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A previously evaluated behavioral intervention (SB) was modified to focus on relapse prevention (RP) in order to improve adult smokers' ability to cope with high-risk situations and maintain abstinence. Treatment-seeking smokers (N=79) working at four mid-sized businesses attended either an SB (n=38) or an RP intervention (n=41). Both interventions consisted of 6 and 90-min sessions over 8 weeks and included nicotine replacement therapy. Immediately following the interventions, 42.1% of the SB group and 41.5% of the RP group were abstinent (p=.95). The one-year point-prevalence abstinence rates were 28.9% in the SB group and 17.1% in the RP group (p=.21). As there were no significant group differences on abstinence at follow-up, the RP intervention was not found to be more efficacious than a standard behavioral intervention among treatment-seeking adult smokers. Motivation, on the other hand, was a significant predictor of short- and long-term abstinence.

The broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae differentiates infection structures up to the haustorial mother cell stage on thigmotropically inductive membranes in the absence of its host plant. Formation of pectin methylesterase (PME) and polygalacturonate lyase (PL), potentially involved in host cell wall degradation, was studied during infection structure differentiation by this biotrophic fungus. PME was first detectable when substomatal vesicles were formed and reached a maximum when infection hyphae and haustorial mother cells were differentiated. Four isoenzymes, exhibiting pis of 8.2, 5.6, 5.2 and 4.5, were separated by chromatofocusing, and the kinetics of their synthesis and the Kms of the three major isoenzymes were determined. The enzyme activity was formed independently of the presence of its substrate and its regulation was thus differentiation-specific. A single PL was induced when haustorial mother cells were formed and its synthesis appeared to be controlled by both the developmental stage of infection structures and the availability of its substrate. Polygalacturonate concentrations lower than 0.025 mg ml-1 induced enzyme synthesis, and at 0.25 mg ml-1 the induction process appeared to be saturated. Enzyme formation in the presence of 50 mM glucose, fructose or sucrose suggested that neither pectic enzyme was subject to catabolite repression. Significant proportions of PME (approx. 57%) and PL (approx. 76%) activity were located extracellularly in 24-h-old differentiated infection structures and could contribute to the establishment of the parasite. Physico-chemical and kinetic properties of the enzymes and associated alterations of the apoplastic pH of infected host plants appeared to be important factors in the success of infection and could explain the restriction of cell wall damage at the penetration site usually observed in interactions involving obligately biotrophic fungi.

The differentiation-specific formation of three isoforms of pectinesterase by the broad bean rust fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae is described. Activity becomes detectable when substomatal vesicles are formed. In crude extracts isoform A contributed 78% of the total pectinesterase activity, and isoforms B and C contributed 20% and 2%, respectively. All three isoforms were found extracellularly in ratios identical to those in extracts. The isoelectric points of the pectinesterase isoforms were 8·4 (A), 5·7 (B), and 4·7 (C) as determined by chromatofocusing. Isoform A had an M r of 33500 and showed a distinct pH optimum at 6·0. The M r of isoform B was 40000; its pH optimum ranged from 5·5 to 7·5. Due to its extremely low activity, isoform C was not further characterized. The possible role of pectinesterases in the infection process of the broad bean rust fungus is discussed.