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Introduction. Plant biologically active substances (BAS) are valuable for drug development in view of their pharmacological effects and metabolic proximity to the human body. As an example of a useful herbal raw material, the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis, which contain species-specific flavonoids, baicalin and scutellarin, possess the potency of creating antiviral drugs and functional nutrition systems with antioxidant and adaptogenic properties. In order to levelling the existing limitations of using intact plant in pharmaceutical practice, we proposed a nature-saving and ergonomic approach of cultivation of S. baicalensis cells under in vitro conditions. This technology allows to extract active substances of S. baicalensis without causing damage to the environment and contributes to the reduction of the time required to produce the necessary amount of plant material with an increase in the efficiency of production processes.Aim. The development of dry extract technology from S. baicalensis callus biomass.Materials and methods. The object of the study – biomass of S. baicalensis cells obtained from callus culture. Functional characteristics (friability, Hausner’s coefficient, Carr’s index, fractional composition, as well as porosity and hygroscopicity) of S. baicalensis biomass and dry extract on its basis were determined according to the methods of the EAEU Pharmacopoeia. Extraction of plant material was carried out by maceration method with heating in a water bath with reflux condenser. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of BAS in the dry extract was carried out by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. Quality indicators and functional characteristics of the finished product were evaluated in accordance with pharmacopeial requirements.Results and discussion. The functional characteristics of the S. baicalensis biomass were evaluated and the possibility of obtaining a dry extract on its basis was confirmed. We selected parameters of BAS extraction process, established the presence of baicalin in the biomass extract and carried out a comparative evaluation of aglycone profile in the extract based on callus culture and roots of intact plant. The properties of the finished product were evaluated for compliance with regulatory requirements, as well as technological characteristics.Conclusion. The quality indicators of the dry extract of the S. baicalensis biomass satisfy the normative conditions. The technological characteristics of dry extract are suitable for the utilisation as a phytosubstance for the development of medicines of combined type and dietary supplements.

Introduction. Flavonoids, despite their pronounced therapeutic benefits, are limitedly used in medicine as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) owing to a complex of unsatisfactory physicochemical properties. In order to study the mentioned problem, we decided to use quercetin as model compound with extremely low water solubility and dissolution in gastrointestinal (GI) tract media. Therefore, the main idea appears to study the possibility and prospects of hot melt extrusion (HME) application for enhancement the solubility properties of quercetin in the composition of solid dispersion system (SDS) based on hydrophilic polymeric carrier (polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate, PVP/VA). Consequently, there is a necessity to select effective drug-to-polymer ratio in solid dispersion for providing better solubility and dissolution properties.Aim. Assessment of PVP/VA effect on quercetin solubility properties in binary solid dispersion prepared by HME.Materials and methods. Quercetin substance with purity 98 % was purchased from Molekula Limited, United Kingdom. PVP/VA (copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone with vinyl acetate in the ratio of 60 : 40, VIVAPHARM® PVP/VA 64) as carrier was procured from JRS PHARMA (JRS PHARMA GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Quercetin SDS were prepared using micro-conical twin screw compounder HAAKE™ MiniCTW (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany). The obtained samples were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Quercetin quantitative content in SDS were determined by UV-spectrophotometry.Results and discussion. The improvement of water solubility and dissolution rates of quercetin SDS in comparison with pure substance was observed for all solid dispersion compositions irrespective to drug-to-polymer ratio. Notably, with reduction of quercetin content in SDS compositions the PVP/VA contribution was increased. We found partial or even complete amorphization of API in formulations with 1 % and 5 % quercetin content, resulting in the improvement of water solubility properties, stability of solutions and increased dissolution rates in GI tract media. Water solubility of 1 % SDS relative to pure substance was enhanced by 353-fold. At the same time, the complete release of quercetin from 1 % SDS was achieved in 40 minutes in the hydrochloric acid and citrate buffer, and also quercetin dissolution of 90 % in 60 minute was observed in phosphate buffer.Conclusion. 1 % quercetin SDS based on PVP/VA appears to be the most promising for solid dosage forms development.

Aim. To study medication adherence in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in primary care practice.Material and methods. The study conducted in out-patient clinic of Moscow city. 293 elderly (≥65 years) patients with established CAD included. The following patient data obtained via electronic medical record system: demography, medical history, modifiable risk factors and prescribed pharmacotherapy. Level of medication adherence measured by Morisky scale (MMAS-8) via telephone survey.Results. According to Morisky scale high adherence was identified in 146 (49.8%) elderly patients, moderate adherence – in 99 (33.8%) patients, low adherence – in 48 (16.4%) patients. Analysis of specific questions of the scale done in non-adherent patients revealed signs of unintentional non-adherence due to forgetfulness (45.9%) and signs of intentional non-adherence due to patients feeling worse (35.8%) or better (28.4%). By means of dichotomic interpretation of Morisky scale results the population under research was divided into two groups: 147 (50.2%) non-adherent patients and 146 (49.8%) – totally adherent patients. These groups were comparable in terms of sex (female 71.2 vs 68.0%; p>0.05) and age (median 73.5 vs 73.0 years; p>0.05) distribution, and medical history: myocardial infarction (39.0% vs 38.8%), atrial fibrillation (37.0 and 41.5%), chronic heart failure (90.4% vs 91.2%), diabetes (26.7% vs 24.5%). There were fewer smokers in adherent group (0.7% vs 6.5%; p0.05). Drugs that improve prognosis were also prescribed comparably: antiplatelets (66.4% vs 61.9%; p>0.05), anticoagulants (36.3% vs 44.9%; p>0.05), statins (82.2% vs 79.6%; p>0.05), renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (89.0 and 87.8%; p>0.05). Adherent patients had lower mean values of lipids: total cholesterol (4.7±1.2 vs 5.2±1.4 mmol/l; p0.05).Conclusion. Half of elderly patients with CAD are non-adherent to treatment in primary care setting. Medical history and structure of pharmacotherapy do not influence level of adherence in this population. Among adherent patients fewer individuals smoke and mean values of lipids are lower. Non-adherent elderly patients cause higher load on general practitioner, supplementary pharmaceutical provision program provided no better adherence in the population under research.

This article examines Soviet social, political, and moralizing posters. The textual and visual images of Soviet poster-making with their thematic meanings are explored, and the role of poster creativity in forming the moral and ethical qualities of the younger generation is analyzed. Results suggest that the Soviet poster becomes a means of communication, as with the help of an image and text, it seeks to convey to the reader the main ethical values of Soviet ideology. At the same time, the importance of both verbal and non-verbal images is relevant. The importance of style in creating a visual image is emphasized, and conclusions are drawn about the importance of Soviet culture and its display in the language, poetry, and visual image of posters produced in the Soviet Union.

Aim. To analyze changes in the pattern of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) over the 7-year period.Material and methods. This pharmacoepidemiological, retrospective, cross-sectional, two-stage study was conducted on the basis of primary care facility of Moscow. We analyzed 1,834 and 805 medical records of patients with SCAD at the first (2011) and second (2018) stages, respectively. Data on demography, medical history, lipid profile, and administrated LLT were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics V16.0 and MS Excel. Differences were considered significant at p

The article provides a comparative assessment of traditional and developed fish-breeding tanks for keeping bester yearlings. As a result of growing fish in different reservoirs, it’s been found that when using the “ICA-2” and “INTEX” tanks, there is practically no difference. When comparing the use of "ICA-2" and a semi-buried adaptive reservoir, it’s been found that the weight of fish was higher in the second case, when compared with the benchmark, by 1.5%, the average daily gain - by 5.3%, the coefficient of nutrition - by 1, 2%.

The article describes the results of studies of the effect of a natural feed supplement based on the bottom sediments of the Khan Lake of the Krasnodar Territory on the development of internal organs of young laying hens. It has been experimentally confirmed that there are no pathologies in the structure of internal organs of the poultry of experimental groups when feeding the studied fodder additive.