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In the present study, isolation of essential oils from leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) by supercritical carbon dioxide as well as hydrodistillation was investigated from the point of yield and antimicrobial activity of obtained extracts against Geobacillus stearotermophillus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis and E.coli strains. Thyme isolates had the highest antibacterial efficiency against tested foodborne bacteria strains (MIC=40-640 μg/cm3) followed by rosemary (MIC=320-1280 μg/cm3) and sage (MIC=160-2560 μg/cm3) isolates. Among tested bacteria, Bacillus species were the most sensitive to presence of all tested supercritical extracts and hydrodistillates. . U ovoj studiji je ispitana izolacija etarskih ulja iz lista ruzmarina (Rosmarinus officinalis), žalfije (Salvia officinalis) i timijana (Thymus vulgaris) postupkom natkritične ekstrakcije ugljenik(IV)-oksidom sa aspekta prinosa i antimikrobne aktivnosti dobijenih izolata protiv Geobacillus stearotermophillus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella enteritidis i E.coli sojeva. Izolati timijana su pokazali najjače antibakterijsko dejstvo u odnosu na testirane sojeve (MIC=40-640 μg/cm3). Zatim slede izolati ruzmarina (MIC=320-1280 μg/cm3) i žalfije (MIC=160-2560 μg/cm3). Među testiranim bakterijama, Bacillus sojevi su se pokazali kao najosetljiviji na prisustvo kako natkritičnih ekstrakata, tako i hidrodestilata. .

The aim of this study was to investigate histomorphometrical characteristics of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen in the chickens vaccinated with a vaccine against Marek’s disease. For this purpose, we used newly hatched chickens of the light hybrid line, obtained from a local hatchery. The chickens were vaccinated on the 5th day after hatching with a bivalent cell-associated Marek's disease vaccine (PFU-2000 per dose). On day 13 both vaccinated chickens and unvaccinated controls were sacrificed, and thymus, bursa and spleen were removed and processed for light microscopy. The serial tissue sections, hematoxylin-eosine stained, were used for histomorphometric analysis. Vaccination against Marek’s disease decreased the relative mass of the lymphoid organs, and caused significant damage of the thymus and spleen in experimental chicken. In addition, vaccination, similar to Marek's disease virus, induced morphometric changes in the lymphoid organs. Namely, it significantly decreased the diameter and volume of lymphoid follicles, volume of follicular medulla and number of cells in the follicular cortex in the bursa of Fabricius. In the thymus, vaccination reduced the thymus volume and the absolute number of thymocytes. However, vaccination against Marek’s disease caused an increase in the diameter, number and volume of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. The present data suggest that vaccination against Marek’s disease was able to induce the immune response in processed organs, although it reduced the mass and number of lymphocytes in the major lymphoid organs. Cilj ovih ispitivanja su bile histomorfometrijske karakteristike timusa, burze Fabricii i slezine pilića vakcinisanih protiv Marekove bolesti. Za istraživanja su korišćeni jednodnevni pilići lake hibridne linije, gajeni u standardnim uslovima. Pilići su vakcinisani 5. dana od izleganja, bivalentnom vakcinom protiv Marekove bolesti (PFU 2000 po dozi). Trinaestog dana od izleganja kontrolni i vakcinisani pilići su žrtvovani, uzeti su im timus, burza Fabricii i slezina koji su pripremljeni za svetlosno mikroskopsku analizu. Za analizu su korišćeni serijski preseci limfatič nih organa, bojeni metodom hematoksilin-eozin. Dobijeni rezultati su ukazali da vakcinacija protiv Marekove bolesti dovodi do smanjenja relativne mase timusa, burze i slezine, kao i povećanja indeksa oštećenja timusa i slezine. Takođe je ustanovjleno da vakcinacija dovodi do promena morfometrijskih parametara u limfatičnim organima. U burzi Fabricii je uočeno značajno smanjenje dijametra i zapremine limfocitnih folikula, zapremine medule folikula i broja ćelija u korteksu folikula. U timusu vakcinacija dovodi do redukcije zapremine timusa i apsolutnog broja timocita. Međutim, vakcinacija protiv Marekove bolesti u slezini dovodi do povećanja dijametra limfocitnih folikula, kao i do povećanja njihovog broja i zapremine. Rezultati ove studije su ukazali da vakcinacija pilića protiv Marekove bolesti, iako redukuje broj T i B limfocita, indukuje razvoj imunskog odgovora.

Campylobacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals. Avian species are the most common host of campylobacteria, thus an important source for human infection caused by this organism. Campylobacteriosis in animals frequently proceeds without clinical symptoms, which may be due to the different virulence of the agent, as well as to the immune status of the infected animal. In this trial we investigated the effects of the vaccine against infective bursal disease (IBD) on occurrence and clinical manifestation of campylobacteriosis in conditions of controlled experimental infection with the strain Campylobacter jejuni. The immunosuppressive effects of a live attenuated vaccine against IBD on development of clinically manifest campylobacteriosis in perorally challenged chickens were assessed. The investigation was performed on 90 chickens in experimental conditions. The presence of Campylobacter jejuni was confirmed by reisolation, while identification of the organism was performed on the basis of its morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Specific antibody titer and humoral immune response to C. jejuni specific antibodies were monitored using the complement fixation reaction method. Clinical symptoms of the disease were observed in chickens infected with Campylobacter jejuni and vaccinated against infective bursal disease. Pathomorphological findings revealed changes in the intestines and liver, from which Campylobacter jejuni was isolated. C. jejuni specific antibodies were detected in the infected birds in the third week post infection, with titer values ranging from 1:4 to 1:16. Results of our research strongly imply an immunosuppressive effect of the IBD vaccine on development of campylobacteriosis, which is supported by the clinical and morphological findings, i.e. isolation of the agent and detection of specific antibodies. Kampilobakterije su kod domaćih i divljih životinja široko rasprostranjeni mikroorganizmi, a živina je jedan od glavnih nosilaca kampilobakterija i važan izvor infekcija ljudi. Klinički simptomi kampilobakterioze kod živine se relativno retko javljaju, a razloge treba tražiti u različitoj virulenciji uzročnika i u imunološkom statusu inficiranih jedniki. U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj vakcine protiv infektivnog burzitisa živine na nastanak i kliničku pojavu kampilobakterioze, posle veštačke infekcije terenskim sojem Campylobacter jejuni. Ispitivanje je izvršeno na 90 pilića u eksperimentalnim uslovima. Prisustvo Campylobacter jejuni u organizmu veštački inficiranih pilića dokazivano je reizolacijom uzročnika, a identifikacija izolovanih bakterija vršena je na osnovu njihovih morfoloških, kulturelnih i biohemijskih osobina. Prisustvo titra specifičnih antitela i kretanje humoralnog imunskog odgovora na antigene Campylobacter jejuni kod pilića u ogledu praćeno je primenom reakcije vezivanja komplementa (RVK). Kod pilića inficiranih sojem Campylobacter jejuni i imunizovanih vakcinom protiv infektivnog burzitisa uočeni su klinički znaci bolesti. Patomorfološkim ispitivanjem utvrđene su promene na crevima i jetri pilića iz kojih je izolovan Campylobacter jejuni. Specifična antitela za C. jejuni dokazana su kod inficiranih jedinki u trećoj nedelji od veštačke infekcije, a vrednosti njihovog titra su iznosile od 1:4 do 1:16. Rezultati ovih ispitivanja su potvrdili imunospresivno delovanje vakcine protiv infektivnog burzitisa koje je imalo za rezultat klinički manifestnu kampilobakteriozu. Infekcija je potvrđena na osnovu kliničkih simptoma i patomorfoloških promena, izolacijom uzročnika, kao i na osnovu vrednosti titra specifičnih antitela utvrđenih u uzorcima krvnih seruma oglednih pilića.

Being an important pathogenic and indicator microorganism, E. coli has been included in all the resistance follow up programs worldwide. We carried out sampling on 42 cattle, pig and poultry farms. After sampling the material was delivered to the laboratories, where it was exposed to standard treatment and streaking by standard methods of microbiological diagnostics with the aim to isolate and identify E. coli strains. On the selected isolated E. coli strains an investigation of its sensitivity to a certain number of antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol streptomycin, neomycin and sulphametoxasol) was carried out. After obtaining the results from each farm for the three different animals categories (young healthy, young unhealthy, adult), 60 E. coli strains for eachcategori were isolated to be examined for sensitivity to 17 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. The investigation included a total of 180 E. coli strains originating from cattle, pigs and poultry. For the investigation of isolated E. coli strains Mueller Hinton broth and agar, antibiogram tablets (Torlak Belgrade) as well as discs by Becton Dickinson, BBL (USA) were used In isolated E.coli strains resistance to investigated antimicrobial agents was significantly different depending on the species age and health status of the animals. The majority of the isolated E. coli strains examined for 17 antibiotics and chemotherapeutics showed a resistance to 15, and sensitivity only to cephalosporines of the III generation and colistin. U svetu je E.coli kao važan patogeni i indikatorski mikroorganizam uključena u sve programe praćenja rezistencije i upravo iz tih razloga je i u našim uslovima sprovedeno uzorkovanje materijala na 42 farme goveda, svinja i živine. Materijal je po uzorkovanju dopreman do laboratorije nakon čega je vršena obrada i zasejavanje primenom uobičajenih metoda mikrobiološke dijagnostike u cilju izolacije i identifikacije sojeva E.coli. Na odabranim izolovanim sojevima E. coli izvršeno je ispitivanje osetljivosti rezistencije na sledeća antimikrobna sredstva: ampicilin, tetraciklin hloramfenikol, streptomicin, neomicin i sulfametoksazol. Nakon dobijanja rezultata sa svake farme iz tri različite kategorije životinja (mlade zdrave, mlade bolesne, odrasle) izdvojeno je po 60 sojeva E.coli za ispitivanje osetljivosti - rezistencije na 17 antibiotika i hemioterapeutika. Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 180 sojeva E. coli poreklom od goveda, svinja i živine. U ispitivanju su korišćeni Mueller Hinton agar, antibiogram tablete i diskovi proizvođača Torlak i Becton Dickinson, BBL (USA). Kod izolovanih sojeva E.coli prevalencija rezistencije na ispitivana antimikrobna sredstva značajno se razlikovala u zavisnosti od vrste, starosti i zdravstvenog stanja životinja. Kod većeg broja izolovanih sojeva E.coli ispitanih na 17 antibiotika i hemio­terapeutika ustanovljena je rezistencija na 15 a osetljivost samo na cefalosporine III generacije i kolistin.

Problem of bacteria resistance on antimicrobial agents is not as simple as in the first days of their application. Increased use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics contributed that a lot of bacteria strains show not only resistance, but also a multiple resistance to a great number, in some cases even to all used antimicrobial agents. Having that in mind a great many of scientific investigations pointed out a continual appearance and spreading of' bacteria resistance sweet as to a justified fear of fatal infectious diseases emerging, without possibility of an efficient antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, the problem becomes very relevant on both local and global levels, especially if it is well known that antibiotics and chemotherapeutics have the effect both on pathogenic and saprophyte bacteria, leading into a growth suppression or elimination of sensitive strains. This characteristic represents both health and ecological problem because of favoring growth of a small number of resistant bacteria strains. Continual and strong selective pressure of antimicrobial agents used in human veterinary medicine, together with genetic abilities of bacteria brings about emergence of greater number of resistant pathogenic bacteria strains. In intensive farming the emergence of greater number of resistant pathogenic bacteria strains is strengthened by antibiotics and chemotherapeutics application in diseases prevention, as well as growth factor, and in healing, but in larger quantities. For these reasons, the prevalence of bacteria resistance in domestic animals, which is in direct correlation with quantity of applied antimicrobial agents, is discussed. This is especially significant in case of domestic animals which products are used in human nutrition. Problem rezistencije bakterija na antimikrobna sredstva nije tako jednostavan kao u pionirskim danima njihove primene. Velika upotreba antibiotika i hemioterapeutika doprinela je da mnogi sojevi bakterija ispoljavaju ne samo rezistenciju već i multipnu rezistenciju na veći broj, a u nekim slučajevima i na sva korišćena antimikrobna sredstva. Imajući to u vidu, brojna naučna istraživanja ukazuju na kontinuirano pojavljivanje i širenje rezistencije kod bakterija i opravdan strah od pojave fatalnih injektivnih oboljenja bez mogućnosti efikasne antimikrobne terapije. Stoga je problem aktuelan ne samo na lokalnom već i na globalnom nivou, posebno ako se zna da antibiotici i hemioterapeutici deluju ne samo na patogene već i na saprofitne bakterije dovodeći do supresije rasta ili eliminisanja osetljivih sojeva. Ova njihova osobina predstavlja ne samo zdravstveni već i ekološki problem zbog favorizovanja rasta malobrojnih rezistentnih sojeva bakterija. Kontinuiran i jak selektivni pritisak antimikrobnih sredstava korišćenih u humanoj veterinarskoj medicini i poljoprivredi, udružen sa genetskim sposobnoslima bakterija uzrokuje pojavu sve većeg broja rezistentnih sojeva patogenih bakterija. U intezivnim uslovima držanja životinja, pojava većeg broja rezistentnih sojeva patogenih bakterija je još vise potencirana primenom antibiotika i hemioterapeutika u preveniranju bolesti, zatim kao faktora rasta i u lečenju, ali u mnogo većim količinama. Iz tih razloga se i govori o prevalenciji rezistencije bakterija kod domaćih životinja koja je u direktnoj korelaciji sa količinom utrošenih antimikrobnih preparata. Ovo posebno ima značaja kada se radi o domaćim životinjama čiji se proizvodi koriste u ishrani ljudi.

1st International Conference on Basic and Clinical Immunogenomics (BCI 2004), Oct 03-07, 2004, Budapest, Hungary

Samples (30) of feces of calves, piglets, guilds and pregnant sows with signs of diarrhea, as well as rectal smears, received from farms, where related problems were followed for three months, were used in these investigations. The material was processed so as to isolate microorganisms using the usual microbiological methods (microscopy, sowing cultures on bouillon, Triptose agar gel with 6% sheep's blood, MacConkey agar and Saburaud dextrose agar). After clean cultures were obtained, biochemical identification was performed using commercial ID kits (BBL Crystal Entero/nonfermenter ID kit, Bee-ton Dickinson, USA), as well as standard biochemical series. Resistance, or sensitivity of isolated strains of E.coli, were examined using the disk diffusion method according to Kirby Bauer on Mueller Hinton agar, using antibiogram tablets (Torlak, Belgrade) and antibio-gram discs (Becton Dickinson, USA). Investigations covered'17 antimicrobial preparations ampicillin, amoxicillin with clavulonic acid, tetracycline, chloramphenicol neomycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, trimetoprim, sulphamethoxasole trimetoprin + sufametoxasole, cephalexin, cephachlor, cephtriaxone spectinomycin, cholistin, nalidixin acid, ciprofloxacin. The efficacy and choice of the used antibiotic againstthe isolated strain was performed according to the standard recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Labora- tory Standards (NCCLS), USA, as well as on the grounds of the instructions of the disc manufacturers. The established prevalence of resistant strains of E.coli to certain antibiotics and chemotherapeutics differed depending on animal age and specie. On the grounds of the analyses of the obtained prevalence of resistant strains in diseased, healthy, young and old animals, it is possible to detect the application of a certain antibiotic in prophylaxis and therapy. At the same time, the obtained results indicate the inadequate and uncontrolled administration of antibiotics to both claves (85%) and piglets (95%), which leads to the high prevalence not only of the resistant, but also of multiresistant strains. U ispitivanjima kao materijal korišćeni su uzorci (30 uzoraka) fecesa teladi, prasadi, nazimica i suprasnih krmača sa znacima dijareje, kao i rektalni brisevi dopremani sa farmi na kojima je problematika praćena tokom tri meseca. Materijal je obrađivan radi izolovanja mikro-organizama uobičajenim mikrobiološkim metodama (mikroskopski, kulturelno-zasejavanjem na hranljivi bujon, Triptozni agar sa 6 % ovčje krvi, MacConkey agar i Saburaud dekstrozni agar). Nakon dobijanja čistih kultura obavljena je biohemijska identifikacija uz primenu komercijalnih ID kitova (BBL Crystal Entero/nonfermenter ID kit, Becton Dickinson, USA), kao i standardnih biohemijskih nizova. Ispitivanje rezistencije, odnosno osetljivosti izolovanih sojeva E. coli obavljeno je disk difuzionom metodom po Kirby Baueru na Mueller Hinton agaru uz korišćenje antibiogram tableta (Torlak Beograd) i antibiogram diskova (Becton Dickinson, USA). Ispitivanjima je bilo obuhvaćeno 17 antimikrobnih sredstava: ampicllin, amoksicilin sa klavulonskom kiselinom, tetraciklin, hloramfenikol, neomicin, streptomicin gentamicin, trimetoprim, sulfametoksazol, trimetoprim + sufametoksazol cefaleksin, cefahlor, ceftriakson, spektinomicin, kolistin, nalidiksinska kiselina i ciprofloksacin. Procena efikasnosti i izbor korišćenog antibiotika u odnosu na izolovani soj izvedeni su prema standardnim preporukama NCCLS (The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards USA), kao i na osnovu uputstva proizvođača diskova. Ustanovljena prevalencija rezistentnih sojeva E. coli prema određenim antibioticima i hemoterapeuticima razlikovala se zavisno od starosti i vrste životinja. Na osnovu analize dobijene prevalencije rezistentnih sojeva kod bolesnih, zdravih, mladih i starijih životinja može da se otkrije primena određenog antibiotika u profilaksi i terapiji. Istovremeno dobijeni rezultatii ukazuju na neadekvatnu i nekontrolisanu primenu antibiotika kako kod teladi (85%) tako i kod prasadi (95%) što dovodi do visoke prevalencije ne samo rezistentnih, već i multirezistentnih sojeva.

A dog aged 12 years was treated by several veterinarians at the Clinic for Surgery, Orthopedics and Ophthalmology of the Faculty for Veterinary Medicine of the University of Belgrade, and the following was diagnozed chronic blepharitis, conjunctivitis, kera-titis, and amblyopia in both eyes. Material for microbiological examinations was taken from both eyes using the method of smears. The smear samples were sown on Triptose agar with 6% sheep's blood, MacConkey agar and Saburaud agar (Torlak). The sown bases were incubated aerobically at 37°C. Characteristic colonies were isolated and the microorganisms were identified using the catalase, oxidase tests, tests for determining the presence of urease enzymes, CAMP phenomenon with Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the rabbit plasma coaggula-tiontest. In addition to standard laboratory methods, BBL Crystal Rapid Gram positive ID system, manufactured by Becton Dickinson, USA, was used for the typization of the isolated type of microorganism. Studying all the above parameters, we obtained absolutely identical results which correspond to the referent values for Rhodococcus equi. Kod psa starog 12 godina, koga je lečilo vise veterinara, na Klinici za hirurgiju, ortopediju i oftalmologiju dijagnostikovani su: hronični blefaritis, konjunktivitis, keratitis, kao i ambliopija oba oka. Materijalza mikrobiološko ispitivanje uzet je iz oba oka metodom brisa. Dostavljeni uzorci briseva zasejavani su na triptozni agar sa 6% ovčije krvi, MacConkey agar i Saburaud agar (Torlak). Zasejane podloge inkubisane su aerobno na temperaturi od 37°C. Posle izolacije karakterističnih kolonija radi identifikacije mikroorganizma korišćeni su testovi katalaze, oksidaze prisustva enzima ureaze, CAMP fenomena sa Staphylococcus aureus, kao i test koagulacije plazme kunića. Pored standardnih laboratorijskih metoda, za tipizaciju izolovane vrste mikroorganizma korišćen je BBL Crystal Rapid Gram positive ID sistem proizvođača Becton Dickinson, USA. Ispitivanjem svih navedenih parametara, dobijeni su potpuno identični rezultati koji odgovaraju referentnim vrednostima za Rhodococcus equi.

The objective of our study was to examine the humoral and cellular immune response in mice after immunization with bivalent subunit vaccine against Herpes simplex viruses (HSV 1 and HSV2). These examinations were carried out in biological assay on 27 female Swiss albino mice (20 g bm). The subunit vaccine was prepared from purified glycoprotein antigens (subunits) isolated from the external envelopes of HSV 1 and HSV 2 and adsorbed on the adjuvant AI (OH)3 at a final concentration of 5 mg/ml. This vaccine contained 0.14 mg/ml total protein for the HSV 1 subunits and 0.16 mg/ml for HSV2 subunits. Two groups of 9 and 7 experimental mice were immunized with the HSV1/HSV2 subunit vaccine (0.5 ml s/c). A group of 11 healthy non-immunized mice served as the control. The specific humoral immune response of the vaccinated mice was examined by a standard method of indirect immunofluorescence. The specific cellular immune response of the vaccinated animals was tested by measuring the lymphocyte proliferation response to HSV1 and HSV2 antigens with tritiated methyl thymidine (*128.5 Bq/mmol), in vitro. The titers of the specific IgG and IgM class antibodies, in the blood sera of the first group of 9 immunized mice, on day 10 after vaccination were: from 1:8 to 1:64 IgG and 1:32 to 1:128 IgM for HSV1 and 1:32 to 1:128 IgG and IgM antibodies for HSV2. The equivalent titers for the second group of 7 immunized mice, on day 24 after vaccination were: from 1:64 to 1:128 IgG and 1:16 to 1:64 IgM for HSV1; from 1:32 to 1:128 IgG and IgM for HSV2. The mean values for radioactivity in the proliferation test of lymphocytes for HSV1 and HSV2 antigens were 1471 cpm and 1839 cpm respectively on day 10 after vaccination, The mean value for radioactivity in the medium after spontaneous proliferation of lymphocytes for this group of mice was 893 cpm. The mean radioactivity of lymphocytes from the second group of mice, stimulated with HSV1 antigens was 4158 cpm on day 24 after vaccination, with a spontaneous proliferation value of 364 cpm. Thus, the low subunit antigen concentrations in the bivalent subunit vaccine, induced satisfactory humoral and cellular immune responses to HSV 1 and HSV2 in the vaccinated mice. Cilj naših istraživanja je bilo ispitivanje humoralnog i ćelijskog imunskog odgovora posle imunizacije miševa eksperimentalnom bivalentnom subjediničnom vakcinom protiv Herpes simplex virusa tipa 1 i 2 (HSV1 i HSV2). Ova ispitivanja su izvršena u biološkom ogledu na 27 ženki Swiss albino miševa, težine 20 g. Subjedinična vakcina je pripremljena od prečišćenih glikoproteinskih antigena (subjedinica) izolovanih iz spoljašnjih omotača HSV1 i HSV2 i adsorbovanih na adjuvans A1(OH)3. Finalna koncentracija A1(OH)3 u vakcini iznosila je 5 mg/ml. Ukupne koncentracije antigena u vakcini iznosile su 0.14 mg/ml za HSV1 i 0.16 mg/ml za HSV2. Dve grupe od 9 i 7 eksperimentalnih miševa imunizovane su supkutano sa istim dozama od 0.5 ml HSV1/HSV2 subjedinične vakcine. dok je grupa od 11 zdravih, neimunizovanih miševa predstavljala kontrolnu grupu. Specifični humoralni imunski odgovor vakcinisanih rniševa ispitivan je standardnom metodom indirektne imunofluorescencije. Specifični celularni imunski odgovor vakcinisanih životinja ispitivan je in vitro standardnom metodom proliferacije limfocita na HSV1 i HSV2 antigene pomoću tricijum metil timidina (128.5 Bq/mmol). Specifična antitela Ig G i Ig M klase ustanovljena su u krvnom serumu prve grupe miševa, desetog dana posle vakcinacije i njihov titar se kretao u opsegu od 1:8 do 1:64 (Ig G) i od 1:32 do 1:128 (Ig M) za HSV1 i od 1:32 do 1:128 (Ig G i Ig M) za HSV2. Titar specifičnih antitela u serumu miševa druge grupe, 24-tog dana posle vakcinacije, kretao se u opsegu od 1:64 do 1:128 (IgG) i 1:16 do 1:64 (Ig M) za HSV1 i od 1:32 do 1:128 (IgG i IgM) za HSV2. Srednje vrednosti testa proliferacije limfocita stimulisanih sa HSV1 i HSV2 antigenima kod prve grupe miševa, 10 dana posle imunizacije, iznosile su 1471 c/min (za HSV1) i 1839 c/min za HSV2. Srednja vrednost radioaktivnosti uzoraka u testu spontane proliferacije limfocita kod ovih miševa u medijumu, bila je 893 c/min. Srednja vrednost radioaktivnosti limfocita stimulisanih sa HSV1 antigenima u drugoj grupi miševa, 24-tog dana od vakcinacije iznosila je 4158 c/min, dok je vrednost spontane proliferacije limfocita ovih miševa bila 364 c/min. Niske koncentracije subjediničnih antigena u vakcini indukovale su zadovoljavajući humoralni i ćelijski imunski odgovor kod vakcinisanih miševa protiv HSV1 i HSV2.

Objective of our study was examination of the antigenic structure, hemagglutinating and hemolytic activities of the surface glycoprotein HN and F antigens of purified ND viruses ( molecular weights of 63-65kD and 38-40kD) and glycoprotein subunits isolated from their outer envelopes (molecular weights of 62-64kD and 37-39kD) , activated with 0.025g/dl trypsin-versen, in vitro. The samples of activated purified virions and isolated glycoprotein subunits of ND virus with total protein concentrations of 0.23 and 0.16mg/ml and hemagglutinating titre of 256HAU/0.1ml, induced a hemolysis of chickens erythrocytes at the antigen dilutions of 1:64 and 1:128 per ml of the sample and expressed intensive hemagglutinating activities of 512 and 1024HAU/0.1ml, after their activation with trypsin-versen. After treatment of the aforementioned samples with specific hyperimmune sera against ND virus in which the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titre was 1:64, hemolytic activities were not registered. The results show that there are possibilities to use hemolytic test for the fast detection of immunologically important glycoprotein antigens of ND viruses and their identification with specific hyperimmune sera. Cilj naših istraživanja je bilo ispitivanje antigenske strukture, hemaglutinacionih i hemolitičkih aktivnosti površinskih glikoproteinskih HN i F antigena prečišćenih virusa NDV (molekulske težine od 63-65kDa i 38-40kDa) i glikoproteinskih subjedinica izolovanih iz njihovih spoljašnjih omotača (molekulske težine od 62-64kDa i 37-39kDa), aktivisanih sa 0,025g/dl tripsin-versenom, in vitro. Uzorci prečišćenih viriona i izolovanih glikoproteinskih subjedinica virusa NDV sa ukupnim koncentracijama proteina od 0,23 i 0,16mg/ml i hemaglutinacionog titra od 256 HJ/0,1ml, indukovali su posle aktivisanja tripsin-versenom hemolizu pilećih eritrocita u razređenjima antigena 1:64 i 1:128 po ml uzorka i ispoljili intenzivnu hemaglutinacionu aktivnost od 512 i 1024HJ/0,1ml . Posle tretiranja navedenih uzoraka specifičnim hiperimunim serumom protiv virusa NDV čiji je titar bio 1:64, nije ustanovljena njihova hemolitička aktivnost. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji mogućnost korišćenja hemolitičkog testa za brzu detekciju imunološki značajnih glikoproteinskih antigena virusa NDV i njihovu identifikaciju sa specifičnim hiperimunim serumom.

Salmonellosis is an important zoonosis manifested in very different clinical picture including enteritis, septicemia, abortion, and combination of disease syndromes. Only 10 to 12 serovars of the Salmonella spp. are capable to causing disease in cattle including Salmonella dublin, S.typhimurium and S. bovismorbificans. In contrast to most other Salmonella serovars, S.dublin shows a high degree of host specificity for cattle. Infection of cattle with S.dublin may be inapparent with carrier state and disease tends to become endemic on certain farms. . Salmoneloza je važna zoonoza sa veoma različitom kliničkom slikom koja manifestuje enteritisom, septikemijom, abortusima i kombinovanim simptomima bolesti. Samo 10 do 12 serovarijeteta Salmonella spp. dovodi do infekcije goveda uključujući Salmonella dublin, S.typhimurium and S. bovismorbificans. .

Serology diagnosis, the demonstration of a seroconversion to an antigen of the infecting organism, has been used as an additional or alternative procedure to culture isolation for diagnosis of infectious diseases. Serological tests indirectly detect infectious diseases in animals. The identification is based on the detection on specific antibodies against antigens of certain causative agents. Reactions in vivo and in vitro of antibodies and antigens are highly specific. The smallest unit of a complex antigen that is capable of binding to an antibody is known as an antigenic determinant or epitope. Bacterial antigens could possess identical or similar epitopes, which are the cause of serological cross-reactivity. Possible cross-reaction between related antigens can limit the serological test's specificity. . Kao dopunske ili alternativne metode klasičnoj izolaciji i determinaciji infektivnih agenasa koriste se i različiti serološki testovi. U ispitujućim uzorcima krvnih seruma određuje se prisustvo specifičnih antitela protiv antigena određenih uzročnika. Specifičnost reakcije in vivo i in vitro zavisi od determinantnih grupa (epitopa) na molekulima antigena i odgovarajućih aktivnih mesta na molekulima antitela. Zbog prisustva hemijski identičnih ili sličnih struktura polisaharidne ili polipeptidne prirode u omotačima bakterija i flagelama postoje srodni antigeni između više vrsta bakterija. Ovi srodni antigeni kod različitih vrsta nazivaju se heterofilni antigeni i odgovorni su za veći broj unakrsnih - cross reakcija u serološkim testovima. Poznavanje antigene srodnosti bakterija je neophodno za izvođenje visoko specifičnih seroloških testova i preciznu dijagnozu određenih infektivnih oboljenja životinja.

Streptococcus suis is a normal inhabitant of the respiratory system of pigs. Clinically healthy pigs are a major reservoir of the pathogen, but, as well, the most important link in the epidemiology of infection in humans. Hence, the aim of this study was to establish the presence of S. suis on some pig farms in Serbia and to determine their serotype affiliation. For this research, we tested 226 samples: nasopharyngeal tonsil swabs, nasal cavities swabs, parts of or all nasopharyngeal tonsils, swabs from dead animals, swabs from pig carcasses, and swabs from the butchers knives. Identification of S. suis strains was performed with antisera specific for capsular antigens. S. suis serotype 2 was established in 67.7% cases, and serotypes 7, 9 and 1 were isolated in a much smaller percentage (17.6, 8.8 and 5.9%, respectively). Serotype 2 is the only serotype isolated from all the collected samples. Serotype 9 was isolated from healthy pig tonsil swab and from 2 nasal swabs, and was not found in the samples taken from diseased pigs. The serotype 1 was isolated only from nasopharyngeal tonsil swabs of piglets, while serotype 7 was isolated from nasopharyngeal tonsil swabs, nasopharyngeal tonsil sections, but also from nasal swabs of healthy pigs. It can be concluded that the infections caused by different serotypes of S. suis are present in the herd of pigs in Serbia; hence, it is very important to identify what serotypes of S. suis are involved in pathogenesis of infections in pigs.

U ovom ispitivanju vršeno je uzorkovanje briseva poreklom od klinički zdravih riba koje su poticale iz različitih sredina (ribnjaci, akvarijumi, riblje pijace). Izvršena je izolacija bakterija koje su sastavni deo mikrobioma kože, škrga i creva riba i ispitivana je osetljivost ovih bakterija na određeni broj antibiotika koji se koriste u veterinarskoj i humanoj medicinskoj praksi. Precizna identifikacija ispitivanih sojeva bakterija vršena je primenom metoda PCR, sekvenciranje gena za 16S rRNK, MALDI-TOF. Primenom disk difuzionog testa i E testa ispitivano je fenotipsko ispoljavanje rezistencije na karbapeneme, ureidopeniciline sa i bez inhibitora betalaktamaza, cefalospirine III i IV generacije, aminoglikozide, tetraciklin, kolistin, flurohinolone i hloramfenikol. Prisustvo gena rezistencije, njihova lokalizacija (na hromozomu ili na mobilnim genetičkim elementima) vršena je primenom metode PCR. Kod sojeva koji su ispoljili rezistenciju na nabrojane antibiotike traženi su plazmidi i ispitivana je konjugabilnost izolovanih plazmida. Posmatrano na ukupan broj ispitanih sojeva u ovom istraživanju, bez obzira na rod i vrstu bakterija, ukupno je nađeno 55% sojeva koji su bili osetljivi na sve antibiotike, kod 22,8% sojeva nađena je rezistencija na 3 do 16 antibiotika uključujući i antibiotike koji se koriste isključivo kod ljudi (karbapenemi, ureidopenicilini, cefalosporini III i IV generacije). Ukupno 22,2% sojeva bilo je rezistentno na 1 do 2 antibiotika, mada je i među tim sojevima bilo onih koji su bili rezistentni na antibiotike registrovane samo za upotrebu kod ljudi (ceftazidim, piperacilin). Kod soja A. hydrophila izolovanom iz akvarijumske ribice gupi potvrđen je mehanizam rezistencije nalazom gena rmtB koji je bio lokalizovan na transpozonu Tn1548 smeštenom na konjugabilnom plazmidu koji je po tipu replikona bio kategorisan u grupu IncL/M. Kod sojeva Pseudomonas koji su bili rezistentni na karbapeneme, ureidopeniciline sa i bez inhibitora betalaktamaza, kao i na cefalosporine III i IV generacije, nisu nađeni geni za, karbapenemaze, MßL, ESBL, OXA i AmpC beta-laktamaze (KPC, OXA-23, OXA- 24, OXA-40, OXA-58, VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1, CTXM- 9, OXA-1, OXA-9, AmpC grupni kao i pojedinačni-MOXM, CITM, ACCM, EBCM, FOXM, DHAM).Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata primenom E testa, kod 3 soja iz roda Pseudomonas izolovanih od šarana nađena je rezistencija na kolistin sa dobijenim vrednostima MIK 4 μg/mL. During this research, a series of microbiological smears was collected from clinically healthy fish found in different environments (aquaculture ponds, aquariums, and fish markets) has been done. Bacteria which belong to skin microbiome, gills, and fish intestines have been isolated, and their sensitivity to several antibiotics used in veterinary and human practice has been tested. Precise identification of tested strains of bacteria has been performed with PCR method, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF. Phenotypical manifestation of resistance to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins (with and without inhibitors of beta-lactamase), cephalosporins of the third and fourth generation, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, colistin, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol has been tested using disc diffusion method and E test. Presence of resistant genes, their localization (on chromosome or on mobile genetic elements) has been conducted with PCR method. For strains showing resistance to the antibiotics mentioned above, plasmids have been searched and conjugation of isolated plasmids has been tested. Observing the total number of tested strains in this research, regardless of the genus and species of bacteria, 55% of examined strains were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics, and in 22.8% of strains resistance was observed to 3-16 antibiotics, including antibiotics used exclusively in human medicine (carbapenems, ureidopenicillins, cephalosporins of third and fourth generation). In additional 22.2% of strains the resistance to 1 or 2 antibiotics was recorded, including resistance to antibiotics registered for exclusive use in human medicine (ceftazidime, piperacillin). In A. hydrophila strain isolated from aquarium fish guppy that showed resistance to all 16 antibiotics, a mechanism of resistance has been confirmed by identifying gene rmtB which has been localized on transposon Tn1548 located on conjugal plasmid which belongs to group IncL/M type of replicon. In Pseudomonas strains resistant to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins (with and without inhibitors of beta-lactamase), cephalosprins of third and fourth generation, the genes for carbapenemases MßL, ESBL, OXA and AmpC beta-laktamases (KPC, OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-40, OXA-58, VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, OXA-1, OXA-9, group AmpC and specific MOXM, CITM, ACCM, EBCM, FOXM, DHAM) have not been found. Based on results obtained with use of E test, resistence to colistin has been found in 3 strains of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from carp with MIC values of 4 μg/mL.

virusnog porekla, čije pojavljivanje ima izuzetno veliki zdravstveni, socijalni i ekonomski uticaj. U mnogim delovima sveta, veliki napori i sredstva se ulažu u sprečavanje pojavljivanje bolesti i smanjenja ekonomskih troškova izazvanih KKS a sve u cilju njenog potpunog iskorenjivanja. Bolest se pojavljuje u većem broju zemalja Azije, centralne i južne Amerike, delovima Afrike i Evrope. Uspeh u iskorenjivanju postignut je u većem broju država, uključujući Severnu Ameriku, Australaziju i Severnu Evropu, gde se status zemalja slobodnih od KKS održava bez primene vakcinacije. U Zapadnoj Evropi, ostvarena je progresivna eradikacija u toku poslednje dve dekade 20. veka uz zabranu vakcinacije u zemljama članicama EU od 1990. godine. Međutim, periodično je dolazilo do unošenja virusa KKS u populaciju domaćih svinja preko divljih svinja ili uvozom domaćih svinja iz inostranstva. Pojava KKS u zemljama koje ne primenjuju preventivnu vakcinaciju ili su slobodne od bolesti može dovesti do velikih epizootija jer je celokupna populacija domaćih svinja veoma prijemčiva na virus. Zbog toga je kontinuirano vršenje aktivnog i pasivnog nadzora nad KKS od fundamentalnog značaja za sprečavanje pojave i širenja ove zaraze jer doprinosi da se eventualno izbijanje bolesti otkrije na vreme kao i da se brzo uspostave kontrolne mere u cilju sprečavanja daljeg širenja virusa KKS. Za efikasno sprovođenje potpunog iskorenjivanja KKS, pored definisanja principa kontrole KKS, kratkoročnih, srednjoročnih i dugoročnih prioritetnih aktivnosti, obezbeđivanja odgovarajućeg pravnog okvira, dijaloga i podele odgovornosti između najvažnijih institucija, službi i poslovnih subjekata, potrebno je osigurati odgovarajuće finansijske, kadrovske i druge resurse, kao i kontinuiranu edukaciju i jačanje kapaciteta nadležnih službi. U ispitivanjima su opisani epizootiološki i ekonomski aspekti Programa kontrole KKS uz primenu vakcinacije koji se sprovodio od 2006. do 2012. godine, pravni okvir i strateške mere koju državna veterinarska administracija i operativne veterinarske službe sprovode u cilju kontrole i potpunog iskorenjivanja KKS u Srbiji, kao i efekti primene tih mera... Classical swine fever (Pestis suum clasica, Hog cholera, Schweinepest, CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar, which has huge health, social and economic impact worldwide. In many parts of the world, significant efforts and resources were employed in order to prevent outbreaks and reduce losses and costs, with overall objective to eradicate it. Outbreaks of CSF are notified in many contries in Asia, central and southern part of Americas, some areas in Africa and Europe. Some countries has experienced success in eradication, namely in North America, Australasia and North Europe, and in keeping the country’s status as free of CSF without vaccination. In Western Europe, progressive eradication without vacciantion is achieved in last two decades of 20th century, with total ban of vaccination declared from 1990. However, some perodical epizodes of introduction of CSF virus from wild boar to domestic pig population, or by import of live pigs, were reported. Emerging cases of CSF, particularly in countries where vaccination is not in place or in countires declared the status as free from the disease, can cause large epizootics, since the naive pig population is very susceptible to the virus. Therefore, the continuous active and pasive surveillance is of utmost importance for prevention of spreading the diseases which will improve capacities for timely detection of possible outbreaks and effective implementation of relevant control measures to prevent further spreading of disease. For effective imlementetion of total elimination of CSF, beside clear definition of main control principles, short-term, and long-term priority activities, adequate legal framework, and effective dialogue for sharing responsibilities among main interested parites, it is necessary to ensure financial, human and other resources, as well as continuous education and capacity building of competent authorities. In this investigation, economical and epidemiological aspects of CSF eradication program with vaccination policy implemented from 2006 to 2012, were described, with the current legal base and strategic actvities carried out by the state veterinary administration and field veterinary services with the aim to control and totaly eradicate CSF in Serbia, with effects of implementation such measures...

During this research, a series of microbiological smears was collected from clinically healthy fish found in different environments (aquaculture ponds, aquariums, and fish markets) has been done. Bacteria which belong to skin microbiome, gills, and fish intestines have been isolated, and their sensitivity to several antibiotics used in veterinary and human practice has been tested. Precise identification of tested strains of bacteria has been performed with PCR method, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF. Phenotypical manifestation of resistance to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins (with and without inhibitors of beta-lactamase), cephalosporins of the third and fourth generation, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, colistin, fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol has been tested using disc diffusion method and E test. Presence of resistant genes, their localization (on chromosome or on mobile genetic elements) has been conducted with PCR method. For strains showing resistance to the antibiotics mentioned above, plasmids have been searched and conjugation of isolated plasmids has been tested. Observing the total number of tested strains in this research, regardless of the genus and species of bacteria, 55% of examined strains were found to be sensitive to all antibiotics, and in 22.8% of strains resistance was observed to 3-16 antibiotics, including antibiotics used exclusively in human medicine (carbapenems, ureidopenicillins, cephalosporins of third and fourth generation). In additional 22.2% of strains the resistance to 1 or 2 antibiotics was recorded, including resistance to antibiotics registered for exclusive use in human medicine (ceftazidime, piperacillin). In A. hydrophila strain isolated from aquarium fish guppy that showed resistance to all 16 antibiotics, a mechanism of resistance has been confirmed by identifying gene rmtB which has been localized on transposon Tn1548 located on conjugal plasmid which belongs to group IncL/M type of replicon. In Pseudomonas strains resistant to carbapenems, ureidopenicillins (with and without inhibitors of beta-lactamase), cephalosprins of third and fourth generation, the genes for carbapenemases MßL, ESBL, OXA and AmpC beta-laktamases (KPC, OXA-23, OXA-24, OXA-40, OXA-58, VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1, CTX-M-9, OXA-1, OXA-9, group AmpC and specific MOXM, CITM, ACCM, EBCM, FOXM, DHAM) have not been found. Based on results obtained with use of E test, resistence to colistin has been found in 3 strains of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from carp with MIC values of 4 μg/mL. U ovom ispitivanju vršeno je uzorkovanje briseva poreklom od klinički zdravih riba koje su poticale iz različitih sredina (ribnjaci, akvarijumi, riblje pijace). Izvršena je izolacija bakterija koje su sastavni deo mikrobioma kože, škrga i creva riba i ispitivana je osetljivost ovih bakterija na određeni broj antibiotika koji se koriste u veterinarskoj i humanoj medicinskoj praksi. Precizna identifikacija ispitivanih sojeva bakterija vršena je primenom metoda PCR, sekvenciranje gena za 16S rRNK, MALDI-TOF. Primenom disk difuzionog testa i E testa ispitivano je fenotipsko ispoljavanje rezistencije na karbapeneme, ureidopeniciline sa i bez inhibitora betalaktamaza, cefalospirine III i IV generacije, aminoglikozide, tetraciklin, kolistin, flurohinolone i hloramfenikol. Prisustvo gena rezistencije, njihova lokalizacija (na hromozomu ili na mobilnim genetičkim elementima) vršena je primenom metode PCR. Kod sojeva koji su ispoljili rezistenciju na nabrojane antibiotike traženi su plazmidi i ispitivana je konjugabilnost izolovanih plazmida. Posmatrano na ukupan broj ispitanih sojeva u ovom istraživanju, bez obzira na rod i vrstu bakterija, ukupno je nađeno 55% sojeva koji su bili osetljivi na sve antibiotike, kod 22,8% sojeva nađena je rezistencija na 3 do 16 antibiotika uključujući i antibiotike koji se koriste isključivo kod ljudi (karbapenemi, ureidopenicilini, cefalosporini III i IV generacije). Ukupno 22,2% sojeva bilo je rezistentno na 1 do 2 antibiotika, mada je i među tim sojevima bilo onih koji su bili rezistentni na antibiotike registrovane samo za upotrebu kod ljudi (ceftazidim, piperacilin). Kod soja A. hydrophila izolovanom iz akvarijumske ribice gupi potvrđen je mehanizam rezistencije nalazom gena rmtB koji je bio lokalizovan na transpozonu Tn1548 smeštenom na konjugabilnom plazmidu koji je po tipu replikona bio kategorisan u grupu IncL/M. Kod sojeva Pseudomonas koji su bili rezistentni na karbapeneme, ureidopeniciline sa i bez inhibitora betalaktamaza, kao i na cefalosporine III i IV generacije, nisu nađeni geni za, karbapenemaze, MßL, ESBL, OXA i AmpC beta-laktamaze (KPC, OXA-23, OXA- 24, OXA-40, OXA-58, VIM, IMP, SPM, GIM, NDM, TEM, SHV, CTX-M-1, CTXM- 9, OXA-1, OXA-9, AmpC grupni kao i pojedinačni-MOXM, CITM, ACCM, EBCM, FOXM, DHAM).Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata primenom E testa, kod 3 soja iz roda Pseudomonas izolovanih od šarana nađena je rezistencija na kolistin sa dobijenim vrednostima MIK 4 μg/mL.

Prvi podaci o oboljenju prouzrokovanom O. rhinotracheale datiraju iz 1991. godine kada je u južnoj Africi, Jan du Preez (Žan di Prez) otkrio novo oboljenje brojlera koje se manifestovalo blagim respiratornim simptomima. Bakteriološkim ispitivanjem organa obolelih brojlera otkrivena je gram-negativna, pleomorfna, štapiasta bakterija, sporog rasta, koja se nije mogla identifikovati kao neka od poznatih bakterijskih vrsta. Današnji naziv Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale prihvaen je 1994. godine, kada je izvršena i klasifikacija uzronika. Prema podacima iz literature infekcija O. rhinotracheale dovodi do znaajnih ekonomskih gubitaka u živinarskoj proizvodnji koji su posledica poveanog mortaliteta, suprimiranog rasta, smanjene proizvodnje jaja i odbacivanja trupova na klanici. U literaturi ima veoma malo podataka o klinikoj slici kod brojlerskih roditelja, dok podaci o patomorfološkim promenama ne postoje. Prema navodima iz literature O. rhinotracheale je izolovan iz nekoliko razliitih vrsta divljih ptica, ali nema podataka o ornitobakteriozi fazana. Zbog toga su sprovedena ispitivanja imala za cilj da se utvrdi uticaj O. rhinotracheale na razvoj patomorfoloških promena u respiratornim organima i zdravstveno stanje kokoši brojlerskih roditelja i fazana iz odgoja. Za eksperiment je odabrano 22 fazana starosti 19 nedelja i 22 kokoši brojlerskih roditelja hibrida „Ross 308“ starosti 15 nedelja. Ptice su podeljene u etiri grupe koje su držane na podnom sistemu, u odvojenim prostorijama. Nakon sedmodnevne aklimatizacije, inficirana je po jedna grupa od 16 fazana i 16 brojlerskih roditelja intratrahealnom aplikacijom suspenzije 48-asovne kulture O. rhinotracheale, soj B3263/91 u sterilnom fiziološkom rastvoru, u koncentraciji od 5 X 1011 CFU/ml. Po jedna grupa od šest fazana i šest brojlerskih roditelja služile su kao kontrolne grupe kojima je intratrahealno aplikovan po 1 ml sterilnog fiziološkog rastvora. Posle inficiranja ptice su svakodnevno opservirane i merena im je telesna masa neposredno pre inficiranja i sedam dana kasnije. Sedmog dana od inficiranja eutanazirano je po šest ptica iz inficiranih i etiri ptice iz kontrolnih grupa, intravenskom aplikacijom preparata „61“ proizvoaa Intervet. Dvanaestog dana od inficiranja eutanazirane su po etiri ptice iz inficiranih i dve ptice iz kontrolnih grupa... The first data relating to disease caused by O. rhinotracheale originate from 1991, when Jan du Preez discovered a new disease in broiler chickens in South Africa, which manifested itself with mild respiratory symptoms. Bacteriological examination of infected birds’ organs revealed a gram-negative, pleomorphic, slow growing, rod bacterium, which could not be identified as any of the known bacterial species. The present name Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale was accapted and the agent was classified in 1994. The literature states that the O. rhinotracheale infection can cause significant economic losses in the poultry industry as a consequence of increased mortality, suppressed growth, reduced egg production and increased carcase condemnation rate at processing. There are few data about clinical features in broiler breeders nor can data about the gross lesions be found in the literature. According to the literature, O. rhinotracheale has been isolated from several different wild bird species, but there are no data relating to ornithobacteriosis in pheasants. For these reasons investigations were carried out to determine the influence of O. rhinotracheale on the development of pathomorphological lesions in the respiratory organs and on the health status of broiler breeders and pheasants from the rearing stage. A total of 22 pheasants, 19 weeks of age and 22 "Ross 308" broiler breeder hens, 15 weeks of age were used in this study. The birds were divided into four groups which were housed in a floor system, in separate rooms. After seven days of acclimatization, one group of 16 pheasants and 16 broiler breeder hens were infected intratracheally with a suspension of 48-hour culture of O. rhinotracheale strain B3263/91 in sterile saline in concentration of 5 X 1011 CFU/ml. Six pheasants and six broiler breeders served as control groups and were inoculated intratracheally with 1 ml of sterile saline per bird. After infection, the birds were observed daily and weighed at the time of infection and seven days post-inoculation. On the seventh day post-inoculation, 6 birds from infected groups, and 4 birds from control groups were euthanized by intravenous application of the euthanasia drug "T61" produced by Intervet. On the twelfth day post-inoculation, 4 birds from infected groups and two birds from control groups were euthanized. Immediately prior to euthanasia, blood samples were taken for serological examination by a puncture, from the brachial vein...