48 results on '"A., Wilfrido Calleja"'
Search Results
2. Ni spin coupling and NixN (x = 1, 4) (111) growth at low and room temperatures and different strains using the CrN (111) surface as initial substrate.
- Author
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Moreno H., J. C., Cocoletzia, Gregorio H., and A., Wilfrido Calleja
- Subjects
MAGNETIC control ,SUBSTRATES (Materials science) ,BIOCHEMICAL substrates ,LOW temperatures ,BILAYERS (Solid state physics) ,METALLIC surfaces - Abstract
We have investigated the Ni magnetic alignment when deposited on the CrN (111) magnetic surface and the possible growth of NiN and Ni
4 N on this surface using first principles calculations. The results revealed that when Ni substituted the Cr atoms of the outermost layer, a switching in the magnetic arrangement, from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic, takes place. We have used the surface formation energy (SFE) formalism to establish the thermodynamic stability to study the growth of these nickel nitrides. According to the results, NiN growth yields the formation of only 2 bilayers under N-rich conditions; in contrast, Ni4 N may grow on the CrN (111) substrate. To confirm the stability, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIDM) calculations were performed at 80 K and 300 K; moreover, different strains have been considered in the studies. Our results suggest that the Ni4 N (111) surface may form with a strain substrate up to 6% at low temperatures and below; the compound is stable at room temperature. Beyond this strain, the structure showed a non-crystalline array. In addition, the SFE demonstrated that the N-terminated surface is the most stable configuration under Ni-rich conditions, for example, at 20% N2 flux. These facts agree well with the experimental data. The magnetic anisotropic energy (MAE) of the NiN structure showed that the Ni spins are pinned to the easy magnetization axis of the CrN (111) surface, and its electronic properties exhibit a metallic character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. CMOS Design of a Memristor Emulator: Model, Simulation and Results
- Author
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Calderón, Arvi Naranjo, primary, Reyes, Arturo Sarmiento, additional, and Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Anisotropic silicon etch to house CMOS compatible MEMS microstructures without planarization techniques.
- Author
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Carlos Ramón Báez álvarez, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Mónico Linares Aranda, and Alfonso Torres-Jácome
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Study of Oxygen Vacancies in TiO2 Nanostructures and Their Relationship with Photocatalytic Activity
- Author
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Alba Arenas-Hernandez, Carlos Zuñiga Islas, Mario Moreno, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Julio César Mendoza-Cervantes, Netzahualcoyotl Carlos, Carlos Roberto Ascencio-Hurtado, and Aurelio Heredia Jiménez
- Subjects
oxygen vacancies ,anatase ,photocatalytic activity ,TiO2 nanosheets ,TiO2 nanobowls ,TiO2 nanotubes ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
In this research work, we present the synthesis and characterization of four different TiO2 structures, such as nanotubes, nanocavities, nanosheets assembled on nanocavities and nanobowls assembled on nanocavities, prepared by electrochemical anodization using organic electrolytes. After synthesis, the structures were thermally annealed to pass from the amorphous phase to the anatase phase, which is one of the most important crystalline structures of TiO2 due to its high photocatalytic activity and stability. The unique morphology and topography were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elemental composition was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The anatase phase was verified by Raman microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the band gap energy was calculated by the Kubelka–Munk function, and the main defect states that generate the emission, as well as their lifetime, were determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy and time response photoluminescence (TRPL), respectively. The TiO2 nanomaterials were tested as catalysts in the photodegradation of a solution of methylene blue using a UV lamp at room temperature. The results showed complex morphologies and different surface roughness areas of these nanomaterials. Furthermore, a relationship between defect states, band gap energy, and photocatalytic activity was established. We found that the catalytic activity was improved as an effect of geometric parameters and oxygen vacancies.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Test structures for residual stress monitoring in the integrated CMOS-MEMS process development.
- Author
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Carlos Ramón Báez álvarez, Mónico Linares Aranda, Alfonso Torres-Jácome, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A set of test structures for the development of a CMOS-MEMS technology.
- Author
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Carlos Ramón Báez álvarez, Mónico Linares Aranda, Alfonso Torres-Jácome, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, and Javier de la Hidalga Wade
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Design of a Fully Integrated Inductive Coupling System: A Discrete Approach Towards Sensing Ventricular Pressure
- Author
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Natiely Hernández Sebastián, Noé Villa Villaseñor, Francisco-Javier Renero-Carrillo, Daniela Díaz Alonso, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Subjects
integrated coupling system ,ventricular pressure sensor ,biomems ,flexible electronics ,wireless power transfer, implantable medical device ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
In this paper, an alternative strategy for the design of a bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) module, intended for the continuous monitoring of cardiac pressure, is presented. This new integrated implantable medical device (IMD) was designed including a precise ventricular pressure sensor, where the available implanting room is restricted to a 1.8 × 1.8 cm2 area. This work considers a robust magnetic coupling between an external reading coil and the implantable module: a three-dimensional inductor and a touch mode capacitive pressure sensor (TMCPS) set. In this approach, the coupling modules were modelled as RCL circuits tuned at a 13.56 MHz frequency. The analytical design was validated by means of Comsol Multiphysics, CoventorWare, and ANSYS HFSS software tools. A power transmission efficiency (PTE) of 94% was achieved through a 3.5 cm-thick biological tissue, based on high magnitudes for the inductance (L) and quality factor (Q) components. A specific absorption rate (SAR) of less than 1.6 W/Kg was attained, which suggests that this IPT system can be implemented in a safe way, according to IEEE C95.1 safety guidelines. The set of inductor and capacitor integrated arrays were designed over a very thin polyimide film, where the 3D coil was 18 mm in diameter and approximately 50% reduced in size, considering any conventional counterpart. Finally, this new approach for the IMD was under development using low-cost thin film manufacturing technologies for flexible electronics. Meanwhile, as an alternative test, this novel system was fabricated using a discrete printed circuit board (PCB) approach, where preliminary electromagnetic characterization demonstrates the viability of this bidirectional IPT design.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Effect of changing the material and device's properties on the performance of polysilicon-based MicroActuators.
- Author
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Carlos Ramón Báez álvarez, Mónico Linares Aranda, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, and Joel Molina Reyes
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. An experimental comparison of expanded voltage controlled oscillators for system's synchronization.
- Author
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Mónico Linares Aranda, Ramón Báez álvarez, Oscar González-Díaz, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A new library for PolyMEMS-INAOE process.
- Author
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Fidel Wilivaldo Pérez Tovar, Luis Niño de Rivera y Oyarzábal, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Integrated Bidirectional Inductive-Array Design for Power Transfer in Implantable BioMEMS
- Author
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Natiely Hernández-Sebastián, Francisco Javier Renero-Carrillo, Daniela Díaz-Alonso, and Wilfrido Calleja-Arriaga
- Subjects
Wireless Power Transfer ,Implanted Medical Devices ,Integrated Sensors ,BioMEMS ,General Works - Abstract
This work presents a novel design of a bidirectional Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) system capable of continuous monitoring of cardiac pressure. The proposed system results from a robust electromagnetic coupling between an external reading coil and an implanted two-level (3D approach) inductor array. In this design, each coupling module follows a 13.56 MHz operating frequency, where both passive RCL networks are near field tuned. Among our main results, we obtained a Power Transfer Efficiency (PTE) of 94.1% across the 3.5 cm-thick composed biological tissue whereas the implanted coil array is about 50% of its conventional size. Since the resulting PTE efficiency is 40% higher, based on the optimized L and Q parameters, this novel approach could be used in other medical applications. This IPT system design is based on a low-cost thin film fabrication technology.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Adaptive Electrical Stimulation to Improve In-Vitro Cell Growth
- Author
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Rivera, Luís Ni–o de, Martínez, Ernesto Paredes, Camarillo, Daniel Robles, and Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Study of the Effect of Distance and Misalignment between Magnetically Coupled Coils for Wireless Power Transfer in Intraocular Pressure Measurement
- Author
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Adrian E. Rendon-Nava, J. Alejandro Díaz-Méndez, Luis Nino-de-Rivera, Wilfrido Calleja-Arriaga, Felix Gil-Carrasco, and Daniela Díaz-Alonso
- Subjects
Technology ,Medicine ,Science - Abstract
An analysis of the effect of distance and alignment between two magnetically coupled coils for wireless power transfer in intraocular pressure measurement is presented. For measurement purposes, a system was fabricated consisting of an external device, which is a Maxwell-Wien bridge circuit variation, in charge of transferring energy to a biomedical implant and reading data from it. The biomedical implant is an RLC tank circuit, encapsulated by a polyimide coating. Power transfer was done by magnetic induction coupling method, by placing one of the inductors of the Maxwell-Wien bridge circuit and the inductor of the implant in close proximity. The Maxwell-Wien bridge circuit was biased with a 10 MHz sinusoidal signal. The analysis presented in this paper proves that wireless transmission of power for intraocular pressure measurement is feasible with the measurement system proposed. In order to have a proper inductive coupling link, special care must be taken when placing the two coils in proximity to avoid misalignment between them.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. A Generic MEMS Fabrication Process Based on a Thermal Budget Approach
- Author
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Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Alvarez, Mario Moreno Moreno, Mónico Linares Aranda, Alfonso Torres Jacome, Carlos Ramon Baez Alvarez, Carlos Zuñiga Islas, and Joel Molina Reyes
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Transistor ,Modular design ,law.invention ,Surface micromachining ,CMOS ,Hardware_GENERAL ,law ,Chemical-mechanical planarization ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Process simulation ,business - Abstract
A modular and generic monolithic integrated MEMS process for integrating CMOS technology with polysilicon microstructures is presented. The proposed process flow is designed with an intra CMOS approach to fabricate the microstructures into trenches without the need of planarization techniques. After annealing at 1000°C at significant period of time, it is shown that Id-Vg characteristics of the CMOS transistors remain almost unchanged, indicating their robustness to the intra process fabrication for the micromechanical structures. The CMOS module is designed with a 3 μm length as a minimum feature and this process results with a minimum of residual strain and stress on the micromechanical devices (e = 1.28 × 10-4 and σ = -21 MPa).
- Published
- 2016
16. Design of a Fully Integrated Inductive Coupling System: A Discrete Approach Towards Sensing Ventricular Pressure
- Author
-
Daniela Díaz Alonso, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Francisco Javier Renero-Carrillo, Natiely Hernández Sebastián, and Noé Villa Villaseñor
- Subjects
Computer science ,Heart Ventricles ,ventricular pressure sensor ,0206 medical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,integrated coupling system ,Inductor ,flexible electronics ,Biochemistry ,Article ,Analytical Chemistry ,law.invention ,Magnetics ,Electric Power Supplies ,law ,Ventricular Pressure ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic engineering ,Humans ,Maximum power transfer theorem ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Instrumentation ,Skin ,Power transmission ,HFSS ,Muscles ,020208 electrical & electronic engineering ,BioMEMS ,Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ,wireless power transfer, implantable medical device ,Equipment Design ,Prostheses and Implants ,020601 biomedical engineering ,Inductive coupling ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Flexible electronics ,Electrophysiology ,Inductance ,Capacitor ,Adipose Tissue ,Electromagnetic coil ,RLC circuit ,Patient Safety ,Electronics ,Wireless Technology ,Polyimide - Abstract
In this paper, an alternative strategy for the design of a bidirectional inductive power transfer (IPT) module, intended for the continuous monitoring of cardiac pressure, is presented. This new integrated implantable medical device (IMD) was designed including a precise ventricular pressure sensor, where the available implanting room is restricted to a 1.8 ×, 1.8 cm2 area. This work considers a robust magnetic coupling between an external reading coil and the implantable module: a three-dimensional inductor and a touch mode capacitive pressure sensor (TMCPS) set. In this approach, the coupling modules were modelled as RCL circuits tuned at a 13.56 MHz frequency. The analytical design was validated by means of Comsol Multiphysics, CoventorWare, and ANSYS HFSS software tools. A power transmission efficiency (PTE) of 94% was achieved through a 3.5 cm-thick biological tissue, based on high magnitudes for the inductance (L) and quality factor (Q) components. A specific absorption rate (SAR) of less than 1.6 W/Kg was attained, which suggests that this IPT system can be implemented in a safe way, according to IEEE C95.1 safety guidelines. The set of inductor and capacitor integrated arrays were designed over a very thin polyimide film, where the 3D coil was 18 mm in diameter and approximately 50% reduced in size, considering any conventional counterpart. Finally, this new approach for the IMD was under development using low-cost thin film manufacturing technologies for flexible electronics. Meanwhile, as an alternative test, this novel system was fabricated using a discrete printed circuit board (PCB) approach, where preliminary electromagnetic characterization demonstrates the viability of this bidirectional IPT design.
- Published
- 2020
17. Anisotropic silicon etch to house CMOS compatible MEMS microstructures without planarization techniques
- Author
-
Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Mónico Linares Aranda, Alfonso Torres Jacome, and Carlos Ramon Baez Alvarez
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Microelectromechanical systems ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,Resist ,Etching (microfabrication) ,law ,Chemical-mechanical planarization ,0103 physical sciences ,Trench ,Electronic engineering ,Optoelectronics ,Wafer ,Photolithography ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
The MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) acronym recalls mechanical structures of micrometric dimensions performing a well-controlled electronically preset function. The real sense of a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) is the interaction of electronic circuits with the mechanical transducers (microstructures) to perform a useful function. However, the MEMS-microstructures require a wide range of thickness according to the particular application, and the resulting topography directly affects the subsequent photolithography steps. Fabrication of a trench as deep as the microstructures thickness using two solutions: TMAH (tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide) and KOH (potassium hydroxide), without the use of planarization techniques is presented. Inside the trench, the microstructures can be fabricated to obtain reliable microelectromechanical systems. It is shown that using TMAH solution the geometries can be placed at the edge of the trench with a good resolution and consistency. This is required for the correct definition of the interconnect lines starting on the surface of the wafer (electronic devices) through the bottom of the trench (mechanical devices/structures).
- Published
- 2017
18. Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of ALD Al2O3Thin-Film Surfaces after Immersion in pH Buffer Solutions
- Author
-
Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Berni Manolo Perez Ramos, Pedro Rosales Quintero, Carlos Zuñiga Islas, Alfonso Torres Jacome, and Joel Molina Reyes
- Subjects
Materials science ,Chemical engineering ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Immersion (virtual reality) ,Thin film ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Buffer (optical fiber) ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Published
- 2013
19. A set of test structures for the development of a CMOS-MEMS technology
- Author
-
Mónico Linares Aranda, Javier de la Hidalga Wade, Carlos Ramon Baez Alvarez, Alfonso Torres Jacome, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical systems ,Fabrication ,Property (programming) ,Computer science ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Process (computing) ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Test (assessment) ,Set (abstract data type) ,Hardware_GENERAL ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Wafer ,0210 nano-technology ,Material properties - Abstract
In this work, a set of test structures that meets the emerging need for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) integration process monitoring and material/device property measurement at the wafer level is presented. The CMOS-MEMS test structures are designed to evaluate and assist the development of an integrated CMOS-MEMS process. The acquired data from the test structures will be useful for identifying the possible electrical and/or mechanical variations on the material properties and devices performance due to the fabrication process.
- Published
- 2016
20. Test structures for residual stress monitoring in the integrated CMOS-MEMS process development
- Author
-
Mónico Linares Aranda, Carlos Ramon Baez Alvarez, Alfonso Torres Jacome, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Fabrication ,Structural material ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Process (computing) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ranging ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural engineering ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,chemistry ,Residual stress ,0103 physical sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Beam (structure) ,Titanium - Abstract
The design of a set of test structures required to monitoring the residual stress and residual stress gradient in the development of a fabrication process that merges electronic and mechanical devices is presented. The microstructures designed have the advantage to be functional with different structural materials like polysilicon, aluminum and titanium. Beam theories have been used to obtain a wide range strain monitoring ranging from 5 MPa until more than 50 MPa. The designed test structures were validated by a finite element analysis.
- Published
- 2016
21. Adaptive Electrical Stimulation to Improve In-Vitro Cell Growth
- Author
-
Ernesto Paredes Martinez, Daniel Robles Camarillo, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, and Luís Ni–o de Rivera
- Subjects
electric cell stimulation ,Bladder cells ,Chemistry ,Cell growth ,Stimulation ,Culture cells ,In vitro ,Adaptive filter ,action potential ,Multi output ,Electronic engineering ,Biophysics ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Viability assay ,adaptive filter ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
An adaptive system is used to stimulate electrically (In-Vitro) muscle vagina cells and epithelial rabbit bladder cells with external electrical stimulation ES. Waveform stimulation is synthesized from both: A specific known action potential or by a set of independent ionic potentials conforming a multi output system. Each ionic potential is the output of a set of FIR filters in which the coefficient adaptation is carried out by using a time varying step size normalized LMS (NLSM) algorithm. The adaptive system output stimulates in-vitro culture cells emulating biological neurotransmitters action. Electrical stimulation (ES) shows that cells under test grow faster than non-stimulated ones, observing bigger cell viability in stimulated cells than non stimulated. The objective of the experiment is to analyze the effect of external electrical stimulation ES on confluence and cell viability in culture cells by MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-Yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays [A].
- Published
- 2012
22. Anisotropic silicon etch to house CMOS compatible MEMS microstructures without planarization techniques
- Author
-
Baez Alvarez, Carlos Ramon, primary, Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, additional, Aranda, Monico Linares, additional, and Jacome, Alfonso Torres, additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Thermal Oxide Grown on High Index Silicon Wafers
- Author
-
Francisco Javier De la Hidalga Wade, Ramiro Rogelio Rodríguez, Pedro Rosales, Don L. Kendall, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, and Alfonso Torres
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,High index ,Oxide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Thermal oxide ,Surface roughness ,Optoelectronics ,Wafer ,business - Abstract
Even though the MOS technology was developed originally on the (0 0 1)-Si surface, some studies have shown that several MOS parameters can be optimized using other silicon orientations [1-3]. (1 1 4) and (5 5 12) Si surfaces presents a periodical surface roughness that may have technological applications [4]; however, the oxide grown on these surface orientations has not been studied. In this work we investigate the behavior of the oxide thickness in high index Si and compare it to oxides grown on standard surface orientations.
- Published
- 2007
24. Fabrication, characterisation and modelling of integrated on-silicon inductors
- Author
-
WILFRIDO CALLEJA-ARRIAGA and Roberto Stack Murphy-Arteaga
- Subjects
Fabrication ,Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Substrate (electronics) ,Dielectric ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Inductor ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry ,Aluminium ,Electronic engineering ,Optoelectronics ,Network analyser ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality ,business ,Cmos process - Abstract
In this paper we present the design, fabrication and characterisation of passive inductors on a silicon substrate. These inductors were fabricated using a 10 μm minimum-feature CMOS process, with two aluminium layers and SiO 2 as the inter-level dielectric. Polygonal and circular inductors of four-and-a-half and seven-and-a-half turns were designed, fabricated and measured using a vector network analyser in the 40 MHz to 5 GHz range. Experimental results were compared to the predicted response of a simple equivalent electrical model. Compared to other reported inductors on silicon, the ones presented here show very good characteristics.
- Published
- 2003
25. Test structures for residual stress monitoring in the integrated CMOS-MEMS process development
- Author
-
Alvarez, Carlos Ramon Baez, primary, Aranda, Monico Linares, additional, Jacome, Alfonso Torres, additional, and Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A Generic MEMS Fabrication Process Based on a Thermal Budget Approach
- Author
-
Álvarez, Carlos Ramón Báez, primary, Aranda, Álvarez, Mónico Linares, additional, Jácome, Alfonso Torres, additional, Moreno, Mario Moreno, additional, Reyes, Joel Molina, additional, Islas, Carlos Zúñiga, additional, and Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Effect of changing the material and device's properties on the performance of polysilicon-based MicroActuators
- Author
-
Mónico Linares Aranda, Carlos Ramon Baez Alvarez, Joel Molina Reyes, and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Subjects
Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ranging ,Mechanical force ,chemistry ,Electronic engineering ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Material properties ,Joule heating ,Actuator ,Displacement (fluid) - Abstract
In this paper, the performance of polysilicon electrothermal actuators (Chevron-type, fabricated with the PolyMEMS-INAOE® technology) when the material properties and device geometry are varied, is analyzed. These micro-actuators operating under Joule heating can generate a mechanical displacements ranging in a few tens of micrometers. These devices can delivering a mechanical force in the range of milliNewtons (mN) and are very attractive due to high efficient mechanical response and fully compatible with standard integrated silicon circuitry. Based on analytical and simulation models, the overall mechanical performance was analyzed when some of the polysilicon properties were varied. During the electrothermal performance, the mechanical displacement was experimentally measured. Comparing simulated, analytical and experimental approaches, a good phenomenological agreement is confirmed.
- Published
- 2013
28. An experimental comparison of expanded voltage controlled oscillators for system's synchronization
- Author
-
Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, Ramon Baez Alvarez, Mónico Linares Aranda, and Oscar Gonzalez Diaz
- Subjects
Engineering ,Work (thermodynamics) ,business.industry ,Automatic frequency control ,Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY ,Integrated circuit ,Integrated circuit design ,law.invention ,Synchronization (alternating current) ,Hardware_GENERAL ,law ,Power consumption ,Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS ,Electronic engineering ,Differential (infinitesimal) ,business ,Voltage - Abstract
In this work, a performance comparison of expanded differential voltage controlled oscillators for no-resonant local clock generation and distribution networks is presented. The analyzed oscillators are designed and fabricated using an Austriamicrosystems 0.35 µm CMOS process. The experimental results show that the expanded one-stage oscillator presents the best trade-off in frequency, power consumption, and output voltage; therefore, this oscillator represents an attractive alternative for the design and implementation of no-resonant local clock networks.
- Published
- 2011
29. Resonador sensor de masa: desarrollo y métodos de medición
- Author
-
Salvador Alcántara I., B. Susana Soto C., Jesús Perez R., S. Wilfrido Calleja A., Gabriel Romero-Paredes R., Margarita Galindo M., and Miguel Duarte V.
- Subjects
Trampolín ,Resonancia ,Física, Astronomía y Matemáticas ,Micromaquinado en espesor ,Resonador ,Microelectrónica ,Masa ,Sensor - Abstract
"Un resonador mecánico tipo trampolín es una estructura sencilla con la que se logra ladetección de masa a partir de cambios de frecuencia de resonancia. Es posible fabricar este tipo de detector con técnicas de microelectrónica, lo cual lo convierte en un potencial sensor para ser integrado con el circuito de acondicionamiento y ser usado en aplicaciones químicas o biológicas. El desempeño de estos sensores dependerá de sus dimensiones, del tipo de material, de la eficacia de excitación y de la exacta transducción de la amplitud de desplazamiento del resonador. En este trabajo se presenta el proceso para la obtención de trampolines de silicio de 100x20x15¿m, fabricados con tecnología planar y técnicas de micromaquinado en espesor. Se describe el método de caracterización de trampolines en frecuencia y amplitud mediante un programa y adquisición de datos en PC y un sensor de IR reflectivo, con resolución del orden de Hz y ¿m. Ambos métodos pueden ser útiles en las mediciones de los trampolines de silicio para la detección de masa de materiales depositados o adsorbidos en la superficie con resolución de ¿g."
- Published
- 2010
30. Gas microsensing system with a FGMOS on a MEM structure
- Author
-
J. L. González-Vidal, Wilfrido Calleja-Arriaga, Arturo Maldonado, M. de la L. Olvera, and Alfredo Reyes-Barranca
- Subjects
Microheater ,Materials science ,Silicon ,business.industry ,Polysilicon depletion effect ,Transistor ,Doping ,Oxide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Substrate (electronics) ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,law ,Optoelectronics ,Thin film ,business - Abstract
In this work a thin film gas microsensor based on both a double polysilicon micro-hotplate (MHP) and a polysilicon floating gate MIS transistor (FG-MIS) is described. Sensing section is a squared polysilicon plate which contains a doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin film. The sensing section is heated by an U-shaped polysilicon stripe which is electrically isolated from the top and the bottom using oxide films. The micro-hotplate is both mechanically supported and thermally isolated using a deep cavity micromachined in the silicon substrate. The sensing film is electrically connected to the floating-gate transistor where the conductivity channel is modulated by the charged generated at the sensing film. The sensor structure was characterized for detecting carbon monoxide (CO) at 300 °C. The hot area is thermally isolated using an arrangement of cavities micromachined in the silicon substrate. Finally a complete layout of the sensor system is presented in this paper.
- Published
- 2005
31. Optical properties, infrared spectroscopy and photoluminescence at low temperature of LPCVD silicon oxynitride thin films
- Author
-
Arturo Morales, Jesús Carrillo, Mariano Aceves, Wilfrido Calleja, Elvia Díaz, Gerardo Contreras, and Concepción Mejía
- Subjects
Física, Astronomía y Matemáticas - Abstract
"Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) silicon oxynitride (SiON) films of various compositions between SiO2 and Si3N4 were grown by changing the relative ratio (Ro) of nitrous oxide (N2O) to silane (SiH4) pressures while keeping constant the ammonia (NH4) pressure. The SiON films were deposited at 700º C on p-type silicon substrates (with a carrier concentration of 1015 cm-3), varying Ro from 0.32 to 1.38. Some samples were subsequently annealed at 700º C for times up to 150 min, whereas other samples were annealed at 1000º C for times up to 60 min in nitrogen. In this work, we present results of the effect of Ro upon the refractive index, the infrared spectrum, and the growth rate of the LPCVD SiON layers. In particular, we show that as Ro increases, the refractiveindex decreases from values very close to those of SiN to values very close to those of SiO2. In addition, the infrared spectrum shows that the peak associated to the Si-O stretching vibration mode decreases as compared to the Si-N stretching local mode when Ro increases. The annealing processes seem not to modify the films as thickness and refractive index remain constant as a function of the annealing time. In addition, we made photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements at low temperature (9-10º K) and found luminescence in the range between 1.4 eV and 2.4 eV with a peak around 2 eV. Finally, we also discuss the effect that a thermal annealing at 700º C for 90 minutes has upon the photoluminescence spectra"
- Published
- 1999
32. Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of ALD Al2O3Thin-Film Surfaces after Immersion in pH Buffer Solutions
- Author
-
Reyes, Joel Molina, primary, Perez Ramos, Berni M., additional, Islas, Carlos Zuñiga, additional, Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, additional, Quintero, Pedro Rosales, additional, and Jacome, Alfonso Torres, additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Effects of Channel and Crystalline Orientations on the Electron Mobility in MOSFETs Fabricated on (114) and (5 5 12)-Silicon Substrates
- Author
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Miguel Castro-L, F. Javier De la Hidalga-W, Pedro Rosales-Q, Alfonso Torres-J, Wilfrido Calleja-A, Edmundo Gutierrez-D, and Don L. Kendall
- Abstract
not Available.
- Published
- 2007
34. Formation of n and p Regions in (114) and (5 5 12)-Silicon Substrates
- Author
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Miguel Castro-L, F. Javier De la Hidalga-W, Pedro Rosales-Q, Alfonso Torres-J, Wilfrido Calleja-A, Edmundo Gutierrez-D, and Don L. Kendall
- Abstract
not Available.
- Published
- 2007
35. Chemical and Morphological Characteristics of ALD Al2O3 Thin-Film Surfaces after Immersion in pH Buffer Solutions.
- Author
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Reyes, Joel Molina, Perez Ramos, Berni M., Islas, Carlos Zuñiga, Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja, Quintero, Pedro Rosales, and Jacome, Alfonso Torres
- Subjects
ALUMINUM oxide films ,THIN films ,HYDROGEN-ion concentration ,ATOMIC layer deposition ,SILICON wafers ,CAPACITANCE-voltage characteristics ,CURRENT-voltage characteristics - Abstract
The chemical and morphological properties of thin aluminum oxide film surfaces (AI1O3 having 10 nm in thickness) in the as-deposited (dry) and after immersion (in pH buffer solutions) conditions were studied. Careful measurement conditions have been followed in order to determine any possible physical and/or chemical change on the surface of these films (after immersion in pH), so that proper correlation to their high and stable sensitivity to pH is possible. After deposition of thin AI2O3 films (by Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) on chemically oxidized p-type silicon wafers, the resulting AI2O3/SÍOX/SÍ stacked structures were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) before and after immersion in pH buffer solutions. Also, the Capacitance-Voltage (C-V) and Current-Voltage (I-V) characteristics were obtained after fabrication of Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor (MIS) devices in order to correlate the good chemical and morphological characteristics of thin AI
2 O3 to its electrical properties. Based on the characterization results, low surface oxidation/dissolution mechanisms are found in ALD aluminum oxide films when immersed in pH buffer solutions during short immersion times (immersion time < 10 minutes); therefore, leading to the characteristic slow degradation of the sensitivity to pH for this dielectric material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Resonador sensor de masa: desarrollo y métodos de medición.
- Author
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I., Salvador Alcántara, Susana Soto C., B., R., Jesús Perez, Wilfrido Calleja A., S., R., Gabriel Romero-Paredes, M., Margarita Galindo, and V.5, Miguel Duarte
- Subjects
CANTILEVERS ,RESONATORS ,RESONANCE ,ELECTRIC circuits ,SEMICONDUCTORS ,MICROMACHINING - Abstract
Copyright of Superficies y Vacío is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Superficies y Materiales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
37. Fabricación y caracterización eléctrica de microelectrodos de silicio para registro de señales nerviosas.
- Author
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Aragón Puerto, Jorge Enrique and Arriaga, Wilfrido Calleja
- Published
- 2003
38. Desarrollo de un sensor de presión inalámbrico implantable para el monitoreo continuo de la presión ventricular
- Author
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Natiely Hernández Sebastián, Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga, FRANCISCO JAVIER RENERO CARRILLO, and DANIELA DIAZ ALONSO
- Subjects
Microelectromechanical, [Inspec] ,Wireless systems [Inspec] ,22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,BioMEMS [Inspec] ,Pressure sensors [Inspec] ,Implantable medical devices [Inspec] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
This doctoral thesis project reports the novel development of a touch mode capacitive pressure sensor (TMCPS) systems with a wireless operating for continuous monitoring of ventricular pressure. The system consists of two modules: an implantable set and an external reading device. The implantable module, restricted to an 18 mm ×18 mm area, consist of an array of two TMCPS sensors electrically connected in parallel to a dual-layer coil (with 3D approach), for making a high efficiency resonant circuit for communication with the external device. The capacitive sensor works as a double layer diaphragm and is modeled considering the mechanical regimen “small deflection”, with this condition it is possible to cover a wide dynamic range of ventricular blood pressure, from 5 to 300 mmHg. In this design, the two coupling modules (passive RCL networks) are tuned to a frequency of 13.56 MHz, keeping restricted physical design for the implantable module and considering an effective coupling across biological tissue. The complete system was validated with the CoventorWare, Comsol Multiphysics and ANSYS HFSS softwares; setting an operating pressure range from 0 to 300 mmHg. The design shows a maximum power efficiency (PTE) of 94% under the lowest capacitance regimen (0 mmHg) and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of less than 1.6 W/Kg; therefore, this proposal complies with the full range of diastolic and systolic pressure development by the left ventricle (VI) and satisfies the guidelines if the IEEE C95.1 standard, which ensures viability so that this inductive power transfer system can be safely implanted in the biological environment without causing damage to the tissue by radiation or heating. In addition, considering the high PTE obtained, mainly due to the optimized design in inductance (L) and quality factor (Q), this new sensor scheme stands can be highlighted and could be adapted in other medical applications. As for the manufacturing process, the complete system is developed based on two alternatives: the firs, is based on a manufacturing approach with discrete devices on printed circuit boards, for the manufacturing of the external module; while the second alternative for the implantable module is developed based on PolyMEMS INAOE® technology with a monolithic fabrication approach combining thin films of aluminum and polyimide. El presente proyecto de tesis doctoral presenta el desarrollo novedoso de un sistema sensor de presión capacitivo en modo contacto (TMCPS) con funcionamiento inalámbrico para el monitoreo continuo de la presión ventricular. El sistema está formado por dos módulos: un conjunto implantable y una unidad de lectura externa. El módulo implantable, restringido a un área de 18mm ×18 mm, consiste de un arreglo de dos sensores TMCPS conectados eléctricamente en paralelo a una bobina de doble nivel (con enfoque 3D) para formar un circuito resonante de alta eficiencia para la comunicación con la unidad de lectura externa. El sensor capacitivo funciona como un diafragma de doble capa y es modelado considerando el régimen mecánico “small deflection”, con esta condición se logra cubrir un amplio rango dinámico de la presión sanguínea ventricular, de 5 a 300 mmHg. En este diseño, los dos módulos de acoplamiento (redes RCL pasivas) se sintonizan a una frecuencia de 13.56 MHz, manteniendo el diseño físico restringido para el módulo implantable y considerando un acoplamiento efectivo a través de tejido biológico. El sistema completo, fue validado con los simuladores CoventorWare, Comsol Multiphysics y ANSYS HFSS; fijando un rango de presión de operación de 0 a 300 mmHg. El diseño muestra una eficiencia de transmisión de potencia (PTE) máxima del 94% bajo el régimen de capacitancia más bajo (0 mmHg) y una tasa de absorción especifica (SAR) menor a 1.6 W/Kg; por lo cual, esta propuesta, cumple con el rango completo de presión diastólica y sistólica desarrollados por el ventrículo izquierdo (VI) y satisface las pautas de seguridad de la norma IEEE C95.1, lo que asegura viabilidad para que este sistema de transferencia de potencia inductiva (IPT) puede implantarse de manera segura en el medio biológico sin provocar daños al tejido por radiación o calentamiento. Además, considerando la alta PTE obtenida, principalmente por el diseño optimizado en inductancia (L) y factor de calidad (Q), este nuevo esquema de sensor se destaca y podría adaptarse en otras aplicaciones médicas. En cuanto al proceso de fabricación, el sistema completo se desarrolla en base a dos alternativas: La primera, se basa en un enfoque de fabricación con dispositivos discretos sobre placas de circuito impreso, para la manufactura del módulo externo; mientras que la segunda alternativa para el módulo implantable, se desarrolla tomando como base la tecnología PolyMEMS INAOE®
- Published
- 2020
39. Diseño y caracterización de un biodispositivo inalámbrico para estimulación eléctrica de córnea (EEC)
- Author
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Iván de Jesús Flores Cerón and Wilfrido Calleja Arriaga
- Subjects
22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,Flexible electronics [Electrónica] ,220924 [cti] ,Wireles systems [Electrónica] ,Electronic cornea stimulation [Inspec] ,2209 [cti] ,Microelectrodes [Electrónica] ,BioMEMs [Electrónica] - Abstract
The different forms of visual impairment are part of a problem faced by more than 285 million people, however, the lack of information, economic difficulties and timely treatments are part of the obstacles that does not allow a diagnosis, prevention and / or correction in a timely manner. Currently, biomedical innovation is making progress in new treatment proposals for the visual system, such as the electrical stimulation of the cornea. On the other hand, scientific and technological development makes advances in microelectronics and microelectromechanical systems manufacturing techniques, which have become in an alternative for the development of biomedical analysis and instrumentation devices, known as BioMEMS. In the present thesis work, it is addressed the need to develop a biodevice that allows to deepen in the research studies of the mechanisms of cellular regeneration of the visual system, from the application of corneal electrical stimulation therapies. It is for this reason that the development of two prototypes is proposed, which are adaptable to the dimensions of a rat eye cornea and human eye cornea, which are part of the wireless cornea electrical stimulation system, which are manufactured from innovative techniques of flexible microelectronics and MEMS. This proposal is part of a collaboration that was carried out with an outreach with doctors and research staff of the Association to Avoid Blindness In Mexico, with the aim of providing alternatives for clinical treatments, to prevent and treat problems of low acuity visual. Las diferentes formas de discapacidad visual, son parte de un problema al que se enfrenta más de 285 millones de personas, no obstante, la falta de información, dificultades económicas y tratamientos oportunos, forman parte de los obstáculos que no permiten llevar a cabo un diagnóstico, prevención y/o corrección de manera oportuna. Actualmente la innovación biomédica realiza avances en nuevas propuestas de tratamientos para el sistema visual, como lo es la estimulación eléctrica de córnea, por otra parte el desarrollo científico y tecnológico realiza avances en técnicas de fabricación de microelectrónica y sistemas microelectromecánicos, los cuales se han convertido en una alternativa para el desarrollo de dispositivos de análisis y de instrumentación biomédica, conocidos como BioMEMS. En el presente trabajo de tesis, se aborda la necesidad de desarrollar un biodispositivo que permita profundizar en los estudios de investigación de los mecanismos de regeneración celular del sistema visual, a partir de la aplicación de terapias de estimulación eléctrica de córnea. Es por esta razón se propone el desarrollo de dos prototipos, los cuales sean adaptables a las dimensiones de una córnea de ojo de rata y córnea de ojo de humano, que formen parte de un sistema inalámbrico de estimulación eléctrica de córnea, los cuales sean fabricados a partir de técnicas novedosas de microelectrónica flexible y MEMS. Esta propuesta, forma parte de una colaboración que se ha llevado a cabo con médicos y personal de investigación de la Asociación Para Evitar La Ceguera En México, con el objetivo de dar alternativas de tratamientos clínicos, para prevenir y tratar problemas de baja agudeza visual.
- Published
- 2020
40. Diseño de un proceso integrado de fabricación de sistemas micro-electromecánicos (MEMS) genérico y modular
- Author
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CARLOS RAMON BAEZ ALVAREZ, MONICO LINARES ARANDA, WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA, and ALFONSO TORRES JACOME
- Subjects
Process integration [Integración de procesos] ,22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,Test structures [Estructuras de prueba] ,CMOS-MEMS [CMOS-MEMS] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), is a technology that in its simplest form can be defined as mechanical and electromechanical elements of micrometric dimensions. MEMS elements or devices could be considered from simple mechanical structures without any movement, to even more complex systems with multiple moving elements. However, the greatest potential of MEMS technology is profiteer when mechanical devices (microstructures and/or micro transducers) are merged with electronic devices (microelectronic circuits) on the same substrate (integrated MEMS process). Integrated MEMS can be obtained by a large variety of fabrication processes, from simple to complex subject to limitations in reproducibility. Nevertheless, all the MEMS process are based on a fabrication technology of integrated circuits (generally CMOS, Bipolar or BiCMOS) and from there, using compatible micromachining processes, different alternatives can be designed to get mechanical elements/devices. This thesis designs an integrated monolithic fabrication process, that is generic and modular, merging electronic and mechanical devices. An intra-process scheme is adopted to optimize and/or to adapt the requirements of a particular application. The process will be generic using a single process flow for the fabrication of the different devices on the system. The modular aspect is related to the capacity of employ different materials and fabrication systems, with the goal of achieve the requirements of the design. As starting point in the integrated MEMS process, a 3μm CMOS process was designed and optimized with a single polysilicon level and one metal level for interconnections. A study of the microstructures fabrication technology (PolyMEMS INAOE) was performed to further define and set the best integration scheme with no degradation of the materials, and ensure optimum behavior and performance of the fabricated devices. Los Sistemas Micro Electro Mecánicos, o MEMS, son una tecnología que en su forma más sencilla se puede definir como elementos mecánicos y electrónicos de dimensiones micrométricas. Son considerados elementos o dispositivos MEMS, desde simples estructuras mecánicas que no generan ningún tipo de movimiento, hasta sistemas complejos con múltiples elementos móviles. Sin embargo, el mayor potencial de la tecnología MEMS es aprovechado cuando los dispositivos mecánicos (microestructuras y/o micro-transductores) se integran junto con los dispositivos electrónicos (circuitos microelectrónicos) en un mismo substrato (proceso MEMS integrado). Los MEMS integrados pueden obtenerse mediante una gran variedad de procesos de fabricación, desde simples hasta complicados con limitaciones en la reproducibilidad. Sin embargo, todos ellos se basan en una tecnología de fabricación de circuitos integrados (generalmente CMOS, Bipolar, o BiCMOS) y a partir de ahí, utilizando procesos de micromaquinado compatibles, se diseñan las alternativas para conseguir los dispositivos o elementos mecánicos. En la presente tesis se diseña un proceso MEMS integrado de fabricación, genérico y modular, de dispositivos electrónicos y mecánicos, siguiendo un esquema intra-proceso para optimizar y/o adaptar los requerimientos de una aplicación en particular. Genérico por que se utilizará un único flujo de proceso para la fabricación de los diferentes dispositivos que conformen al sistema. Modular por la capacidad de alternar los materiales y sistemas de fabricación utilizados con el fin de cumplir lo requerido por la aplicación determinada. Para conformar el proceso MEMS integrado, se diseñó y optimizó un proceso CMOS 3μm que considera un único nivel de polisilicio y un nivel de metal (interconexión). Se realizó un estudio sobre la tecnología de fabricación de microestructuras (PolyMEMS INAOE), para definir y establecer la mejor secuencia de integración sin degradar los materiales empleados, asegurando el funcionamiento y desempeño óptimo a nivel dispositivo y a nivel sistema.
- Published
- 2016
41. Fabricación y caracterización de microelectrodos sobre sustratos flexibles para la estimulación eléctrica de la córnea
- Author
-
NATIELY HERNANDEZ SEBASTIAN, WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA, and JOEL MOLINA REYES
- Subjects
Biomedical material [Material biomédico] ,Cornea [Cornea] ,22 [cti] ,Eye [Ojo] ,1 [cti] ,Electrodes [Electrodos] ,BioMEMS [BioMEMS] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
Uno de los grandes problemas a los que se enfrentan más de 285 millones de personas, es la discapacidad visual en diversas fases, no obstante, la falta de información, dificultades económicas y un tratamiento oportuno, son los obstáculos más grandes para su tratamiento y prevención adecuados. Actualmente, los avances en la microelectrónica y las diferentes técnicas de fabricación, se han convertido en una alternativa para el desarrollo de dispositivos de análisis y de instrumentación biomédica, conocido como BioMEMS. El presente trabajo de tesis surge de la necesidad de ofrecer una solución a diversas enfermedades visuales degenerativas, tales como, la oclusión de la arteria central de la retina (OACR), retinosis pigmentaria (RP), degeneración macular, entre otras. En este contexto, se propone diseñar, fabricar y caracterizar arreglos novedosos de microelectrodos sobre sustratos flexibles, para la estimulación eléctrica de la córnea, que cumplan con los requisitos básicos de biocompatibilidad, condiciones eléctricas y mecánicas para su uso en sistemas biológicos. Esta propuesta, se desarrolla dentro de un proyecto de colaboración entre el INAOE, IPN y el Hospital Luis Sánchez Bulnes, con el objetivo de desarrollar dispositivos biomédicos con aplicaciones en determinados casos de discapacidad visual, y así ampliar las posibilidades de diagnóstico y/o rehabilitación a personas con deficiencias visuales
- Published
- 2015
42. Estudio del micromaquinado de volumen en silicio de alto índice
- Author
-
HIRAM ENRIQUE MARTINEZ MATEO and WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA
- Subjects
Bulk micromachining [Bulk micromachining] ,Anisotropic wet etching [Grabado en húmedo anisotrópico] ,22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,High-index silicon [Silicio de alto índice] ,Stereographic projections [Proyecciones estereográficas] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
En este trabajo de tesis se estudia el micromaquinado de volumen en silicio de alto índice mediante la técnica de grabado húmedo anisotrópico. Se ofrece un compendio de los trabajos realizados en micromaquinado de volumen en dichos sustratos y sus aplicaciones. Además, se muestra la utilidad de las proyecciones estereográficas como método de predicción de morfologías y ubicación de planos en un sustrato arbitrario, así como su construcción mediante el uso de un programa computacional libre. Experimentalmente, se realizan procesos de grabado húmedo anisotrópico en sustratos {100}, {411}, {311}, {5 5 12}, para obtener la velocidad de grabado en función de la concentración de hidróxido de potasio presente en el grabante, en el rango de 10% a 50% en porcentaje de peso a 60° C. Adicionalmente, se analizan experimentos de grabado empleando concentraciones similares saturadas con alcohol isopropílico. Se analiza la morfología superficial en función de la composición del grabante mediante microscopia de fuerza atómica para los distintos sustratos y en casos particulares, por microscopia de barrido de electrones. Además, se ofrece un método de alineación para sustratos cuya orientación esté indicada por una familia de planos equivalentes; se realiza micromaquinado de estructuras básicas en los sustratos de alto índice, analizando las morfologías obtenidas mediante perfilometría, microscopia óptica y de barrido de electrones; adicionalmente se verifica y propone la participación de planos particulares mediante el uso de proyecciones estereográficas. Finalmente, un esquema de diseño y fabricación de elementos ópticos difractivos es propuesto.
- Published
- 2013
43. Caracterización de microactuadores tipo chevron fabricados con la tecnología PolyMEMS-INAOE
- Author
-
CARLOS RAMON BAEZ ALVAREZ, MONICO LINARES ARANDA, and WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA
- Subjects
Chevron [Chevron] ,22 [cti] ,Micromechanical devices [Dispositivos micromecánicos] ,1 [cti] ,Microactuators [Microactuators] ,Modelling [Modelado] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
PolyMEMS-INAOE is a surface micromachining technology for micromechanics device fabrication, which is based on polysilicon films as structural material and featured by 5-microns as minimum size. This technology offers fabrication capacities of electrostatic and Joule effect actuators, residual stress test structures, and some other specific purpose structures. Currently, some of such structures are under characterization and modeling. The objective of this M. Sc. Thesis is stated as follows: Using several approaches, the study is conducted in order to obtain the characterization of chevron type actuators; this purpose is attained considering several key device parameters and polysilicon structural properties. In the pursuit of this goal, the lay out, fabrication details, characterization techniques, and physics of operation, all of them were considered. The chevron actuators were analyzed based on both, analytic and simulation techniques, and additionally considering a parameter analysis approach (polysilicon conductivity, Young’s modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, etc.). The simulation process comprises variations in the chevron mechanical arrangement: length arms, mechanical angle, and width/length of the shuttle. This broad simulation task was performed in order to analyze some issues related with operating temperature distribution, pushing force, and overall displacement. In the last stage of this study, several actuators were experimentally analyzed, both on wafer and also mounted on PCB. Simulation and analytic approach were validated. Finally, a proposed “on-chip” design for measuring the pushing force of these actuators is discussed. Hz @1 MHz. Por su parte, la banda de frecuencia cubre desde 3.192 a 7.501 GHz, generando un FTR de 80.39 %. Por otra parte, la respuesta transitoria muestra un tiempo de arranque, transición y asentamiento de 250, 300 y 600 ps respectivamente. Por último, los resultados del análisis estadístico dan una media y una desviación estándar de 5.381 GHz y 411.03 MHz para la frecuencia central respectivamente. En los laboratorios de microelectrónica y el laboratorio de innovación en MEMS (LIMEMS) del INAOE, se cuenta con la tecnología PolyMEMS-INAOE, mediante la cual se pueden fabricar microestructuras MEMS con una dimensión mínima de 5 micrómetros (μm). Entre estas estructuras se han fabricado actuadores de efecto Joule, o actuadores electro-termo-mecánicos, sin embargo, estos no han sido caracterizados por completo. El objetivo de la presente tesis es caracterizar mediante varios métodos el actuador de efecto Joule de tipo chevron, obteniendo sus principales parámetros de funcionamiento y desempeño. Para este propósito se presenta inicialmente una explicación de la conformación y el principio de funcionamiento del actuador tipo chevron. Se describe la importancia de realizar la caracterización de dichos actuadores y se presentan algunas técnicas que se han utilizado para la medición de los parámetros de estos actuadores. Con ayuda de un modelo analítico y de simulación, se obtiene el desempeño de los actuadores como una primera aproximación, y se realiza un análisis de variación de parámetros (conductividad, módulo de Young, coeficiente de expansión térmica, entre otros), para observar cómo se ve afectado su desempeño, y un análisis donde se modifican los elementos que lo conforman (número de brazos y dimensiones del vástago). Se determina la fuerza de empuje, y se observa la distribución de temperatura en las estructuras electro-termo-mecánicas chevron. En los actuadores fabricados, se mide el desplazamiento generado y sus dimensiones para poder validar los resultados analíticos y de simulación. Se analizan y se comparan los resultados analíticos, de simulación y experimentales para verificar que los modelos utilizados aportan información coherente sobre el funcionamiento y desempeño de los actuadores bajo estudio. Finalmente se propone una técnica “on chip” para medir indirectamente la fuerza de dichos actuadores.
- Published
- 2011
44. Desarrollo de dispositivos MEMS de silicio utilizando micromaquinado de volumen
- Author
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CESAR AUGUSTO MATA JIMNEZ and WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA
- Subjects
Microcavities [Microcavidades] ,Microelectrodes [Microelectrodos] ,22 [cti] ,Micromechanical devices [Dispositivos micromecánicos] ,1 [cti] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
The present work is related with the fabrication of MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) devices using the bulk micromachining technique. This is one of the most attractive techniques for the development of 3-D structures: in this case an aqueous alkaline solution is utilized for a precise control of different etch-rate for the main crystallographic planes in (001) silicon. Aspherical cavities and planar microelectrodes were developed using a new bulk micromachining approach. A 45% wt KOH-water solution was utilized in a combination of oxidation and micromachining steps, for the development of these 3D devices. The aspheric cavities were developed as follows: i) A thick SiO2 thermal oxide film is grown. ii) A lithography step based on positive photoresist is realized, then squared-patterns are printed parallel to main (110) flat. iii) The squared windows are opened on the oxide film using an aqueous hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. iv) Using the aqueous KOH solution, full pyramidal-like cavities are etched. v) The oxide film is completely removed. vi) Using the same KOH solution, a maskless micromachining step is performed until symmetric cavities are developed. This is a basic procedure for obtaining aspherical cavities with a varied morphology depending on the initial geometry window and the final etching time. In the second part, planar microelectrodes were fabricated based on the next main steps. A) A two-concentric squared cavities are etched on the (001) substrates, using the KOH solution. B) A 200 nm oxide film is thermally grown. C) A 100 nm silicon nitride (Si3N4) film is deposited. D) A 300 nm titanium (Ti) film is deposited and then patterned and etched to define the planar metallic electrodes. F) An insulating 20 nm nitride film is deposited. G) A lithography step is performed to develop squared-openings contacts across the nitride film, to define the electric and biological contacts. This planar microelectrode array could be utilized in several techniques for culture cell purposes. Both fabrication routines were analyzed and characterized during intermediate steps, and finally the 3-D microcomponents were (on wafer) characterized considering morphology and electrical parameters. El desarrollo continuo de nuevas tecnologías con la finalidad de facilitar las tareas diarias del ser humano es uno de los aspectos y esencias más importantes de nuestra evolución. En la actualidad, uno de los factores de mayor impacto en la sociedad es la tecnología en el sector salud, por lo que cualquier avance en esta área tiene influencia directa sobre la calidad de vida del ser humano. El trabajo que se presenta trata de la fabricación de dispositivos para MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems, en inglés) usando la técnica de micro maquinado de volumen; como uno de los aspectos más importantes para esta aplicación. El micro maquinado de volumen es una de las técnicas más usadas en la fabricación de microsistemas, y consiste en el grabado de silicio por proceso químico mediante un gravante que oxida-reduce el material del substrato, de esta forma se pueden crear diversas estructuras en 3D. Los dispositivos fabricados son micro cavidades asféricas y micro electrodos planares. Para la fabricación de estos dispositivos se usa esta técnica y como gravante la solución química hidróxido de potasio (KOH)-agua (H2O) , la cual graba de forma anisotrópica; es decir, que la razón de grabado depende de la dirección de los planos, difiriendo la de la dirección vertical a la de la dirección lateral. Las micro depresiones asféricas se fabrican a partir de ventanas de forma cuadrada micro maquinadas por varias horas hasta que se transforman en depresiones con simetría circular, que tienen aplicaciones como micro lentes o como micro espejos dependiendo de la longitud de onda en que se usen. Para los micro electrodos planares el proceso de fabricación comienza con el micro maquinado de dos cavidades concéntricas las cuales son el cuerpo de soporte mecánico-volumétrico del dispositivo, y sobre las cuales se tendrán los micro electrodos (sitios de estimulación), las pistas de interconexión, los pad’s (contacto eléctrico) de titanio; siendo este material seleccionado por criterios como inerte en ambiente biológico, buen conductor eléctrico, de bajo costo, y se cuenta con la tecnología para su depósito y grabado. La aplicación inicial que se plantea es para el cultivo de tejido de algunas partes del sistema reproductor femenino obtenida por biopsia, a petición de un grupo de médicos del Hospital Luis Sánchez Bulnes del Distrito Federal.
- Published
- 2011
45. Fabricación y caracterización de estructuras capacitivas para monitorear presión
- Author
-
DANIELA DIAZ ALONSO and WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA
- Subjects
Intraocular pressure [Presión intraocular] ,Capacitive pressure sensor [Sensor de presión capacitivo] ,22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,Micromechanical device [Dispositivo micromecánico] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
In the last years, at the INAOE Microelectronics Laboratory have been developed different stages from manufacture of microstructures for the innovation in Microelectromechanical Systems from the technology PolyMEMS INAOE. Combining Surface micromachining and Polysilicon as structural material, it is possible to boost development of the national electronic industry, in the manufacture of sensors and actuators that facilitate their integration with integrated circuits for diverse applications. At present, the main interest in the development of MEMS devices is not only in its capacity of adaptation in industrial applications, but also in the possibility of offering solutions to biomedical problems, such as, biological tests, medical diagnoses, providing drugs, as a stimulating neuromuscular, among others BioMEMS. The present thesis work arises from the necessity to offer a solution to the problem of the Glaucoma, this disease is associated essentially to an increase in the intraocular pressure that causes a progressive injury to the optical nerve, and consequently it causes blindness. In this context, this thesis is focused on to design, to manufacture and to characterize capacitive structures to measure pressure and to determine the effects of the glaucoma. En los últimos años, en el Laboratorio de Microelectrónica del INAOE se han desarrollado diferentes etapas de fabricación de microestructuras para la innovación en Sistemas Microelectromecánicos a partir de la tecnología PolyMEMS INAOE. Combinando técnicas de micromaquinado superficial y al Polisilicio como material estructural, es posible impulsar el desarrollo de la industria electrónica nacional, en la fabricación de sensores y actuadores que faciliten su integración con circuitos integrados para diversas aplicaciones. En la actualidad, el principal interés en el desarrollo de dispositivos MEMS radica no solo en su capacidad de adaptación en aplicaciones industriales, sino también en la posibilidad de proponer soluciones a problemas biomédicos, tales como, análisis biológicos, realizar diagnósticos médicos, suministrar fármacos, como estimuladores neuromusculares, entre otros BioMEMS. El presente trabajo de tesis surge de la necesidad de ofrecer una solución al problema del Glaucoma, esta enfermedad se asocia fundamentalmente a un aumento en la presión intraocular que causa una lesión progresiva al nervio óptico, como consecuencia se tiene una perdida de visión. En este contexto, se propone diseñar, fabricar y caracterizar estructuras capacitivas para monitorear presión y determinar los efectos del glaucoma. El contenido temático de tesis se divide en cuatro capítulos que se describen a continuación: En el capitulo 1 se presenta una breve introducción sobre MEMS y su uso en aplicaciones médicas, derivando así, en la revisión de las características mas relevantes de consideración en el diseño de un sensor de presión, además se describen las características básicas del Glaucoma. En el capitulo 2 se detallan los aspectos mas importantes respecto al diseño de las estructuras capacitivas del chip CPS-DDA, asimismo se describe el proceso de fabricación, resaltando los resultados experimentales obtenidos en procesos preliminares que arrojaron las etapas mas criticas involucradas en dicho proceso. En el capítulo 3 se realiza la revisión a los Monitores de esfuerzos Mecánicos, diseñados para el análisis de las propiedades mecánicas del Polisilicio, además se presenta el diseño del chip PolyMEMS V-B, desarrollado en colaboración con el M.C Fernando Quiñones N.
- Published
- 2010
46. Desarrollo y caracterización de microestructuras Joule con poly-silicio
- Author
-
FERNANDO JULIAN QUIÑONES NOVELO and WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA
- Subjects
Microactuactors [Microactuadores] ,Joule-Thomson effect [Efecto Joule-Thomson] ,22 [cti] ,Electrothermal [Electrotérmico] ,1 [cti] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
In recent years, the INAOE Microelectronics Laboratory has been developing a manufacturing process called micro-PolyMEMS INAOE. This project has been designed to manufacture sensors and actuators using mainly the technique of surface micromachining with polysilicon. In this context, the INAOE has developed several of manufacturing stages of designed microstructures to ensure, in the medium term, possible innovations in manufacturing technologies, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS, for its initials in English). Currently, the most of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include microactuators, which generate propulsive forces and displacements for various types of applications in microsystems. The microactuators have been developed in a wide variety of forms, and its operation is based on various physical effects. Generally physical effects used are: magnetostatic, electrostatic, piezoelectric and electro-thermal. The microactuators based on the Electro-thermal effect have attracted more attention because they produce significant forces and displacements with low applied voltages, compared with its size. In this context, this thesis, is focused on developing and manufacturing of microstructures based on polysilicon, to work as microactuators. The microactuators are developed with a technology based on the call: Effect Joule. Moreover, it also shows the design of the V Chip PolyMEMS that serves as a platform for characterizing microactuators, as well as develop a new procedure for successfully release suspended structures. En los años recientes, en el Laboratorio de Microelectrónica del INAOE se adquirió el compromiso de desarrollar un proceso de fabricación de microcomponentes denominado PolyMEMS INAOE. En este proyecto se tiene el propósito de fabricar sensores y actuadores utilizando principalmente la técnica de micromaquinado superficial con polisilicio. En este contexto, en el INAOE se han desarrollado diversas etapas de fabricación de microestructuras a mediano plazo tendientes a innovar la tecnología de fabricación de Sistemas Micro Electro Mecánicos (MEMS, por sus siglas en ingles). En la actualidad, en la mayoría de los Sistemas MicroElectroMecánicos (MEMS) se incluyen microactuadores, los cuales generan fuerzas de propulsión o desplazamientos para diversos tipos de aplicaciones en microsistemas. Los microactuadores, han sido desarrollados en una amplia variedad de formas, y su funcionamiento se basa en diversos efectos físicos. Los efectos físicos más comunes que se utilizan son: Magnetostático, Electrostático, Piezoeléctrico y Electro-térmico. Entre ellos, los microactuadores que se basan en el efecto Electro-térmico, han atraído más la atención porque producen fuerzas y desplazamientos significativos con voltajes bajos, en comparación con su tamaño. En este contexto, surge la decisión de formular la presente tesis, que está enfocada a desarrollar y fabricar microestructuras a base de polisilicio, que funcionen como microactuadores. Los microactuadores son desarrollados con una tecnología basada en el llamado: Efecto Joule. Por otra parte, se presenta también el diseño del Chip PolyMEMS V que sirve como plataforma para caracterizar los microactuadores, así como también, un procedimiento de liberación para obtener exitosamente micro estructuras suspendidas.
- Published
- 2009
47. Caracterización de obleas de silicio utilizando radiometría fototérmica
- Author
-
DELIA MARIA HURTADO CASTAÑEDA, WILFRIDO CALLEJA ARRIAGA, and MARIO ENRIQUE RODRIGUEZ GARCIA
- Subjects
Photothermal spectroscopy [Espectroscopia fototérmica] ,Silicon [Silicio] ,22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,Radiometry [Radiometría] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
The Micro and Nano-Electronics industry is starting to use high-index silicon substrates which show textured and stable surfaces enabling the fabrication of new approach of MOS transistors and other technologies based on several crystallographic orientations. Photothermal Radiometry technique was used in this work to obtain electronic parameters on high index crystallographic orientation silicon wafers. This technique is non-destructive, non-invasive and non-contact, and allow monitor sub-superficial structures and carrier transport properties in semiconductor materials as: i) minority carrier lifetime (ƭ); ii) back and front surface recombination velocities (S1, S2); iii) carrier diffusion coefficient (hole, electron) (Dp, Dn). Also this technique allows studying kinetic surface pasivation process by means of time signal evolution. Electronic parameters test was done through Photocarrier Radiometry (PCR) that gets electronic emission in 0.8 α 1.75µm range. Quantitative results of transport properties in semiconductor silicon wafers was gotten fitting the amplitude and phase of PCR signal in a theoretical model using a multi-parametric fit program, where square variance was minimize by means of square minimums methodology. La industria de micro y nano-electrónica ha comenzando a utilizar sustratos de alto índice cristalino con superficies estables y morfología texturizada que juegan un papel importante en la operación de dispositivos superficiales, así como en las tecnologías dependientes de la orientación cristalina del sustrato. En este trabajo se utilizó la técnica de Radiometría Fototérmica Infrarroja (RFI) para la obtención de parámetros electrónicos sobre obleas de silicio de alto índice cristalino. Estas técnicas tienen como ventaja que son de nocontacto, no- invasiva y no- destructiva, además de permitir monitorear estructuras sub-superficiales y propiedades de transporte de los portadores en materiales semiconductores como son: i) tiempo de vida de portadores minoritarios(ƭ); ii) velocidad de recombinación frontal y trasera (S1, S2); iii) coeficiente de difusión de portadores (electrones-huecos) (Dn, Dp). De igual manera nos permitió estudiar la cinética de los procesos de pasivación de las superficies por medio de la evolución de la señal en el tiempo. La evaluación de los parámetros electrónicos se realizó mediante la técnica de Radiometría de Fotoportadores (PCR, por sus siglas en inglés), que sólo es sensible a las emisiones electrónicas en el espectro de longitud de onda de 0.8 α 1.75µm. Los resultados cuantitativos de las propiedades de transporte electrónico se obtuvieron ajustando la amplitud y fase de la señal experimental en un modelo teórico utilizando un programa de ajuste multi-paramétrico, donde la varianza media cuadrada es minimizada por medio del método de mínimos cuadrados.
- Published
- 2009
48. Desarrollo del proceso de fabricación PolyMEMS – INAOE
- Author
-
JOSE ANDRES ALANIS NAVARRO and WILFRIDO CALLEJA_ARRIAGA
- Subjects
22 [cti] ,1 [cti] ,Image processing [Procesamiento de imágenes] ,Field programmable gate arrays [Arrays de puertas programables en campo] ,2203 [cti] - Abstract
At present, there exists a great variety of microstructures fabrication techniques for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) applications, in which Surface Micromachining is the most accepted. The first advantage of this technique is the fabrication compatibility with integrated circuit (IC) fabrication technologies: like CMOS, Bipolar or BiCMOS. It is possible to use chemical & physical vapour deposited (CVD & PVD) materials, contact photolithography, dry & wet etching techniques; techniques that are often employed in IC’s fabrications technologies. In addition, surface micromachining techniques permits a monolithic integration IC’s – MEMS; in which mechanical elements are first fabricated, and then circuitry, pre-process integration; in which both parts are fabricated simultaneously, intra-process integration; and finally, in which the circuitry are first fabricated, and then mechanical elements, post-process integration. However, Microsystems fabrication requires a careful control in the electrical and mechanical properties of structural materials: like electrical resistivity, stress and stress gradients, to obtain a high yield of the fabricated microstructures. En la actualidad existe una gran variedad de técnicas de fabricación de microestructuras (MS) para su aplicación en sistemas microelectromecánicos (MEMS), dentro de las que destaca la técnica de Micromaquinado Superficial. La principal ventaja de esta técnica es su compatibilidad con procesos estándar de fabricación de circuitos integrados (CI’s): CMOS, Bipolar o BiCMOS; es decir, se pueden utilizar materiales depositados física y químicamente (PVD & CVD), litografía óptica de contacto, y técnicas de grabado húmedo y seco, técnicas comúnmente utilizadas en las tecnologías de fabricación de CI’s; adicionalmente, permite una integración monolítica CI’s – MEMS; al fabricar la parte mecánica antes que la electrónica de control (Pre-Proceso); ambas partes simultáneamente (Intra-proceso); o al fabricar la parte mecánica después de la electrónica de control (Post-Proceso). No obstante, para la fabricación de MS se requiere de un estricto control sobre las propiedades eléctricas y mecánicas de los materiales: resistividad eléctrica, esfuerzos y gradientes de esfuerzo residuales en los materiales, etc., el cual es fundamental para obtener un alto rendimiento en las microestructuras fabricadas.
- Published
- 2008
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