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Para incrementar la fuerza y la masa muscular, la proteína se ha convertido en uno de los suplementos más populares entre los atletas. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la suplementación proteica sobre la composición corporal. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de estudios aleatorios controlados, publicados en MEDLINE/PubMed y SciELO hasta el 10 de abril de 2009. Se incluyeron todos los estudios realizados en sujetos sanos con intervenciones >6 semanas. Nueve estudios cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y tres de ellos presentaron nivel de evidencia 3. Entre esos estudios, el aumento de masa muscular osciló de 0.8 a 1.9 kg. Sin embargo, el estudio de más largo plazo fue de 12 semanas. Por lo que las evidencias no son suficientes para recomendar el consumo de suplementos proteínicos entre individuos sanos.To increase strength and lean body mass, protein has become one of the most popular supplements among athletes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of protein supplementation on body composition. A systematic review of the randomized controlled trials (RCT), published in MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO up to April 10, 2009, was conducted. All RCT conducted in healthy subjects with interventions of six or more weeks were included. Nine studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and three of them had level 3 of evidence. Among these studies, the increase of lean mass ranged from 0.8 to 1.9 kg. However, the study with the longest term had duration of 12 weeks. Therefore, the evidence does not support the recommendation for the consumption of protein supplements among healthy individuals.

La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños ha incrementado a niveles epidémicos. Diferentes autores sugieren que la escuela puede ser el espacio más apropiado para realizar programas efectivos de prevención. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue valorar la evidencia de estudios aleatorios controlados con un periodo de intervención a largo plazo (igual o mayor a 9 meses) en escuelas y publicados en la base de datos de MEDLINE/PubMed del 1º de enero de 2006 hasta el 28 de febrero de 2009. Se analizaron en total 10 artículos. En general, se puede observar una heterogeneidad en el diseño y los componentes de la intervención, la edad del grupo objetivo, el tiempo de intervención, el sistema educativo, las características culturales de la población y los resultados. Estos últimos son modestos. Los resultados indican un cambio positivo en el estilo de vida, incremento en el consumo de frutas y verduras, menor consumo de bebidas carbonatadas y azucaradas, reducción del comportamiento sedentario y reducción en adiposidad. En general no hubo reducción significativa del IMC. Los resultados demandan estrategias para lograr mayor compromiso de los padres y adherencia a los programas, así como más estudios en diferentes sistemas educativos y ambientes culturales, incluyendo los de Latinoamérica. Además se requieren seguimientos a más largo plazo.The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children has increased to epidemic levels. Several authors have suggested that school is the best place for effective prevention programs. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the evidence of randomized controlled trials concerning long-term (equal to or more than 9 months) observations at schools and published in the database of MEDLINE/Pubmed from January 1st of 2006 to February 28 of 2009. Ten studies were analyzed. Overall, regarding the design, the intervention components, target population age, intervention periods, educational techniques, cultural characteristics of the population, and outcome measures were heterogeneous. The results were modest. The outcomes showed a positive impact on lifestyle as intakes of fruits and vegetables increased, consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages decreased, and sedentary behaviors and adiposity were reduced. Generally, there were no significant reductions for BMI. These results warrant more strategies to achieve parental involvement, reduction of dropouts, and additional studies assessing different educational systems and cultural environments, including those in Latin America. Longer follow-up periods are also required.

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment’s plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression.

Abstract Effective perioperative pain management is essential for optimal patient recovery after surgery and reduces the risk of chronification. However, in clinical practice, perioperative analgesic treatment still needs to be improved and data availability for evidence-based procedure specific analgesic recommendations is insufficient. We aimed to identify procedures related with high pain scores, to evaluate the effect of higher pain intensity on patients and to define patient and intervention related risk factors for increased pain after standard gynaecological and obstetrical surgery. Therefore, we performed a prospective cross-sectional study based on the German registry for quality in postoperative pain (QUIPS). A cohort of 2508 patients receiving surgery between January 2011 and February 2016 in our tertiary referral centre (university departments of gynaecology and obstetrics, respectively) answered a validated pain questionnaire on the first postoperative day. Maximal pain intensity was measured by means of a 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) and related to procedure, perioperative care as well as patient characteristics. The interventions with the highest reported pain scores were laparoscopic removal of ovarian cysts (NRS of 6.41 ± 2.12) and caesarean section (NRS of 6.98 ± 2.08). Factors associated with higher pain intensity were younger age (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.65–1.99), chronic pain (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.65–2.64) and surgery performed outside the regular day shift (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.09–2.36). Shorter duration of surgery, peridural or local analgesic and preoperative sedation reduced postoperative pain. Patients reporting high pain scores (NRS ≥ 5) showed relevant impairment of daily activities and reduced satisfaction. Caesarean section and minimal invasive procedures were associated with the highest pain scores in the present ranking. Pain management of these procedures has to be reconsidered. Younger age, receiving surgery outside of the regular shifts, chronic pain and the surgical approach itself have a relevant influence on postoperative pain intensity. When reporting pain scores of 5 or more, patients were more likely to have perioperative complications like nausea or vomiting and to be impaired in mobilisation. Registry-based data are useful to identify patients, procedures and critical situations in daily clinical routine, which increase the risk for elevated post-intervention pain. Furthermore, it provides a database for evaluation of new pain management strategies.

La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños ha incrementado a niveles epidémicos. Diferentes autores sugieren que la escuela puede ser el espacio más apropiado para realizar programas efectivos de prevención. El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue valorar la evidencia de estudios aleatorios controlados con un periodo de intervención a largo plazo (igual o mayor a 9 meses) en escuelas y publicados en la base de datos de MEDLINE/PubMed del 1º de enero de 2006 hasta el 28 de febrero de 2009. Se analizaron en total 10 artículos. En general, se puede observar una heterogeneidad en el diseño y los componentes de la intervención, la edad del grupo objetivo, el tiempo de intervención, el sistema educativo, las características culturales de la población y los resultados. Estos últimos son modestos. Los resultados indican un cambio positivo en el estilo de vida, incremento en el consumo de frutas y verduras, menor consumo de bebidas carbonatadas y azucaradas, reducción del comportamiento sedentario y reducción en adiposidad. En general no hubo reducción significativa del IMC. Los resultados demandan estrategias para lograr mayor compromiso de los padres y adherencia a los programas, así como más estudios en diferentes sistemas educativos y ambientes culturales, incluyendo los de Latinoamérica. Además se requieren seguimientos a más largo plazo.

Para incrementar la fuerza y la masa muscular, la proteína se ha convertido en uno de los suplementos más populares entre los atletas. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto de la suplementación proteica sobre la composición corporal. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura de estudios aleatorios controlados, publicados en MEDLINE/PubMed y SciELO hasta el 10 de abril de 2009. Se incluyeron todos los estudios realizados en sujetos sanos con intervenciones >6 semanas. Nueve estudios cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y tres de ellos presentaron nivel de evidencia 3. Entre esos estudios, el aumento de masa muscular osciló de 0.8 a 1.9 kg. Sin embargo, el estudio de más largo plazo fue de 12 semanas. Por lo que las evidencias no son suficientes para recomendar el consumo de suplementos proteínicos entre individuos sanos.

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la habilidad de los padres para estimar el peso corporal de niños preescolares que acuden a guarderías del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social utilizando tres instrumentos diferentes. Un total de 100 parejas padre-hijo que acudían a todas las guarderías del IMSS en Ensenada (n=9) completó un cuestionario acerca de la percepción del peso corporal utilizando descripción verbal, pictogramas y fotografías. Se usó la prueba de Ji cuadrada y regresión logística univariada para valorar la diferencia en la percepción entre los instrumentos utilizados, los factores asociados con la percepción del peso corporal y para identificar los predictores de la subestimación por parte de los padres del peso corporal de sus hijos. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó para un nivel de significancia de 0.05 con un poder estadístico del 80%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción del peso con el uso de las diferentes herramientas. La subestimación de los padres del peso de los niños con las diferentes herramientas osciló entre 51 y 59%, y este porcentaje se incrementó a 79 al 84% en niños con sobrepeso y a 82 al 91% en niños con obesidad. El riesgo a subestimar se incrementa en las niñas, cuando las madres son más jóvenes, y cuando los niños tienen un puntaje z de IMC > 2. El alto grado de subestimación encontrado en este estudio indica que la habilidad de los padres para detectar la obesidad en los niños es muy baja, por lo que los programas de prevención a la salud deben incluir mejorar la percepción del peso.

Objetivo: El artículo propone aplicar vías de análisis para el procesamiento de la información de conjuntos textuales, a partir de considerar interacciones e intercambios entre textos seleccionados, según un objetivo de lectura. Se brindan, además, algunos procedimientos que permiten ir conectando y sintetizando las esencias informacionales del conjunto establecido. Métodos: Se partió de las iteraciones semánticas de los textos seleccionados para arribar a conclusiones a partir del análisis y la síntesis, así como de la inducción y la deducción. Se establecieron relaciones desde lo histórico y lo lógico entre el autor y las circunstancias históricas que conllevaron a la producción de los textos elegidos (relaciones contextuales) y los vínculos apreciados entre estos (relaciones intertextuales). Mediante el enfoque sistémico se intervincularon los textos escogidos mediante relaciones contextuales, intratextuales e intertextuales y se generalizaron los resultados desde el punto de vista semántico, histórico, biográfico y cultural. Resultados: El resultado fundamental del estudio es la comprensión de los nexos entre unidades conceptuales sistematizadas dentro de los límites de cada texto y sus sistematizaciones fuera de esos límites, o sea, su apertura y presencia en otros textos del mismo autor. Conclusión: El proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la comprensión textual debe proporcionar al alumno las herramientas lectoras necesarias para autogestionarse información y saber sintetizar y generalizar las esencias del contenido de la variedad de textos con los que interactúa, como parte de su enriquecimiento cultural.

Over time, human beings have built increasingly large astronomical observatories to increase the number of discoveries related to celestial objects. However, the amount of collected elements far exceeds the human capacity to analyze findings without help. For this reason, researchers must now turn to machine learning to analyze such data, identifying and classifying transient objects or events within extensive observations of the firmament. Algorithms from the family of random forests (an ensemble of decision trees) have become a powerful tool that can be used to classify astronomical events and objects. This work aims to illustrate the versatility of machine learning algorithms, such as decision trees, to facilitate the identification and classification of celestial bodies by manipulating hyperparameters and studying the attributes of celestial body datasets. By applying a random forest algorithm to a well-known dataset that includes three types of celestial bodies, its effectiveness was compared against some supervised classifiers of the most important approaches (Bayes, nearest neighbors, support vector machines, and neural networks). The results show that random forests are a good alternative for data analysis and classification in astronomical observations.

Background/Objectives: The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a patent-pending ointment containing plant extracts from Eucalyptus globulus, Curcuma longa, Hamamelis virginiana, Echinacea purpurea, and Zingiber officinale were evaluated. Methods: Plant extracts were chemically characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. The antinociceptive activity of the ointment was assessed using the hot plate, tail flick, and formalin tests, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the acute and chronic TPA-induced ear edema tests. Mechanisms of action were evaluated using inhibitors from signaling pathways related to pain response and by using histological analysis and assessing the expression and activity of pro-inflammatory mediators. Results: The ointment showed antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects like those observed with diclofenac gel (1.16% v/v) and ketoprofen gel (2.5% v/v). The antinociceptive actions of the ointment are mediated by the possible participation of the opiodergic system and the nitric oxide pathway. The anti-inflammatory response was characterized by a decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and by a reduction in ear swelling and monocyte infiltration in the acute inflammation model. In the chronic model, the mechanism of action relied on a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and MPO. An in-silico study with myristic acid, one of the compounds identified in the ointment's plant mixture, corroborated the in vivo results. Conclusions: The ointment showed antinociceptive activities mediated by the decrease in COX-2 and NO levels, and anti-inflammatory activity due to the reduction in IL-1β and TNFα levels, a reduction in MPO activity, and a decrease in NF-κB and COX-2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Rates of childhood obesity have accelerated rapidly over the past decade in low- and middle-income countries and in Latin America in particular. At the same time, Latinx children in high-income countries have been disproportionately affected by obesity. Public health and medical experts have called for greater focus on multi-sector approaches to obesity prevention, including policy, systems, and environmental strategies, but current evidence for effective intervention strategies among Latinx children is lacking. Several systematic reviews have investigated obesity prevention interventions in Latinx children in the United States and in Latin America, including our own review, but these are now a decade old. Thus, an updated review of existing interventions is needed. To address this gap, we will conduct a systematic review and summary of interventions for obesity prevention among Latinx children published over the past 10 years. The objective of this paper is to outline the protocol for conducting the systematic review and possible meta-analysis. Methods We will conduct a literature search using PubMed, ERIC, PsycINFO, Scopus, Scientific Electronic Library Online, and Google Scholar databases for studies of interventions to prevent obesity in Latinx children ages birth to 18 years of age. To meet our definition of an intervention, we will include study designs that evaluate the either the efficacy or effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions, including randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies, and non-randomized interventions with a control or comparison group. We will exclude interventions that aimed to treat rather than prevent overweight or obesity. Interventions may take place in any country or setting. The primary outcome of interest will be child overweight or obesity, measured as adiposity, body mass, or similar anthropometric measures. We will assess risk of bias of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized and non-randomized studies, as appropriate. We may conduct meta-analyses if studies with comparable exposure and outcome variables are available. Discussion This protocol paper establishes a methodology for a future systemic review of obesity prevention interventions in Latinx children. A systematic review of this topic will provide an important update to the literature regarding interventions to prevent obesity in Latinx child populations globally over the past decade. Review results will be relevant to stakeholders across multiple sectors engaged in childhood obesity prevention among Latinx children. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020161339

In this paper, we propose new neural activity indices for the solution of the inverse problem of localizing sources of cortical activity from electroencephalography (EEG) measurements. Such indices are based on reduced-rank beamformers, specifically the generalized sidelobe canceler (GSC), and with the purpose of suppressing the contribution of interfering sources and noise. Here, the GSC is modified with an adaptive blocking matrix (ABM) to optimally estimate and later suppress unwanted brain sources. With respect to the rank-reduction, this is achieved through the cross-spectral metrics (CSM) as they give a sense of the affinity of the beamformers’ eigenstructure to the orthogonal subspace of noise an interference. Based on that, two different neural indices are proposed for the assessment of brain activation. Our realistic simulations show that a more consistent source localization is achieved through the proposed indices in comparison to the use of the traditional full-rank approach, specifically for brain sources embedded in high background activity that originates at the brain cortex and thalamus. We also prove the applicability of our methods on the localization of sources on the visual cortex produced by steady-state visual-evoked potentials.

Background: Documenting the patterns of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) is essential to prevent thromboembolic complications of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Objective: To report the patterns of OAT according to age and thromboembolic risk in patients included in CARMEN-AF, a nationwide registry of NVAF in Mexico, an upper middle-income country. Material and methods: There were 1,423 consecutive patients =18 years old and with at least one thromboembolic risk factor enrolled in the CARMEN-AF Registry at their regular clinical visit during a three-year period. They were analyzed according to 1) age, 2) AF type, and 3) CHA2DS2-VASc score. Results: Overall, 16.4% of patients did not receive antithrombotic treatment, 19.4% received antiplatelet drugs (APD), 29.2% vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and 34.6% direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). With increasing age, the proportion of subjects treated with VKA decreased significantly from 36.2% in subjects 2DS2-VASc =2) compared with the moderate risk group (41% in CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Conclusions: VKA use for NVAF in Mexico decreased in relation to increasing age. The proportion of DOAC therapy was the same in all age groups. Nevertheless, elderly patients with high thromboembolic risk received a suboptimal thromboprophylaxis. These data could help to improve gaps in the implementation of global guidelines. Clinical trial registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02334852. Highlights: CARMEN-AF is a nationwide multi-centric registry seeking to bridge the data gap on anticoagulation therapy for NVAF in Mexico. Elderly patients are more prone to receive suboptimal OAT for NVAF. DOAC were less frequently used in high thromboembolic risk patients (CHA2DS2-VASc =2).

Los sistemas solares fotovoltaicos (SSFV) son una alternativa sostenible en la obtención de energía a partir de la radiación solar [1]. El presente trabajo se desarrolló en la Escuela Tecnológica Instituto Técnico Central (ET-ITC), en la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., donde existe un SSFV, por lo que se pretendió validar la información de la eficiencia suministrada por el fabricante y compararla con datos recolectados experimentalmente. Se requirió tener en cuenta la ubicación geográfica del sistema solar, el índice de transparencia atmosférico, los datos de radiación solar suministrados por la estación meteorológica y la energía eléctrica producida por el sistema; de igual manera, se depuraron datos no confiables usando el criterio de Chauvenet. Los datos se recolectaron durante ocho días de evaluación y se obtuvieron valores de eficiencias que oscilaron entre 16.33% y 20.51%, con los que se valida la información suministrada por el fabricante, que es 16.50 %.

An important challenge to be addressed in the search for an optically based, non-invasive blood glucose quantification method, is related to the spectral interference between glucose and insulin in the mid-infrared region. This work proposes the use of a factorial experimental design in order to understand the optical overlapping of these compounds. The results show how in the 1100–950 cm−1 range, glucose has a greater contribution than insulin to the absorption spectrum, without a significant effect from their interaction. These results and the use of the proposed technique could bring in interesting insights for biomedical applications. Keywords: Non-invasive blood glucose quantification, Glucose - insulin, Factorial experimental design, mid-IR spectroscopy

The linear associator is a classic associative memory model. However, due to its low performance, it is pertinent to note that very few linear associator applications have been published. The reason for this is that this model requires the vectors representing the patterns to be orthonormal, which is a big restriction. Some researchers have tried to create orthogonal projections to the vectors to feed the linear associator. However, this solution has serious drawbacks. This paper presents a proposal that effectively improves the performance of the linear associator when acting as a pattern classifier. For this, the proposal involves transforming the dataset using a powerful mathematical tool: the singular value decomposition. To perform the experiments, we selected fourteen medical datasets of two classes. All datasets exhibit balance, so it is possible to use accuracy as a performance measure. The effectiveness of our proposal was compared against nine supervised classifiers of the most important approaches (Bayes, nearest neighbors, decision trees, support vector machines, and neural networks), including three classifier ensembles. The Friedman and Holm tests show that our proposal had a significantly better performance than four of the nine classifiers. Furthermore, there are no significant differences against the other five, although three of them are ensembles.