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The studied of Kyiv factory type Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cows productivity depending on heifers average daily gain. The studied of 1071 animals lifelong use data. Cattle was divide into 5 groups according to the values of average daily gains at the age of 0-3; 3-6; 6-12 and 12-15 months. Animals distributed on the standard deviation from average daily gain of the herd. In animals included in the groups studied the productivity of the first lactation and the period of productive use. It found that increase the heifer’s growth rate leads to decrease in the age of the first calving. The age of the first calving is most affect by the growth rate up to 3 months of age. Preservation of the first calving cows increases when the growth rate of heifers is slightly higher than the average herd. The highest survival of the first calving cows (93.8 %) obtained providing growing heifers aged 3-6 months with increments of 658-853 g. The highest milk yields during the first and highest lactation were obtain by growing heifers aged 6-12 months with an average daily gain over 710 g. Animals with the highest growth rate at other ages had a lactation graph with several peaks, which indicates their increased sensitivity to changes in conditions of use. The bath-shaped udder founded are more common in slow-growing animals from birth to 12 months. The increase in average daily gain led to an increase in the proportion of cows with rounded and cup-shaped udders. The not installed relationship between the average daily gain of heifers and the duration of the open data period and the period between calving. These traits are more relate to the milk production of cows than to the growth of heifers. The greatest duration of lifetime use, milk yield and number of calves during life were at the growth rate of heifers from birth to 12 months at the level of + 0.5σ… + 1.5σ to the average for the herd. A further increase in the growth rate during these periods led to a decrease in the duration of productive use by 0.4… 1.1 years and a lack of 0.4… 0.9 calving. Animals that at the age of 12-15 months had a growth rate at the level of the average herd with deviations within ± 0.5σ were marked by a long productive period. Studies prove the possibility of increasing the lifelong productivity of livestock by heifer’s selection at a growth rate from birth to 15 months

The productivity of cows with the first calving depending on live weight and average daily gains of heifers during rearing studied. The data of animals of Ukrainian Black-and- White dairy breed of Kyiv factory type used for the research. Every three months, from birth to 18 months of age, heifers were determined live weight and average daily gain. According to the indicators of weight growth, the heifers divided into 5 groups of the standard deviation principle from the mean. In animals included in these groups studied the performance of the first lactation. It found that obtaining a live weight of 3-month-old heifers over 127 kg can significantly reduce the age of the first calving. The advantage over animals belonging to the groups with less weight is 2.7-3.5 months. Increasing the live weight of heifers at 12 and 15 months also allows reducing the age of the first calving. Moderate (less than 722 g per day) growth of heifers at the age of 6-9 months also has a positive effect on the reduction of the age of the first calving. The weight of newborns heifers during lactation was associated with first calving cow’s milk yield. Heifers born with the lowest live weight (less than 28 kg) had after the first calving milk yield per lactation 145… 1956 kg more than in other groups. The live weight of 3-month-old heifers is of the greatest importance for the formation of high milk productivity of cows. Obtaining live weight of heifers of this age 117-127 kg with an average daily gain of 902-1037 g provided in first the lactation the largest milk yield with an advantage over animals of other groups up to 3119 kg. In older age periods, the influence of growing heifers on the formation of milk productivity is less pronounced, and the optimal live weight and growth rate was at the level of the average size of the herd. The research results can used to optimize the growth plans of heifers and their selection

The objective of the study is to determine, whether the growth retardations of replacement cows are admissible, and in which periods of culture they most significantly affect the further productivity of the cows. The subject of the analysis was the number of animals who at the age of 15 months had the live weight no less than 300 kg (which complied with the breed standard or was inferior to the requirements for 10 % maximum). The animals were divided into 5 groups. The first group included the animals with growth retardation before the age of 3 months. The second one – at the age of 3-6 months; the third one – 6-9 months and the fourth one – 9-12 months. The fifth one was the control group, without growth retardation. The growth retardation referred to the live weight reduction at the end of the period in comparison with its beginning or the average daily weight gain less than 500 g. The authors measured the live weight, first lactation productivity and the lifetime productivity of the animals. It has been established that the growth retardation of the heifers before the age of 3 months negatively affected the growth rate in the following three-month period. They can completely compensate the growth retardation only at the age of 18 months. The other group animals compensated the live weight retardation in comparison with the control group by the age of 15 months. The firstlings which had the growth retardation at the age of 0-3 and 3-6 months, has the highest milk productivity. The same trend was observed in milk fat and protein output and the age of the first calving. However, in the growth retardation group the livability of firstlings, the number of lactations and the productive live was worse. The lifelong milk yield in the growth retardation group was 15-37 % lower than in the control group. Growth retardation at the age of 6-9 months negatively affected the higher lactation productivity. The highest daily milk yield in this group of cows was lower in the control group by 14 % (p < 0.05). Therefore, growth retardation had no negative effect on the milk yield of the firstlings, but resulted in lower survival of the animals, shortened the productive life and lifetime yield. The later the growths retardation occurs, the sooner the heifers can compensate it and the lower is its effect on the lifetime productivity of the cows. In view of the reduction of lifetime productivity, it is purposeful to draft out the animals with the growth retardation

In recent years, the cows of Black-and-White Dairy breed display a short performance period, ferƟlity reducƟon and metabolic diseases occurrence. To find methods of high performance animal’s selecƟon the authors studied specific of cows use in ontogenesis. The studied of Black-and-White Dairy cows life-long use under condiƟons of Kyiv region. It was studied of milk yield age dynamics, maximal performance age, udder type and cows eliminaƟon during their use. The daily yield, its heritability (h2 ) and repeatability (r and rw) were invesƟgated of first-calving cows. It has been established that the absolute majority (96 %) of cows have bowlshaped udder and bath-shaped udder. The cows reach maximal lactaƟon performance during the fourth lactaƟon, aŌer that the milk yields decrease. The cows’ performance aŌer the 8th calving does not differ from first-calving cows. In 51% of animals brought into the herd the first lactaƟon remains the highest. Most highly-producƟve cows are disposed aŌer the first calving or their performance decreases significantly. The disposal of first-calving cows consƟtutes almost 22 %. 56 % of cows are decreases before the fourth lactaƟon, when the peak performance is expected. The lactaƟon duraƟon was found to be rather stable (rw = 0.409; P > 0.999) in ontogenesis. The highest correlaƟon is observed between the duraƟon from fourth to the sixth lactaƟons. Within first lactaƟon daily yields rises during the first and second months. In the third month they stabilized. Further, the milk yields gradually decrease. A high variability of daily yield of the cows should be noted. In every lactaƟon month there were individual cows with the milk yield three Ɵmes higher than the herd average. During the lactaƟon the highest variability indices (Cv = 30.1- 30.4 %) were observed in months one and nine-ten. It has been established that the daily yield of firstlings during the lactaƟon have various heritability coefficients. The milk performance at the beginning and at the end of lactaƟon is the best inherited (h2 = 0.31-0.64). The results obtained confirm the possibility of animal’s selecƟon with desirable forms of lactaƟon curve. TheoreƟcally it can be used for opƟmizaƟon of their energy balance during the transit period

Preservation of the nutritional value of fish and the useful qualities of its rich composition is extremely important. The urgent task of the food industry is to develop and create quality food products that meet modern production trends and compete in domestic and foreign markets. This scientific paper describes studies aimed at assessing the specific weight (%) of essential nutrients (glycogen, proteins, and lipids) in particular organs and tissues of different size and mass groups of the hybrid of silver and bighead carp experimental ponds and reservoirs of Ukraine. To achieve the goal in the research process, fish farming, biochemical (study of total protein, lipids, and carbohydrates), and statistical (mathematical processing of research results) research methods were used. In all size and mass groups of the hybrid of silver and bighead carp from ponds and reservoirs in 2017, 2018, and 2019, mostly satisfactory values of general metabolism indicators were found - glycogen, proteins, and lipids in the liver, gills, and muscles of fish. In annual fish of winter ponds, total protein and glycogen content in all organs and tissues was slightly reduced. The organisms of biennial fish from feeding ponds were characterized by fluctuations in the content of glycogen in the liver (it was the highest in fish, 3.28 - 3.33%). Significant fluctuations in the total protein content of muscle, liver, and gills and a slight excess of glycogen in the liver and lipids in the gills of three-year-olds were observed in the reservoirs. The difference found in the availability of essential nutrients in the body of the studied fish indicates a change in the intensity and direction of their metabolic processes. However, their physiological condition at the time of the study was within normal limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems of modern dairy farming is the short period of productive use of cows. It is observed both in Ukraine and in most countries of the world with developed dairy cattle breeding. The consequence of a short period of productive use is a decrease in the lifetime productivity of cows. The purpose of this work was to investigate the possibility of influencing the duration of use and lifetime milk yield of cows by selecting heifers by live weight during their growing period. The study analysed the lifetime productivity of 1071 cows of the Ukrainian black and-white dairy breed, starting from their rearing and up to retirement from the herd. Animals were divided into five groups by live weight at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 15 months using standard deviation (σ) from the mean. Within the groups, the number of calvings, productive life expectancy, lifetime estrus and estrus for higher lactation and the average period between calvings were determined. It was established that the hope for higher lactation is associated with the weight of heifers at the onset of puberty and sexual maturity. Animals, which at 6 months had a live weight of +0.5-1.5 σ and at 12 months more than +1.5 σ from the average in the herd, were characteristics of the highest milk yield. The group of traits of lifetime productivity (number of calvings, duration of productive use and lifetime milk yield) was positively influenced by the live weight of heifers at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 15 months, which exceeded the average for the herd by 0.5-1.5 σ. Cows belonging to these groups exceeded other groups by 0.2-1.4 calving. During the period of use, these cows received 11- 32% more milk than the average for the herd. The results of the research expand the understanding of the impact of heifer breeding on the development of lifetime productivity of cows and can be used for the selection of livestock and correction of plans for the cultivation of dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]