernd Uebbing, Oscar Vergara, Jacques Verron, Telmo Vieira, Stefano Vignudelli, Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, Pieter Visser, Frederic Vivier, Denis Volkov, Karina von Schuckmann, Valerii Vuglinskii, Pierrik Vuilleumier, Blake Walter, Jida Wang, Chao Wang, Christopher Watson, John Wilkin, Josh Willis, Hilary Wilson, Philip Woodworth, Kehan Yang, Fangfang Yao, Raymond Zaharia, Elena Zakharova, Edward D. Zaron, Yongsheng Zhang, Zhongxiang Zhao, Vadim Zinchenko, and Victor Zlotnicki
Subjects: Space Sciences (General), Geosciences (General)
Abstract: In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion.
Published: 2021
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24. Predicting the Loop Current dynamics combining altimetry and deep flow measurements through the Yucatan Channel

Author: Manta, Gaston, primary, Durante, Giovanni, additional, Candela, Julio, additional, Send, Uwe, additional, Sheinbaum, Julio, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, and Laxenaire, Rémi, additional
Published: 2023
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25. The Tropical Atlantic Observing System

Author: G. R. Foltz, P. Brandt, I. Richter, B. Rodríguez-Fonseca, F. Hernandez, M. Dengler, R. R. Rodrigues, J. O. Schmidt, L. Yu, N. Lefevre, L. Cotrim Da Cunha, M. J. McPhaden, M. Araujo, J. Karstensen, J. Hahn, M. Martín-Rey, C. M. Patricola, P. Poli, P. Zuidema, R. Hummels, R. C. Perez, V. Hatje, J. F. Lübbecke, I. Polo, R. Lumpkin, B. Bourlès, F. E. Asuquo, P. Lehodey, A. Conchon, P. Chang, P. Dandin, C. Schmid, A. Sutton, H. Giordani, Y. Xue, S. Illig, T. Losada, S. A. Grodsky, F. Gasparin, T. Lee, E. Mohino, P. Nobre, R. Wanninkhof, N. Keenlyside, V. Garcon, E. Sánchez-Gómez, H. C. Nnamchi, M. Drévillon, A. Storto, E. Remy, A. Lazar, S. Speich, M. Goes, T. Dorrington, W. E. Johns, J. N. Moum, C. Robinson, C. Perruche, R. B. de Souza, A. T. Gaye, J. López-Parages, P.-A. Monerie, P. Castellanos, N. U. Benson, M. N. Hounkonnou, J. Trotte Duhá, R. Laxenaire, and N. Reul
Subjects: tropical Atlantic Ocean, observing system, weather, climate, hurricanes, biogeochemistry, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract: The tropical Atlantic is home to multiple coupled climate variations covering a wide range of timescales and impacting societally relevant phenomena such as continental rainfall, Atlantic hurricane activity, oceanic biological productivity, and atmospheric circulation in the equatorial Pacific. The tropical Atlantic also connects the southern and northern branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and receives freshwater input from some of the world’s largest rivers. To address these diverse, unique, and interconnected research challenges, a rich network of ocean observations has developed, building on the backbone of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). This network has evolved naturally over time and out of necessity in order to address the most important outstanding scientific questions and to improve predictions of tropical Atlantic severe weather and global climate variability and change. The tropical Atlantic observing system is motivated by goals to understand and better predict phenomena such as tropical Atlantic interannual to decadal variability and climate change; multidecadal variability and its links to the meridional overturning circulation; air-sea fluxes of CO2 and their implications for the fate of anthropogenic CO2; the Amazon River plume and its interactions with biogeochemistry, vertical mixing, and hurricanes; the highly productive eastern boundary and equatorial upwelling systems; and oceanic oxygen minimum zones, their impacts on biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems, and their feedbacks to climate. Past success of the tropical Atlantic observing system is the result of an international commitment to sustained observations and scientific cooperation, a willingness to evolve with changing research and monitoring needs, and a desire to share data openly with the scientific community and operational centers. The observing system must continue to evolve in order to meet an expanding set of research priorities and operational challenges. This paper discusses the tropical Atlantic observing system, including emerging scientific questions that demand sustained ocean observations, the potential for further integration of the observing system, and the requirements for sustaining and enhancing the tropical Atlantic observing system.
Published: 2019
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26. Lessons learned from the EUREC4A-OA experiment on the impact of ocean small scales on air-sea interactions in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic

Author: Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Gilles Reverdin, Léa Olivier, Pablo Fernandez, Pierre L'Hégaret, Solange Coadou, Rémi Laxenaire, Dongxiao Zhang, Chelle Gentemann, Peter Landschutzer, Jacqueline Boutin, Hugo Bellenger, Claudia Pasquero, Agostino Meroni, Matteo Borgnino, Claudia Acquistapace, Laurent Bopp, Speich, S, Karstensen, J, Reverdin, G, Olivier, L, Fernandez, P, L'Hégaret, P, Coadou, S, Laxenaire, R, Zhang, D, Gentemann, C, Landschutzer, P, Boutin, J, Bellenger, H, Pasquero, C, Meroni, A, Borgnino, M, Acquistapace, C, and Bopp, L
Subjects: air-sea interactions, field campaign, EUREC4A, tropical Atlantic
Abstract: EUREC4A-OA is a large international project, connecting experts of ocean and atmosphere observations and modelling to enhance the understanding of key ocean and air-sea processes at the and to improve the skill of forecasts and future projections.The core of EUREC4A-OA has been a one-month (Jan/Feb 2020) field study in the western tropical North Atlantic Ocean where high-resolution, synchronized observational data have been collected using cutting-edge technology on ships, airplanes and autonomous vehicles. EUREC4A-OA investigates heat, momentum, water and CO2 transport within the ocean and exchanges across the air/sea interface using innovative high-resolution ocean observations and a hierarchy of numerical simulations. EUREC4A-OA focuses on ocean dynamics at the small-scale (0.1–100 km) and related atmospheric boundary layer processes. EUREC4A-OA is centered on the tropics where the primary external time scale affecting air-sea exchange is the diurnal cycle. However, the internal ocean and atmosphere dynamics convolute the diurnal, synoptic, seasonal and longer time scales to climate variability.The talk will present some of the results we obtained so far from the observations collected during the field experiment and from numerical simulations. The analyses carried out revealed with unprecedented detail the particular characteristics of the ocean small-scale dynamics, enlightening that such scales are also very active in the tropical regions and not only over the mid and higher latitudes ocean. Observations and models also unveil that the ocean small scales is important in contributing to the exchanges of heat, freshwater and CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere. Moreover, the evaluation of the intensity of the coupling between the ocean and the atmosphere assessed from data and high-resolution simulations show that they are very important and intimately linked with the 3D structure of the small-scale ocean dynamics. The project has also provided preliminary results in terms of parametrization of different processes influencing the ocean and atmosphere exchanges that have been uncovered by the EUREC4A-OA field experiment. Notably a better representation of the small-scale freshwater patches due to precipitation has been introduced in the French Earth-System model that improves the overall simulations of air-sea interactions and clouds. A similar parametrization is now been introduced to take into account these physical processes in air-sea fluxes of CO2.
Published: 2023

27. Combining an Eddy Detection Algorithm with In-Situ Measurements to Study North Brazil Current Rings

Author: Subirade, Corentin, L’Hegaret, Pierre, Speich, Sabrina, Laxenaire, Rémi, Karstensen, Johannes, Carton, Xavier, Subirade, Corentin, L’Hegaret, Pierre, Speich, Sabrina, Laxenaire, Rémi, Karstensen, Johannes, and Carton, Xavier
Abstract: North Brazil Current (NBC) rings are believed to play a key role in the Atlantic Ocean circulation and climate. Here, we use a new collection of high-resolution in-situ observations acquired during the EUREC4A-OA field experiment together with satellite altimetry to define, with unprecedented detail, the structure and evolution of these eddies. In-situ observations reveal a more complex structure than previously documented. In particular, we highlight a measurable impact of the Amazon outflow in creating a barrier layer over a large portion of the eddies. We show that this unprecedented data set allows us to estimate the accuracy of satellite altimetry gridded fields. The geostrophic velocities derived from satellite altimetry turn out to be considerably lower (up to 50% in amplitude) than the values measured by current meters. However, eddy properties as detected by TOEddies, a newly developed algorithm show to be relatively precise. For example, the eddy center and maximum azimuthal velocity contour fall within 25 ± 5 km and 16 ± 9 km, respectively, from the in-situ observed values. We apply TOEddies to 27 years of satellite altimetry to investigate the generic NBC rings behavior. We found a mean generation rate of 4.5 ± 1.1 rings per year, and a strong seasonal cycle in all eddy properties.
Published: 2023
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28. Ocean cross-validated observations from R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian, and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: L'Hégaret, Pierre, Schütte, Florian, Speich, Sabrina, Reverdin, Gilles, Baranowski, Dariusz B., Czeschel, Rena, Fischer, Tim, Foltz, Gregory R., Heywood, Karen J., Krahmann, Gerd, Laxenaire, Rémi, Le Bihan, Caroline, Le Bot, Philippe, Leizour, Stephane, Rollo, Callum, Schlundt, Michael, Siddle, Elizabeth, Subirade, Corentin, Zhang, Dongxiao, Karstensen, Johannes, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Schütte, Florian, Speich, Sabrina, Reverdin, Gilles, Baranowski, Dariusz B., Czeschel, Rena, Fischer, Tim, Foltz, Gregory R., Heywood, Karen J., Krahmann, Gerd, Laxenaire, Rémi, Le Bihan, Caroline, Le Bot, Philippe, Leizour, Stephane, Rollo, Callum, Schlundt, Michael, Siddle, Elizabeth, Subirade, Corentin, Zhang, Dongxiao, and Karstensen, Johannes
Abstract: The northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean is a turbulent region, filled with mesoscale eddies and regional currents. In this intense dynamical context, several water masses with thermohaline characteristics of different origins are advected, mixed, and stirred at the surface and at depth. The EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment that took place in January and February 2020 was dedicated to assessing the processes at play in this region, especially the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. For that reason, four oceanographic vessels and different autonomous platforms measured properties near the air–sea interface and acquired thousands of upper-ocean (up to 400–2000 m depth) profiles. However, each device had its own observing capability, varying from deep measurements acquired during vessel stations to shipboard underway near-surface observations and measurements from autonomous and uncrewed systems (such as Saildrones). These observations were undertaken with a specific sampling strategy guided by near-real-time satellite maps and adapted every half day, based on the process that was investigated. These processes were characterized by different spatiotemporal scales, from mesoscale eddies, with diameters exceeding 100 km, to submesoscale filaments of 1 km width. This article describes the datasets gathered from the different devices and how the data were calibrated and validated. In order to ensure an overall consistency, the platforms' datasets are cross-validated using a hierarchy of instruments defined by their own specificity and calibration procedures. This has enabled the quantification of the uncertainty in the measured parameters when different datasets are used together, e.g., https://doi.org/10.17882/92071 (L'Hégaret et al., 2020a).
Published: 2023
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29. Nurses' experiences of caring for Covid-19 patients during the Covid-19 pandemic : A qualitative review

Author: Raheem, Mary, Laxenaire, Gaëlle, Raheem, Mary, and Laxenaire, Gaëlle
Abstract: Background: The Covid-19 pandemic came suddenly and despite our efforts to limit the spread of the virus many people lost their lives. Nurses, the largest group of health care workers, played a crucial role in the caretaking of patients. They cared, informed, screened, organized and managed teams, making them central to patients´ care in that crisis. Aim: The aim is to explore nurses´ experiences of caring for Covid-19 patients at hospitals during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: A qualitative review based on ten scientific articles. They were analyzed with a thematic inductive analysis following the Braun and Clarks model. Results: Two themes were identified: struggling with new challenges and coping with new challenges. With the respective subthemes: Personal Protective Equipment, fear of Covid-19, feeling lost, abandonment and growing as a nurse and finding strength within the team. Conclusion: This research shows that nurses faced many difficulties while caring for Covid-19 patients, whether it was the lack of PPE, the constant changes in protocols or the fear of being infected. More studies are needed to better prepare nurses if a similar situation occur, which would ensure good and safe nursing care for patients.
Published: 2023

30. EUREC 4 A

Author: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Stevens, Bjorn, Bony, Sandrine, Farrell, David, Ament, Felix, Blyth, Alan, Fairall, Christopher, Karstensen, Johannes, Quinn, Patricia K., Speich, Sabrina, Acquistapace, Claudia, Aemisegger, Franziska, Albright, Anna Lea, Bellenger, Hugo, Bodenschatz, Eberhard, Caesar, Kathy-Ann, Chewitt-Lucas, Rebecca, de Boer, Gijs, Delanoë, Julien, Denby, Leif, Ewald, Florian, Fildier, Benjamin, Forde, Marvin, George, Geet, Gross, Silke, Hagen, Martin, Hausold, Andrea, Heywood, Karen J., Hirsch, Lutz, Jacob, Marek, Jansen, Friedhelm, Kinne, Stefan, Klocke, Daniel, Kölling, Tobias, Konow, Heike, Lothon, Marie, Mohr, Wiebke, Naumann, Ann Kristin, Nuijens, Louise, Olivier, Léa, Pincus, Robert, Pöhlker, Mira, Reverdin, Gilles, Roberts, Gregory, Schnitt, Sabrina, Schulz, Hauke, Siebesma, A. Pier, Stephan, Claudia Christine, Sullivan, Peter, Touzé-Peiffer, Ludovic, Vial, Jessica, Vogel, Raphaela, Zuidema, Paquita, Alexander, Nicola, Alves, Lyndon, Arixi, Sophian, Asmath, Hamish, Bagheri, Gholamhossein, Baier, Katharina, Bailey, Adriana, Baranowski, Dariusz, Baron, Alexandre, Barrau, Sébastien, Barrett, Paul A., Batier, Frédéric, Behrendt, Andreas, Bendinger, Arne, Beucher, Florent, Bigorre, Sebastien, Blades, Edmund, Blossey, Peter, Bock, Olivier, Böing, Steven, Bosser, Pierre, Bourras, Denis, Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale, Bower, Keith, Branellec, Pierre, Branger, Hubert, Brennek, Michal, Brewer, Alan, Brilouet, Pierre-Etienne, Brügmann, Björn, Buehler, Stefan A., Burke, Elmo, Burton, Ralph, Calmer, Radiance, Canonici, Jean-Christophe, Carton, Xavier, Cato Jr., Gregory, Charles, Jude Andre, Chazette, Patrick, Chen, Yanxu, Chilinski, Michal T., Choularton, Thomas, Chuang, Patrick, Clarke, Shamal, Coe, Hugh, Cornet, Céline, Coutris, Pierre, Couvreux, Fleur, Crewell, Susanne, Cronin, Timothy, Cui, Zhiqiang, Cuypers, Yannis, Daley, Alton, Damerell, Gillian M., Dauhut, Thibaut, Deneke, Hartwig, Desbios, Jean-Philippe, Dörner, Steffen, Donner, Sebastian, Douet, Vincent, Drushka, Kyla, Dütsch, Marina, Ehrlich, André, Emanuel, Kerry, Emmanouilidis, Alexandros, Etienne, Jean-Claude, Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl, Faure, Ghislain, Feingold, Graham, Ferrero, Luca, Fix, Andreas, Flamant, Cyrille, Flatau, Piotr Jacek, Foltz, Gregory R., Forster, Linda, Furtuna, Iulian, Gadian, Alan, Galewsky, Joseph, Gallagher, Martin, Gallimore, Peter, Gaston, Cassandra, Gentemann, Chelle, Geyskens, Nicolas, Giez, Andreas, Gollop, John, Gouirand, Isabelle, Gourbeyre, Christophe, de Graaf, Dörte, de Groot, Geiske E., Grosz, Robert, Güttler, Johannes, Gutleben, Manuel, Hall, Kashawn, Harris, George, Helfer, Kevin C., Henze, Dean, Herbert, Calvert, Holanda, Bruna, Ibanez-Landeta, Antonio, Intrieri, Janet, Iyer, Suneil, Julien, Fabrice, Kalesse, Heike, Kazil, Jan, Kellman, Alexander, Kidane, Abiel T., Kirchner, Ulrike, Klingebiel, Marcus, Körner, Mareike, Kremper, Leslie Ann, Kretzschmar, Jan, Krüger, Ovid, Kumala, Wojciech, Kurz, Armin, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Labaste, Matthieu, Lachlan-Cope, Tom, Laing, Arlene, Landschützer, Peter, Lang, Theresa, Lange, Diego, Lange, Ingo, Laplace, Clément, Lavik, Gauke, Laxenaire, Rémi, Le Bihan, Caroline, Leandro, Mason, Lefevre, Nathalie, Lena, Marius, Lenschow, Donald, Li, Qiang, Lloyd, Gary, Los, Sebastian, Losi, Niccolò, Lovell, Oscar, Luneau, Christopher, Makuch, Przemyslaw, Malinowski, Szymon, Manta, Gaston, Marinou, Eleni, Marsden, Nicholas, Masson, Sebastien, Maury, Nicolas, Mayer, Bernhard, Mayers-Als, Margarette, Mazel, Christophe, McGeary, Wayne, McWilliams, James C., Mech, Mario, Mehlmann, Melina, Meroni, Agostino Niyonkuru, Mieslinger, Theresa, Minikin, Andreas, Minnett, Peter, Möller, Gregor, Morfa Avalos, Yanmichel, Muller, Caroline, Musat, Ionela, Napoli, Anna, Neuberger, Almuth, Noisel, Christophe, Noone, David, Nordsiek, Freja, Nowak, Jakub L., Oswald, Lothar, Parker, Douglas J., Peck, Carolyn, Person, Renaud, Philippi, Miriam, Plueddemann, Albert, Pöhlker, Christopher, Pörtge, Veronika, Pöschl, Ulrich, Pologne, Lawrence, Posyniak, Michał, Prange, Marc, Quiñones Meléndez, Estefanía, Radtke, Jule, Ramage, Karim, Reimann, Jens, Renault, Lionel, Reus, Klaus, Reyes, Ashford, Ribbe, Joachim, Ringel, Maximilian, Ritschel, Markus, Rocha, Cesar B., Rochetin, Nicolas, Röttenbacher, Johannes, Rollo, Callum, Royer, Haley, Sadoulet, Pauline, Saffin, Leo, Sandiford, Sanola, Sandu, Irina, Schäfer, Michael, Schemann, Vera, Schirmacher, Imke, Schlenczek, Oliver, Schmidt, Jerome, Schröder, Marcel, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Sealy, Andrea, Senff, Christoph J., Serikov, Ilya, Shohan, Samkeyat, Siddle, Elizabeth, Smirnov, Alexander, Späth, Florian, Spooner, Branden, Stolla, M. Katharina, Szkółka, Wojciech, de Szoeke, Simon P., Tarot, Stéphane, Tetoni, Eleni, Thompson, Elizabeth, Thomson, Jim, Tomassini, Lorenzo, Totems, Julien, Ubele, Alma Anna, Villiger, Leonie, von Arx, Jan, Wagner, Thomas, Walther, Andi, Webber, Ben, Wendisch, Manfred, Whitehall, Shanice, Wiltshire, Anton, Wing, Allison A., Wirth, Martin, Wiskandt, Jonathan, Wolf, Kevin, Worbes, Ludwig, Wright, Ethan, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Young, Shanea, Zhang, Chidong, Zhang, Dongxiao, Ziemen, Florian, Zinner, Tobias, Zöger, Martin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Stevens, Bjorn, Bony, Sandrine, Farrell, David, Ament, Felix, Blyth, Alan, Fairall, Christopher, Karstensen, Johannes, Quinn, Patricia K., Speich, Sabrina, Acquistapace, Claudia, Aemisegger, Franziska, Albright, Anna Lea, Bellenger, Hugo, Bodenschatz, Eberhard, Caesar, Kathy-Ann, Chewitt-Lucas, Rebecca, de Boer, Gijs, Delanoë, Julien, Denby, Leif, Ewald, Florian, Fildier, Benjamin, Forde, Marvin, George, Geet, Gross, Silke, Hagen, Martin, Hausold, Andrea, Heywood, Karen J., Hirsch, Lutz, Jacob, Marek, Jansen, Friedhelm, Kinne, Stefan, Klocke, Daniel, Kölling, Tobias, Konow, Heike, Lothon, Marie, Mohr, Wiebke, Naumann, Ann Kristin, Nuijens, Louise, Olivier, Léa, Pincus, Robert, Pöhlker, Mira, Reverdin, Gilles, Roberts, Gregory, Schnitt, Sabrina, Schulz, Hauke, Siebesma, A. Pier, Stephan, Claudia Christine, Sullivan, Peter, Touzé-Peiffer, Ludovic, Vial, Jessica, Vogel, Raphaela, Zuidema, Paquita, Alexander, Nicola, Alves, Lyndon, Arixi, Sophian, Asmath, Hamish, Bagheri, Gholamhossein, Baier, Katharina, Bailey, Adriana, Baranowski, Dariusz, Baron, Alexandre, Barrau, Sébastien, Barrett, Paul A., Batier, Frédéric, Behrendt, Andreas, Bendinger, Arne, Beucher, Florent, Bigorre, Sebastien, Blades, Edmund, Blossey, Peter, Bock, Olivier, Böing, Steven, Bosser, Pierre, Bourras, Denis, Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale, Bower, Keith, Branellec, Pierre, Branger, Hubert, Brennek, Michal, Brewer, Alan, Brilouet, Pierre-Etienne, Brügmann, Björn, Buehler, Stefan A., Burke, Elmo, Burton, Ralph, Calmer, Radiance, Canonici, Jean-Christophe, Carton, Xavier, Cato Jr., Gregory, Charles, Jude Andre, Chazette, Patrick, Chen, Yanxu, Chilinski, Michal T., Choularton, Thomas, Chuang, Patrick, Clarke, Shamal, Coe, Hugh, Cornet, Céline, Coutris, Pierre, Couvreux, Fleur, Crewell, Susanne, Cronin, Timothy, Cui, Zhiqiang, Cuypers, Yannis, Daley, Alton, Damerell, Gillian M., Dauhut, Thibaut, Deneke, Hartwig, Desbios, Jean-Philippe, Dörner, Steffen, Donner, Sebastian, Douet, Vincent, Drushka, Kyla, Dütsch, Marina, Ehrlich, André, Emanuel, Kerry, Emmanouilidis, Alexandros, Etienne, Jean-Claude, Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl, Faure, Ghislain, Feingold, Graham, Ferrero, Luca, Fix, Andreas, Flamant, Cyrille, Flatau, Piotr Jacek, Foltz, Gregory R., Forster, Linda, Furtuna, Iulian, Gadian, Alan, Galewsky, Joseph, Gallagher, Martin, Gallimore, Peter, Gaston, Cassandra, Gentemann, Chelle, Geyskens, Nicolas, Giez, Andreas, Gollop, John, Gouirand, Isabelle, Gourbeyre, Christophe, de Graaf, Dörte, de Groot, Geiske E., Grosz, Robert, Güttler, Johannes, Gutleben, Manuel, Hall, Kashawn, Harris, George, Helfer, Kevin C., Henze, Dean, Herbert, Calvert, Holanda, Bruna, Ibanez-Landeta, Antonio, Intrieri, Janet, Iyer, Suneil, Julien, Fabrice, Kalesse, Heike, Kazil, Jan, Kellman, Alexander, Kidane, Abiel T., Kirchner, Ulrike, Klingebiel, Marcus, Körner, Mareike, Kremper, Leslie Ann, Kretzschmar, Jan, Krüger, Ovid, Kumala, Wojciech, Kurz, Armin, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Labaste, Matthieu, Lachlan-Cope, Tom, Laing, Arlene, Landschützer, Peter, Lang, Theresa, Lange, Diego, Lange, Ingo, Laplace, Clément, Lavik, Gauke, Laxenaire, Rémi, Le Bihan, Caroline, Leandro, Mason, Lefevre, Nathalie, Lena, Marius, Lenschow, Donald, Li, Qiang, Lloyd, Gary, Los, Sebastian, Losi, Niccolò, Lovell, Oscar, Luneau, Christopher, Makuch, Przemyslaw, Malinowski, Szymon, Manta, Gaston, Marinou, Eleni, Marsden, Nicholas, Masson, Sebastien, Maury, Nicolas, Mayer, Bernhard, Mayers-Als, Margarette, Mazel, Christophe, McGeary, Wayne, McWilliams, James C., Mech, Mario, Mehlmann, Melina, Meroni, Agostino Niyonkuru, Mieslinger, Theresa, Minikin, Andreas, Minnett, Peter, Möller, Gregor, Morfa Avalos, Yanmichel, Muller, Caroline, Musat, Ionela, Napoli, Anna, Neuberger, Almuth, Noisel, Christophe, Noone, David, Nordsiek, Freja, Nowak, Jakub L., Oswald, Lothar, Parker, Douglas J., Peck, Carolyn, Person, Renaud, Philippi, Miriam, Plueddemann, Albert, Pöhlker, Christopher, Pörtge, Veronika, Pöschl, Ulrich, Pologne, Lawrence, Posyniak, Michał, Prange, Marc, Quiñones Meléndez, Estefanía, Radtke, Jule, Ramage, Karim, Reimann, Jens, Renault, Lionel, Reus, Klaus, Reyes, Ashford, Ribbe, Joachim, Ringel, Maximilian, Ritschel, Markus, Rocha, Cesar B., Rochetin, Nicolas, Röttenbacher, Johannes, Rollo, Callum, Royer, Haley, Sadoulet, Pauline, Saffin, Leo, Sandiford, Sanola, Sandu, Irina, Schäfer, Michael, Schemann, Vera, Schirmacher, Imke, Schlenczek, Oliver, Schmidt, Jerome, Schröder, Marcel, Schwarzenboeck, Alfons, Sealy, Andrea, Senff, Christoph J., Serikov, Ilya, Shohan, Samkeyat, Siddle, Elizabeth, Smirnov, Alexander, Späth, Florian, Spooner, Branden, Stolla, M. Katharina, Szkółka, Wojciech, de Szoeke, Simon P., Tarot, Stéphane, Tetoni, Eleni, Thompson, Elizabeth, Thomson, Jim, Tomassini, Lorenzo, Totems, Julien, Ubele, Alma Anna, Villiger, Leonie, von Arx, Jan, Wagner, Thomas, Walther, Andi, Webber, Ben, Wendisch, Manfred, Whitehall, Shanice, Wiltshire, Anton, Wing, Allison A., Wirth, Martin, Wiskandt, Jonathan, Wolf, Kevin, Worbes, Ludwig, Wright, Ethan, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Young, Shanea, Zhang, Chidong, Zhang, Dongxiao, Ziemen, Florian, Zinner, Tobias, and Zöger, Martin
Abstract: Abstract. The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic – eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air–sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored – from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation – are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at https://doi.org/10.25326/165 (Stevens, 2021), and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.
Published: 2023

31. Ocean cross-validated observations from R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian, and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: L'Hégaret, Pierre, primary, Schütte, Florian, additional, Speich, Sabrina, additional, Reverdin, Gilles, additional, Baranowski, Dariusz B., additional, Czeschel, Rena, additional, Fischer, Tim, additional, Foltz, Gregory R., additional, Heywood, Karen J., additional, Krahmann, Gerd, additional, Laxenaire, Rémi, additional, Le Bihan, Caroline, additional, Le Bot, Philippe, additional, Leizour, Stéphane, additional, Rollo, Callum, additional, Schlundt, Michael, additional, Siddle, Elizabeth, additional, Subirade, Corentin, additional, Zhang, Dongxiao, additional, and Karstensen, Johannes, additional
Published: 2023
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32. Combining an Eddy Detection Algorithm with In-Situ Measurements to Study North Brazil Current Rings

Author: Subirade, Corentin, primary, L’Hégaret, Pierre, additional, Speich, Sabrina, additional, Laxenaire, Rémi, additional, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, and Carton, Xavier, additional
Published: 2023
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33. Lessons learned from the EUREC4A-OA experiment on the impact of ocean small scales on air-sea interactions in the Northwest Tropical Atlantic

Author: Speich, Sabrina, primary, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, Reverdin, Gilles, additional, Olivier, Léa, additional, Fernandez, Pablo, additional, L'Hégaret, Pierre, additional, Coadou, Solange, additional, Laxenaire, Rémi, additional, Zhang, Dongxiao, additional, Gentemann, Chelle, additional, Landschutzer, Peter, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Bellenger, Hugo, additional, Pasquero, Claudia, additional, Meroni, Agostino, additional, Borgnino, Matteo, additional, Acquistapace, Claudia, additional, and Bopp, Laurent, additional
Published: 2023
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34. Impact of upstream variability on the Loop Current dynamics in numerical simulations of the Gulf of Mexico

Author: Laxenaire, Rémi, primary, Chassignet, Eric P., additional, Dukhovskoy, Dmitry S., additional, and Morey, Steven L., additional
Published: 2023
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35. Hommage à André Féline

Author: Charpentier, Bernard, Scotto, Jean-Claude, Adès, Jean, Hardy, Patrick, Allilaire, Jean-François, Bazin, Nadine, Gutmann, Annie, Miermont, Jacques, Laxenaire, Michel, and Caquet, René
Published: 2015
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36. Ocean cross-validated observations from R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian, and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, Johannes Karstensen, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Norwich] (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences [Norwich], University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA)-University of East Anglia [Norwich] (UEA), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ocean Knowledge, Foundation Voice of the Ocean, Vastra Frolunda, Sweden, CNES (the French National Center for Space Studies) through the TOSCA SMOS-Ocean, and European Project: 694768,EUREC4A
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: The northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean is a turbulent region, filled with mesoscale eddies and regional currents. In this intense dynamical context, several water masses with thermohaline characteristics of different origins are advected, mixed, and stirred at the surface and at depth. The EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment that took place in January and February 2020 was dedicated to assessing the processes at play in this region, especially the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. For that reason, four oceanographic vessels and different autonomous platforms measured properties near the air–sea interface and acquired thousands of upper-ocean (up to 400–2000 m depth) profiles. However, each device had its own observing capability, varying from deep measurements acquired during vessel stations to shipboard underway near-surface observations and measurements from autonomous and uncrewed systems (such as Saildrones). These observations were undertaken with a specific sampling strategy guided by near-real-time satellite maps and adapted every half day, based on the process that was investigated. These processes were characterized by different spatiotemporal scales, from mesoscale eddies, with diameters exceeding 100 km, to submesoscale filaments of 1 km width. This article describes the datasets gathered from the different devices and how the data were calibrated and validated. In order to ensure an overall consistency, the platforms' datasets are cross-validated using a hierarchy of instruments defined by their own specificity and calibration procedures. This has enabled the quantification of the uncertainty in the measured parameters when different datasets are used together, e.g., https://doi.org/10.17882/92071 (L'Hégaret et al., 2020a).
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Le bovarysme

Author: Michel Laxenaire
Subjects: Psychiatry and Mental health, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Applied Psychology
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

38. Ocean cross-validated observations from the R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: Pierre L'Hégaret, Florian Schütte, Sabrina Speich, Gilles Reverdin, Dariusz B. Baranowski, Rena Czeschel, Tim Fischer, Gregory R. Foltz, Karen J. Heywood, Gerd Krahmann, Rémi Laxenaire, Caroline Le Bihan, Philippe Le Bot, Stéphane Leizour, Callum Rollo, Michael Schlundt, Elizabeth Siddle, Corentin Subirade, Dongxiao Zhang, and Johannes Karstensen
Abstract: The northwestern Tropical Atlantic Ocean is a turbulent region, filled with mesoscale eddies and large-scale currents. In this intense dynamical context, several water masses with thermohaline characteristics of different origins are advected, mixed, and stirred, at the surface and at depth. The EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC experiment that took place in January and February 2020 was dedicated to assess the processes at play in this region, especially the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. For that, four oceanographic vessels and different autonomous platforms measured properties near the air-sea interface and acquired thousands of upper-ocean (400–2000 m) profiles. However, each device had its own observing capability, varying from deep measurements acquired during vessel stations to shipboard underway near-surface observations and measurements from autonomous and uncrewed systems (such as Saildrones). These observations were undertaken with a specific sampling strategy guided by near-real time satellite images and adapted every half day based on the process that was investigated. These processes were characterized by different spatio-temporal scales: from mesoscale eddies, with diameters exceeding 100 km, to submesoscale filaments of 1 km width. This article describes the data sets gathered from the different devices and how the data were calibrated and validated, in order to ensure an overall consistency, the platforms' datasets are cross-validated using a hierarchy of instruments defined by their own specificity and calibration procedures. This has enabled the quantification of the uncertainty of the measured parameters when the different datasets are used together (https://doi.org/10.17882/92071).
Published: 2022

39. Ocean cross-validated observations from the R/Vs L'Atalante, Maria S. Merian and Meteor and related platforms as part of the EUREC4A-OA/ATOMIC campaign

Author: L'Hégaret, Pierre, primary, Schütte, Florian, additional, Speich, Sabrina, additional, Reverdin, Gilles, additional, Baranowski, Dariusz B., additional, Czeschel, Rena, additional, Fischer, Tim, additional, Foltz, Gregory R., additional, Heywood, Karen J., additional, Krahmann, Gerd, additional, Laxenaire, Rémi, additional, Le Bihan, Caroline, additional, Le Bot, Philippe, additional, Leizour, Stéphane, additional, Rollo, Callum, additional, Schlundt, Michael, additional, Siddle, Elizabeth, additional, Subirade, Corentin, additional, Zhang, Dongxiao, additional, and Karstensen, Johannes, additional
Published: 2022
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40. The EUREC4A-Ocean/Atmosphere campaign: status

Author: Karstensen, J, Speich, S, Renault, L, Giordani, H, Meroni, A, Pasquero, C, Desbiolles, F, Bellenger, H, Bopp, L, Lapeyre, G, Gentemann, C, Zhang, D, Laxenaire, R, von Storch, J, Reverdin, G, Thompson, E, Heywood, K, Bourras, D, Thomson, J, Foltz, G, Hubert, B, Bigorre, S, Clayson, C, Sullivan, P, Mcwilliams, J, Zhang, C, Rocha, C, Acquistapace, C, Fairall, C, Zuidema, P, Horstmann, J, Schutte, F, Olivier, L, L'Hegaret, P, Carton, X, Rudloff, D, Baranowski, D, Landschuetzer, P, Lange, D, Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Labbri, G, Farrell, D, Karstensen, Johannes, Speich, Sabrina, Renault, Lionel, Giordani, Herve, Meroni, Agostino, Pasquero, Claudia, Desbiolles, Fabien, Bellenger, Hugo, Bopp, Laurent, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Gentemann, Chelle, Zhang, Dongxiao, Laxenaire, Remi, von Storch, Jin-Song, Reverdin, Gilles, Thompson, Elizabeth, Heywood, Karen, Bourras, Denis, Thomson, James, Foltz, Gregory, Hubert, Branger, Bigorre, Sebastien, Clayson, Carol, Sullivan, Peter, McWilliams, James, Zhang, Chidong, Rocha, Cesar, Acquistapace, Claudia, Fairall, Chris, Zuidema, Paquita, Horstmann, Jochen, Schutte, Florian, Olivier, Lea, L'Hegaret, Pierre, Carton, Xavier, Rudloff, Daniel, Baranowski, Darek, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lange, Diego, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Labbri, Giacomo, Farrell, David, Karstensen, J, Speich, S, Renault, L, Giordani, H, Meroni, A, Pasquero, C, Desbiolles, F, Bellenger, H, Bopp, L, Lapeyre, G, Gentemann, C, Zhang, D, Laxenaire, R, von Storch, J, Reverdin, G, Thompson, E, Heywood, K, Bourras, D, Thomson, J, Foltz, G, Hubert, B, Bigorre, S, Clayson, C, Sullivan, P, Mcwilliams, J, Zhang, C, Rocha, C, Acquistapace, C, Fairall, C, Zuidema, P, Horstmann, J, Schutte, F, Olivier, L, L'Hegaret, P, Carton, X, Rudloff, D, Baranowski, D, Landschuetzer, P, Lange, D, Wulfmeyer, V, Behrendt, A, Labbri, G, Farrell, D, Karstensen, Johannes, Speich, Sabrina, Renault, Lionel, Giordani, Herve, Meroni, Agostino, Pasquero, Claudia, Desbiolles, Fabien, Bellenger, Hugo, Bopp, Laurent, Lapeyre, Guillaume, Gentemann, Chelle, Zhang, Dongxiao, Laxenaire, Remi, von Storch, Jin-Song, Reverdin, Gilles, Thompson, Elizabeth, Heywood, Karen, Bourras, Denis, Thomson, James, Foltz, Gregory, Hubert, Branger, Bigorre, Sebastien, Clayson, Carol, Sullivan, Peter, McWilliams, James, Zhang, Chidong, Rocha, Cesar, Acquistapace, Claudia, Fairall, Chris, Zuidema, Paquita, Horstmann, Jochen, Schutte, Florian, Olivier, Lea, L'Hegaret, Pierre, Carton, Xavier, Rudloff, Daniel, Baranowski, Darek, Landschuetzer, Peter, Lange, Diego, Wulfmeyer, Volker, Behrendt, Andreas, Labbri, Giacomo, and Farrell, David
Published: 2021

41. EUREC4A

Author: Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., Zoger M., Stevens, B, Bony, S, Farrell, D, Ament, F, Blyth, A, Fairall, C, Karstensen, J, Quinn, P, Speich, S, Acquistapace, C, Aemisegger, F, Albright, A, Bellenger, H, Bodenschatz, E, Caesar, K, Chewitt-Lucas, R, De Boer, G, Delanoe, J, Denby, L, Ewald, F, Fildier, B, Forde, M, George, G, Gross, S, Hagen, M, Hausold, A, Heywood, K, Hirsch, L, Jacob, M, Jansen, F, Kinne, S, Klocke, D, Kolling, T, Konow, H, Lothon, M, Mohr, W, Naumann, A, Nuijens, L, Olivier, L, Pincus, R, Pohlker, M, Reverdin, G, Roberts, G, Schnitt, S, Schulz, H, Pier Siebesma, A, Stephan, C, Sullivan, P, Touze-Peiffer, L, Vial, J, Vogel, R, Zuidema, P, Alexander, N, Alves, L, Arixi, S, Asmath, H, Bagheri, G, Baier, K, Bailey, A, Baranowski, D, Baron, A, Barrau, S, Barrett, P, Batier, F, Behrendt, A, Bendinger, A, Beucher, F, Bigorre, S, Blades, E, Blossey, P, Bock, O, Boing, S, Bosser, P, Bourras, D, Bouruet-Aubertot, P, Bower, K, Branellec, P, Branger, H, Brennek, M, Brewer, A, Brilouet, P, Brugmann, B, Buehler, S, Burke, E, Burton, R, Calmer, R, Canonici, J, Carton, X, Cato, G, Charles, J, Chazette, P, Chen, Y, Chilinski, M, Choularton, T, Chuang, P, Clarke, S, Coe, H, Cornet, C, Coutris, P, Couvreux, F, Crewell, S, Cronin, T, Cui, Z, Cuypers, Y, Daley, A, Damerell, G, Dauhut, T, Deneke, H, Desbios, J, Dorner, S, Donner, S, Douet, V, Drushka, K, Dutsch, M, Ehrlich, A, Emanuel, K, Emmanouilidis, A, Etienne, J, Etienne-Leblanc, S, Faure, G, Feingold, G, Ferrero, L, Fix, A, Flamant, C, Flatau, P, Foltz, G, Forster, L, Furtuna, I, Gadian, A, Galewsky, J, Gallagher, M, Gallimore, P, Gaston, C, Gentemann, C, Geyskens, N, Giez, A, Gollop, J, Gouirand, I, Gourbeyre, C, De Graaf, D, De Groot, G, Grosz, R, Guttler, J, Gutleben, M, Hall, K, Harris, G, Helfer, K, Henze, D, Herbert, C, Holanda, B, Ibanez-Landeta, A, Intrieri, J, Iyer, S, Julien, F, Kalesse, H, Kazil, J, Kellman, A, Kidane, A, Kirchner, U, Klingebiel, M, Korner, M, Kremper, L, Kretzschmar, J, Kruger, O, Kumala, W, Kurz, A, L'Hegaret, P, Labaste, M, Lachlan-Cope, T, Laing, A, Landschutzer, P, Lang, T, Lange, D, Lange, I, Laplace, C, Lavik, G, Laxenaire, R, Lebihan, C, Leandro, M, Lefevre, N, Lena, M, Lenschow, D, Li, Q, Lloyd, G, Los, S, Losi, N, Lovell, O, Luneau, C, Makuch, P, Malinowski, S, Manta, G, Marinou, E, Marsden, N, Masson, S, Maury, N, Mayer, B, Mayers-Als, M, Mazel, C, Mcgeary, W, Mcwilliams, J, Mech, M, Mehlmann, M, Meroni, A, Mieslinger, T, Minikin, A, Minnett, P, Moller, G, Avalos, Y, Muller, C, Musat, I, Napoli, A, Neuberger, A, Noisel, C, Noone, D, Nordsiek, F, Nowak, J, Oswald, L, Parker, D, Peck, C, Person, R, Philippi, M, Plueddemann, A, Pohlker, C, Portge, V, Poschl, U, Pologne, L, Posyniak, M, Prange, M, Melendez, E, Radtke, J, Ramage, K, Reimann, J, Renault, L, Reus, K, Reyes, A, Ribbe, J, Ringel, M, Ritschel, M, Rocha, C, Rochetin, N, Rottenbacher, J, Rollo, C, Royer, H, Sadoulet, P, Saffin, L, Sandiford, S, Sandu, I, Schafer, M, Schemann, V, Schirmacher, I, Schlenczek, O, Schmidt, J, Schroder, M, Schwarzenboeck, A, Sealy, A, Senff, C, Serikov, I, Shohan, S, Siddle, E, Smirnov, A, Spath, F, Spooner, B, Katharina Stolla, M, Szkolka, W, De Szoeke, S, Tarot, S, Tetoni, E, Thompson, E, Thomson, J, Tomassini, L, Totems, J, Ubele, A, Villiger, L, Von Arx, J, Wagner, T, Walther, A, Webber, B, Wendisch, M, Whitehall, S, Wiltshire, A, Wing, A, Wirth, M, Wiskandt, J, Wolf, K, Worbes, L, Wright, E, Wulfmeyer, V, Young, S, Zhang, C, Zhang, D, Ziemen, F, Zinner, T, Zoger, M, Stevens B., Bony S., Farrell D., Ament F., Blyth A., Fairall C., Karstensen J., Quinn P. K., Speich S., Acquistapace C., Aemisegger F., Albright A. L., Bellenger H., Bodenschatz E., Caesar K. -A., Chewitt-Lucas R., De Boer G., Delanoe J., Denby L., Ewald F., Fildier B., Forde M., George G., Gross S., Hagen M., Hausold A., Heywood K. J., Hirsch L., Jacob M., Jansen F., Kinne S., Klocke D., Kolling T., Konow H., Lothon M., Mohr W., Naumann A. K., Nuijens L., Olivier L., Pincus R., Pohlker M., Reverdin G., Roberts G., Schnitt S., Schulz H., Pier Siebesma A., Stephan C. C., Sullivan P., Touze-Peiffer L., Vial J., Vogel R., Zuidema P., Alexander N., Alves L., Arixi S., Asmath H., Bagheri G., Baier K., Bailey A., Baranowski D., Baron A., Barrau S., Barrett P. A., Batier F., Behrendt A., Bendinger A., Beucher F., Bigorre S., Blades E., Blossey P., Bock O., Boing S., Bosser P., Bourras D., Bouruet-Aubertot P., Bower K., Branellec P., Branger H., Brennek M., Brewer A., Brilouet P. -E., Brugmann B., Buehler S. A., Burke E., Burton R., Calmer R., Canonici J. -C., Carton X., Cato G., Charles J. A., Chazette P., Chen Y., Chilinski M. T., Choularton T., Chuang P., Clarke S., Coe H., Cornet C., Coutris P., Couvreux F., Crewell S., Cronin T., Cui Z., Cuypers Y., Daley A., Damerell G. M., Dauhut T., Deneke H., Desbios J. -P., Dorner S., Donner S., Douet V., Drushka K., Dutsch M., Ehrlich A., Emanuel K., Emmanouilidis A., Etienne J. -C., Etienne-Leblanc S., Faure G., Feingold G., Ferrero L., Fix A., Flamant C., Flatau P. J., Foltz G. R., Forster L., Furtuna I., Gadian A., Galewsky J., Gallagher M., Gallimore P., Gaston C., Gentemann C., Geyskens N., Giez A., Gollop J., Gouirand I., Gourbeyre C., De Graaf D., De Groot G. E., Grosz R., Guttler J., Gutleben M., Hall K., Harris G., Helfer K. C., Henze D., Herbert C., Holanda B., Ibanez-Landeta A., Intrieri J., Iyer S., Julien F., Kalesse H., Kazil J., Kellman A., Kidane A. T., Kirchner U., Klingebiel M., Korner M., Kremper L. A., Kretzschmar J., Kruger O., Kumala W., Kurz A., L'Hegaret P., Labaste M., Lachlan-Cope T., Laing A., Landschutzer P., Lang T., Lange D., Lange I., Laplace C., Lavik G., Laxenaire R., LeBihan C., Leandro M., Lefevre N., Lena M., Lenschow D., Li Q., Lloyd G., Los S., Losi N., Lovell O., Luneau C., Makuch P., Malinowski S., Manta G., Marinou E., Marsden N., Masson S., Maury N., Mayer B., Mayers-Als M., Mazel C., McGeary W., McWilliams J. C., Mech M., Mehlmann M., Meroni A. N., Mieslinger T., Minikin A., Minnett P., Moller G., Avalos Y. M., Muller C., Musat I., Napoli A., Neuberger A., Noisel C., Noone D., Nordsiek F., Nowak J. L., Oswald L., Parker D. J., Peck C., Person R., Philippi M., Plueddemann A., Pohlker C., Portge V., Poschl U., Pologne L., Posyniak M., Prange M., Melendez E. Q., Radtke J., Ramage K., Reimann J., Renault L., Reus K., Reyes A., Ribbe J., Ringel M., Ritschel M., Rocha C. B., Rochetin N., Rottenbacher J., Rollo C., Royer H., Sadoulet P., Saffin L., Sandiford S., Sandu I., Schafer M., Schemann V., Schirmacher I., Schlenczek O., Schmidt J., Schroder M., Schwarzenboeck A., Sealy A., Senff C. J., Serikov I., Shohan S., Siddle E., Smirnov A., Spath F., Spooner B., Katharina Stolla M., Szkolka W., De Szoeke S. P., Tarot S., Tetoni E., Thompson E., Thomson J., Tomassini L., Totems J., Ubele A. A., Villiger L., Von Arx J., Wagner T., Walther A., Webber B., Wendisch M., Whitehall S., Wiltshire A., Wing A. A., Wirth M., Wiskandt J., Wolf K., Worbes L., Wright E., Wulfmeyer V., Young S., Zhang C., Zhang D., Ziemen F., Zinner T., and Zoger M.
Abstract: The science guiding the EUREC4A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC4A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the North Atlantic - eastward and southeastward of Barbados. Through its ability to characterize processes operating across a wide range of scales, EUREC4A marked a turning point in our ability to observationally study factors influencing clouds in the trades, how they will respond to warming, and their link to other components of the earth system, such as upper-ocean processes or the life cycle of particulate matter. This characterization was made possible by thousands (2500) of sondes distributed to measure circulations on meso- (200 km) and larger (500 km) scales, roughly 400 h of flight time by four heavily instrumented research aircraft; four global-class research vessels; an advanced ground-based cloud observatory; scores of autonomous observing platforms operating in the upper ocean (nearly 10 000 profiles), lower atmosphere (continuous profiling), and along the air-sea interface; a network of water stable isotopologue measurements; targeted tasking of satellite remote sensing; and modeling with a new generation of weather and climate models. In addition to providing an outline of the novel measurements and their composition into a unified and coordinated campaign, the six distinct scientific facets that EUREC4A explored - from North Brazil Current rings to turbulence-induced clustering of cloud droplets and its influence on warm-rain formation - are presented along with an overview of EUREC4A's outreach activities, environmental impact, and guidelines for scientific practice. Track data for all platforms are standardized and accessible at 10.25326/165 , and a film documenting the campaign is provided as a video supplement.
Published: 2021

42. Ship- and island-based atmospheric soundings from the 2020 EUREC4A field campaign

Author: Pauline Sadoulet, Estefania Quinones Melendez, Claudia Christine Stephan, Benjamin Charpentier, Alton Daley, Hauke Schulz, Alexis Doerenbecher, Sabrina Schnitt, Stefan Kinne, Simon P. de Szoeke, Katharina Baier, Gilles Reverdin, Gholamhossein Bagheri, Almuth Neuberger, Thibaut Dauhut, Sandrine Bony, Renaud Person, Sebastian A. Los, Imke Schirmacher, Ethan Wright, Sabrina Speich, Markus Ritschel, M. Katharina Stolla, Maximilian Ringel, Rémi Laxenaire, Bjorn Stevens, Richard Wilson, Kevin Christopher Helfer, Andreas Raeke, Yanmichel Morfa-Avalos, Hugo Bellenger, Friedhelm Jansen, Claudia Acquistapace, Johannes Röttenbacher, Johannes Güttler, and Tobias Böck
Subjects: Atmospheric sounding, Convection, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Mesoscale meteorology, Climate change, Tropical Atlantic, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 13. Climate action, law, Observatory, Radiosonde, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, 14. Life underwater, Lifted condensation level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: To advance the understanding of the interplay among clouds, convection, and circulation, and its role in climate change, the Elucidating the role of clouds–circulation coupling in climate campaign (EUREC4A) and Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC) collected measurements in the western tropical Atlantic during January and February 2020. Upper-air radiosondes were launched regularly (usually 4-hourly) from a network consisting of the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO) and four ships within 6–16∘ N, 51–60∘ W. From 8 January to 19 February, a total of 811 radiosondes measured wind, temperature, and relative humidity. In addition to the ascent, the descent was recorded for 82 % of the soundings. The soundings sampled changes in atmospheric pressure, winds, lifting condensation level, boundary layer depth, and vertical distribution of moisture associated with different ocean surface conditions, synoptic variability, and mesoscale convective organization. Raw (Level 0), quality-controlled 1 s (Level 1), and vertically gridded (Level 2) data in NetCDF format (Stephan et al., 2020) are available to the public at AERIS (https://doi.org/10.25326/137). The methods of data collection and post-processing for the radiosonde data set are described here.
Published: 2021
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43. Campaign Summary Report - Mission Microbiomes from Punta Arenas (2022-03-06) to Cape Town (2022-04-21) on board AtlantECO flagship SV Tara

Author: Laxenaire, Rémi, Chase, Alison, Hörstmann, Cora, Huber, Paula, Trellu, Clara, and Bachi, Giancarlo
Abstract: The seascape is composed of a non-linear combination of processes that cover spatial scales from millimeters to thousands of kilometers, on times ranging from seconds to millennia [McWilliams, 2016]. A critical scale is the one associated with major current perturbations, the so-called mesoscale and associated submesoscale processes, such as eddies, filaments, and fronts. These phenomena are known to impact bulk primary production, mostly via vertical movements that bring nutrients to the photic zone and promote lateral and vertical mixing [Mahadevan 2016, Levy et al., 2018]. However, much less is known about the impact of submesoscale processes on plankton taxonomic and functional diversity and associated vertical export of organic matter [Kavanaugh et al., 2016]. In Tara MM, we are addressing the following questions: (a) What is the effect of physical segregation and mixing on competition and exclusion? and (b) Do submesoscale downward and upward vertical fluxes restructure communities by favouring some species, inducing a fast response to the changing environment? Given the ubiquity of meso/submesoscale processes, these unknowns limit our current capacity to model biogeochemical cycles and, more broadly, to constrain the role of the ocean microbiome in a changing climate. The reason behind the lack of knowledge is the ephemeral nature of these phenomena, typically lasting from a few days to a few weeks, and their unpredictable nature, due to the high nonlinearity of the physical processes that cause them. The outcome is a dramatic lack of in situ observations of the biological responses. This experiment thus aims to address these observational stumbling blocks by combining recent technological advances in marine biology (-omics) with automated in-line sampling, and state-of-the-art satellite missions in an innovative field experiment.
Published: 2022
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44. AtlantECO - Summary of six flagship cruises

Author: Hrabe de Angelis, Isabella, Huber, Paula, Vincent, Flora, Tagliabue, Alessandro, Laxenaire, Rémi, and Freire, Andrea
Abstract: This publicationincludesthe summary of six AtlantECO flagship cruises presented at the project General Assembly held in Cape Town in April 2022
Published: 2022
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45. Characterizing Mesoscale Eddies of Eastern Upwelling Origins in the Atlantic Ocean and Their Role in Offshore Transport

Author: Ioannou, Artemis, primary, Speich, Sabrina, additional, and Laxenaire, Remi, additional
Published: 2022
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46. Data supporting manuscript 'Characterizing mesoscale eddies of eastern upwelling origins in the Atlantic Ocean and their role in offshore transport' Frontiers in Marine Science

Author: Ioannou Artemis, Speich Sabrina, and Laxenaire Rémi
Abstract: The directory contains mesoscale eddy trajectory data and eddy colocation data with Argo floats from TOEddies Dynamical Atlas (Laxenaire et al., 2018) for the Atlantic Ocean. Data are used in the manuscript “Characterizing mesoscale eddies of eastern upwelling origins in the Atlantic Ocean and their role in offshore transport” submitted to Frontiers in Marine Science. Data are intended for the reviewers and may be updated until the review process is complete. All data are stored in mat format. 1) Trajectory data contains two main variables -Anticyclonic Trajectories - Cyclonic Trajectories each row is a different eddy trajectory. For each eddy trajectory, relevant information is stored in each column as described in Fields_Trajectories 2) Argo colocalisation data (seperately for north and south AT)contains one main variable Argo_proxy each row is a different Argo profile for which relevant information can be accessed in each column. Each column stores relevant information as described inFields_Argo_proxy. Theeddy polarity (Field 19)is defined as -1| 1 for cyclone | anticyclone Selected cyclonic eddies presented in section 3.3 of our paper have ID Trajectory numbers 871389 and 75 9884 for Cyclone C0 and Cyclone C1 respectively. Argo floats remained trapped in the cyclones can be access from the Argo_proxy (WMO 1901310 for cyclone C0 and WMO 1900744, 1901567 6900728, 6900931 for cyclone C1).
Published: 2022
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47. Which Hydroxyethyl Starch for Which Indication?

Author: Audibert, G., Laxenaire, M. C., Baron, Jean-Francois, editor, and Treib, Johannes, editor
Published: 1998
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48. Shelf Water Export at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Evidenced From Combined in situ and Satellite Observations

Author: Manta, Gaston, primary, Speich, Sabrina, additional, Barreiro, Marcelo, additional, Trinchin, Romina, additional, de Mello, Camila, additional, Laxenaire, Rémi, additional, and Piola, Alberto R., additional
Published: 2022
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49. Presentation of the near-real time and delayed time global database of mesoscale ocean eddies detected by TOEddies on altimetry fields and co-located with (BGC-)Argo floats

Author: Laxenaire, Rémi, Ioannou, Artemis, and Speich, Sabrina
Abstract: Following the first description of the concept of mesoscale ocean eddy networks and its implementation in the TOEddies algorithm (Laxenaire et al., 2018), this tool, when applied to Absolute Dynamic Topography satellite observations has, in a particularly effective way, helped our team and partners to highlight complex behaviors of these ocean structures. TOEddies has been applied to near-real-time altimetric fields for operational support to target eddies (e.g., the Curent Ring of Northern Brazil during EURC4A-OA; Stephen et al., 2021) and to monitor their sampling by autonomous devices (e.g., Bio-Argo 6903095 launched into a cyclone during cruise SO282). When applied to delayed-time fields, the characteristics of the eddies, and thus their networks, have been used to highlight complex eddy behaviors as they propagate through the ocean (e.g., the Agulhas rings connecting the Mozambique Channel and the Zapiola gyre; Laxenaire et al., 2018). The full power of this formidable database was achieved when these data were collocated with automatic devices sampling the vertical column. For example, by colocating them with Argo float data and vertical sampling from science cruises, we have shown the subduction of the Agulhas rings (Laxenaire et al., 2019, 2020), the importance of eddies on the assessment of meridional transport during a Go-Ship transect (Manta et al, 2021), their direct impact on the overall distribution of mode waters in the South Atlantic (Chen et al., 2021), and the offshore transport achieved by eddies of eastern upwelling origin in the Atlantic (Ioannou et al., submitted). Furthermore, through their colocalization with the BGC-Argo database, different impacts of eddies on the role of deep chlorophyll maxima in global primary production have been suggested (Corned et al., 2021). These excellent results, which proved the great value of this database, highlighted the need to share it with the wider community. We are therefore implementing a database, both in delayed and near-real time, of eddies detected by TOEddies collocated with (BGC-)Argo floats associated with a toolkit to use them (both in Matlab and Python). In this poster, we demonstrate the capabilities of these datasets by selecting results we have obtained thanks to them over the past four years.
Published: 2022
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50. Inter and intra-annual variability of the North Brazil Current rings from altimetry detected by TOEddies and comparison with in-situ measurements from the EUREC4A-OA experiment

Author: Subirade, Corentin, L'Hégaret, Pierre, Speich, Sabrina, and Laxenaire, Rémi
Abstract: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Ocean is a dynamical region filled with mesoscale eddies of different origins and moving at different depths, transporting various water masses across the region. These eddies have rich and diverse characteristics ranging from shallow cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies to deeper reaching subsurface structures. Some of these eddies, and in particular North Brazil Current (NBC) rings, have been previously observed and described in dedicated oceanographic experiments. The EUREC4A-OA campaign that took place in January-February 2020, brings in new details in the structures and dynamics of these mesoscale features and their imprint on the regional ocean dynamics and air-sea interactions. The EUREC4A-OA sampling strategy was based on daily analyses of NRT Absolute Dynamic Height and other variables (SST, Chl-a, SSS) satellite maps and the use of the TOEddies (Laxenaire et al., 2018) eddy detection and tracking algorithm as well as underway S-ADCP observations of subsurface (down to 1000 m of depth) currents. The large number and diversity (ship-mounted or autonomous) of observing platforms implemented in the project made it possible to innovatively sample the upper 1500 m ocean frontal scales and stratification. This strategy allowed a high-resolution sampling of three shallow surface and two subsurface NBC rings. In the present study we will discuss the observed 3D eddy structures and their evolution. We will compare satellite synoptic observations and the TOEddies detected structures with the in-situ measurements. We will set the EUREC4A-OA synoptic observations in a statistical context by discussing NBC rings observations as derived from applying the TOEddies algorithm to the 28-year satellite altimetry record. Indeed, TOEddies provides a different intra and inter-annual variability for NBC rings compared with previous published studies. Moreover, as NBC rings characteristics change abruptly during their lifetimes, we will examine the impact of their interaction with other eddies, local topography and Amazon freshwater plumes flowing along the shelf-break.
Published: 2022
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