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Cell death is an important feature of the development of multicellular organisms, a critical factor in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Understanding the mechanisms that control cell death is crucial to determine its role in the development of the pathological process. However, the most well-known types of cell death cannot fully explain the pathophysiology of heart disease. Understanding how cardiomyocytes die and why their regeneration is limited is an important area of research. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death that differs from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death in terms of morphology, metabolism, and protein expression. Ferroptotic cell death is characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species resulting from lipid peroxidation and subsequent oxidative stress, which can be prevented by iron chelates (eg, deferoxamine) and small lipophilic antioxidants (eg, ferrostatin, liproхstatin). In recent years, many studies have been carried out on ferroptosis in the context of the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and other diseases. In addition to cardiovascular diseases, the review also presents data on the role of ferroptosis in the development of other socially significant diseases, such as COVID-19, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. With the study of ferroptosis, it turned out that ferroptosis participates in the development of bacterial infection associated with the persistence in the host body of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The review summarizes the recent advances in the study of ferroptosis, characterizing this type of cell death as a novel therapeutic target.

Reporting of the «transferred out» outcome leads to significantly worse treatment results of tuberculosis patients treated in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia.The objective: to investigate the patients’ routes that led to reporting of the «transferred out» outcome, and propose measures to reduce the risk of this outcome.Subjects and Methods. We studied the places of registration and routes of 1,496 pulmonary tuberculosis patients registered for treatment in 2019 (new cases and relapses) with the outcome of «transfered out».Results. In the structure of transferred out patients, in 631/1,496 (42.2%) patients, the «transferred out» outcome was associated with their transfer between institutions within the penitentiary system. Additionally 462/1,496 (30.9%) patients were released in the region where they continued their treatment, 85/1,496 (5.7%) were released and moved to a different region, 301/1,496 (20.6%) were released from pre-trial detention , and 10/1,496 (0.6%) left Russia and moved abroad.Conclusion: the procedure should be developed to transfer the information about patients moving within the penitentiary system and beyond it. To motivate the patient immediately after the detection of tuberculosis, it is necessary to conduct individual conversations explaining the nature of the disease, importance and necessity of treatment. Tuberculosis patients in pre-trial detention centers should be provided with leaflets containing information about medical organization where patients can continue treatment, patients released from penitentiary units should be informed about the system of social adaptation and services available for tuberculosis patients.

This study systematically review knowledge about the mechanisms of formation of an inflammatory reaction under the influence of biological, physical, and chemical factors, their similarities and differences, and possible methods of pharmacological correction of pathological conditions associated with excessive activation. The effect of adverse environmental factors, such as biological, physical, and chemical factors, causes a systemic response, which is aimed at maintaining homeostasis and is caused, among other things, by a coordinated reaction of the immune system. Phlogogenic agents result in the activation and regulation of the inflammatory response, which is formed by cellular and humoral components of innate immunity. The activation of innate immunity is characterized by a rapid host response, which diminishes following the elimination of foreign invaders, endogenous killer cells, and neogenesis. Depending on the nature of the active factors (biopathogens, allergens, toxins, ionizing radiation, etc.), the mechanisms of immune response arousal have unique features mainly originating from the differences in the recognition of specific molecular patterns and danger signals by different receptors. However, inflammatory mediators and inflammatory response patterns at the systemic level are largely similar even under widely different triggers. Inflammation, having evolved as an adaptive reaction directed at the immune response, can lead to the development of chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases due to a mismatch in mechanisms of its control. A failure in the regulation of the inflammatory process is the excessive activation of the immune system, which leads to the cytokine release syndrome (hypercytokinemia, or cytokine storm) and can cause self-damage (destruction) of tissues, multiple-organ failure, sepsis, and even death. Modern advances in the study of the pathogenetic bases of the inflammatory response are suggested, such as pharmacological correction using pattern recognition receptor antagonists, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, or blocking of key control genes or signaling pathways.

The objective: to identify promising directions for prevention of HIV incidence mortality on the basis of analysis of changes in HIV situation assessing the effectiveness of interventions in penitentiary units.HIV infection has traditionally been a critical issue for the penitentiary system worldwide and in Russia particularly. Recently, Russia has managed to achieve positive changes in the epidemic situation: by 2020, HIV incidence reduced to 852.8 per 100,000 (including 2,433.6 in remand prisons and 122.8 in correctional institutions); HIV prevalence was 10,512.8 per 100,000; HIV mortality was 98.3 per 100,000; HIV lethality was 0.9 per 100,000 people living with HIV.The proportion of HIV infection as a cause of death decreased from 32.0 in 2016 to 20.5 in 2020. The positive changes developed faster compared to civilian health care and occurred during the growing coverage with antiretroviral therapy which increased from 21.7% in 2014 to 89.6% in 2020. The following problems persist: high prevalence of HIV infection among female inmates (19,275.0 versus 9,769.2 among male inmates per 100,000), the high proportion of HIV/hepatitis C co-infection (49.0%; 95% CI 48.6-49.5), and the low coverage with hepatitis C treatment (0.5% of the total number of persons with co-infection). Promising directions for the prevention of HIV incidence and mortality are related to stable supply of antiretroviral drugs, improved patient adherence to treatment, and expanding treatment for HIV/hepatitis C co-infection.

Objective: To develop a method for calculating erosion rates in the place of contact of filtering structures with cohesive soils. Methods: Previously at the VNIIG n. a. B. E. Vedeneev, hydrodynamic and strength criteria of contact suffusion were established concerning hydraulic structures. However, there were no calculated dependencies for determining the critical Reynolds number and, accordingly, the critical velocity for coarse-grained materials. Through special processing of experimental data on filtration in non-cavity drain fillers of various grades, it was possible to integrate numerous curves into a single one, making it possible to isolate the transient regime boundaries and obtain a formula for the critical Reynolds number. This made it possible to calculate the critical rate. As a result, a formula was obtained for calculating the erosion rate. Results: The calculated dependencies made it possible to determine the critical rate for the filler material and the erosion rate at the contact boundary between the filtering structure and the soil, based on the initial data of the coarse-grained material from which the filtering structures are made, and the characteristics of the soils in which they are built. Practical importance: The proposed calculation method made it possible to: 1) establish whether the manifestations of erosion by the filtration flow are possible in the place of contact of the filtering structure with the soil; 2) develop measures to eliminate erosion. Geotextile material can be laid along the border of the contact of the filtering structure with the soil, or a finer material can be used as a filler in the filtering structure, the actual filtration flow rates in which will be less than the erosional rates. In this case, the erosion rates in the place of contact with the finer material will increase.

The article is devoted to the application of mathematical modeling methods to create prognostic techniques for HIV + tuberculosis coinfection in persons held in institutions of the penitentiary system. The development of progosis models is important for fulfilling the tasks of preventing infectious diseases, improving the quality of medical care and the timeliness of correcting the treatment tactics, as well as improving the organizational measures. The article describes scientific approaches and methods of mathematical modeling used to solve the described problem: regression, correlation, analysis of variance, logistic regression, hierarchy analysis method, expert judgment method, artificial neural network. A brief description of the main prognostic methods is given, the influence of predictive factors on an unfavorable outcome of the disease is defined. The main prognostically unfavorable factors that have the greatest impact on the unfavorable prognosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis (the presence of active HIV-associated diseases, extensive and chronic forms of tuberculosis, the level of CD4 lymphocytes, high viral load of HIV, and others) are presented. It is concluded that the increase in the incidence of HIV-associated tuberculosis has led to the development of new effective prediction methods in the case of this co-infection. Key words: HIV infection, tuberculosis, mathematical modeling, forecasting.

A Xenopus maternally expressed gene Germes, whose mRNA associates with germ plasm, has been previously identified. In the present study, the cis- and trans-acting factors that regulate the localization of Germes RNA within the developing oocyte have been characterized. Injection of fluorescently labeled RNA corresponding to various parts of the Germes message demonstrated that the sequence information necessary and sufficient for correct localization in the mitochondrial cloud region of the early oocyte is located in the 3'UTR. A domain rich in CAC motifs identified in the distal part of the 3'UTR was found to be sufficient to mediate RNA localization. Within this domain, one nonessential (a) and two essential (b and c) subdomains were identified. A 37-base region of the c subdomain adjacent to the poly(A) tail was found to be important for localization since its removal from several tested constructs abolished their localization capacity. Analysis of the 3'UTR sequence showed the presence of three different motifs for RNA localization in the oocyte.

The article examines the negative impact of the prison subculture on society, studies the roots of the problem. Protracted communication with bearers of the prison subculture can lead to individual degradation and loss of the ability to cope with the deforming influence of the prison subculture. This contributes to a decrease in the individual cultural and intellectual development and devalues such human values as compassion, love, trust and socially acceptable behavior. Thus, in the focus of the study there was the problem of the prison subculture as a factor of professional deformation of employees of the penal system. At the same time, the subject of research was the prison subculture, and the topic of research was the direct influence of the prison subculture on the professional deformation of penal system employees. As a result of the work carried out, the problems of the prison subculture’s influence of the on society were investigated and measures to counteract its impact on the professional deformation of employees of the penal system were proposed. Key words: prison subculture, society, destructive influence, expansion, socialization.

This paper presents the summarized information on the mechanisms of neuroimmunoendocrine organism reaction to external adverse impacts (irrespective of their etymology), and on the key elements in these reactions development. It is found that adverse external factors are responsible for a change of an organisms functional state, involving neuroendocrinal and immune systems in the (stress) reaction formation. Neuroendocrinal and immune systems act like coordinators of the intersystemic and interorgan relations in the setting of both adaptive and pathological processes. The combination of feed-forward and feedback (positive and negative) connections controlled by hormones, neuromediators, neuropeptides, cytokines and their corresponding receptors, serves as the basis of neuroendocrinal and immune systems interaction. Through mediators and hormones, the neuroendocrinal system modulates the immune system, and the latter can modulate functions of the former due to its cytokine network. Along with humoral mechanisms, the vagal nerve which enables the reflectory control of immunity, is the key component of the system providing the functional unity of nervous and immune system. The conversion of immune signals to neural ones is done through activation of vagal afferent fibers by proinflammatory cytokines, whereas its efferent fibers, forming the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, ensure the descending central nervous system effects which prevent the hyperactivation of innate and adaptive immune reactions. The body balance control is based on the integrative activity of nervous, endocrinal and immune systems both under normal and pathological conditions (traumas, infections, stress, physical and chemical exposures, etc). The systematization of information about the coordinated neuroimmunoendocrine interaction provides background for theoretical underpinning of the upcoming trends in search of means and ways to correct the negative influence of adverse external factors on a living organism.

Aim. To create a new prognostic index that allows screening and predicting the development of tuberculosis in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), from among the suspects, accused, convicts, and assessment of how an additional diagnostic criterion can become a justification for additional preventive and anti-epidemic measures. Methods. A mathematical model was developed by using expert opinions and applying the logical-mathematical approach of hierarchical analysis. It includes characteristics and criteria described in the modern scientific literature that does not exclude the presence of active tuberculosis or cause its unfavorable course in HIV-infected patients. The research was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the weighting coefficients of the predictors used were calculated, and a prognostic index was created. At the second stage, the technique was applied in practice. As a result of the study in the observation group, which consisted of 157 clinical cases, the probability of tuberculosis was calculated by using the statistical grouping method. Results. A model for calculating the prognostic index of the development of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection has been developed. Based on the example of patients held in prisons, a graphical method is proposed for assessing the possibility of development/absence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals, depending on the value of the prognostic index. In the practical application of the developed prognostic index, tuberculosis was diagnosed in 37 patients, and plans of preventive measures were developed in 120 patients. Conclusion. The developed method of screening and predicting the development of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection makes it possible to improve the timeliness of diagnosis of tuberculosis in the early stages and to determine the need for additional preventive or anti-epidemic measures during the work to counter the spread of this disease in the institutions of the Federal Penitentiary Service.

Anaplastic pancreatic carcinoma is a very rare histological subtype of pancreatic cancer, which is characterized by a more aggressive course than for conventional ductal adenocarcinoma. In this article, we consider the features of the clinical course, the difficulties of diagnosis in connection with the absence of pathognomonic signs of pancreatic cancer, and the morphological picture of this disease in a patient 60 years of age. This clinical case clearly demonstrates the complexities of the pancreatic carcinoma diagnosis, fast disease progression, and extremely unfavorable prognosis. It is important for clinicians to remember that this pathology often has a subclinical course, and the oncomarker levels are not always true.

It is shown that, when calculating the trajectories of the motion of polydisperse solid particles in two-phase flows, it is necessary to take into account the time of their dynamic relaxation. A universal dependence of the relaxation time for the particle-deposition rate on its size and density, as well as on the parameters of the dispersion medium, is obtained. An analysis of the relative errors in the approximation of tabular data of the Rayleigh curve by the Adamov and Rosenbaum–Todes formulas, which showed an average approximation deviation of 7–9%, is carried out. New formulas are proposed with optimized empirical coefficients, showing an average relative error of less than 1%. The influence of the velocity of the vertical flow of the medium on the time of dynamic relaxation of solid particles is analyzed. It is noted that, for particles moving in velocity regions close to the speed of their movement, their relaxation time tends to zero. It is proposed for a moving dispersed flow to construct a generalized graph of relative time versus relative speed and, from it, find the time of dynamic relaxation of particles.

Autopsy data from 80 patients who died of the COVID-19 infection were analysed. Using macro- and microscopic studies, specific features of pathological processes in various organs were identified. The obtained experimental data, along with information from literature sources, allowed conclusions to be drawn about the mechanisms of damaging internal organs and body systems, as well as assumptions to be made about individual links in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The thanatogenesis of the disease and the main causes of death are discussed, including acute cardiopulmonary failure, acute renal failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, shock involving multiple organ failure and sepsis. The critical importance of autopsy is emphasized, which provides valuable information on the morphological substrate for this infection closely associated with possible clinical manifestations.

The article discusses the prediction of the bearing capacity of driven piles on argillite-like clays and sandstones of the Permian age. The methodology was developed and field tests of piles were performed; the aspects of the formation of the bearing capacity of piles are revealed; and recommendations are formulated for the design of foundations on bases composed of of argillite-like clays and sandstones. The results can serve as a reference for the preliminary assessment of the bearing capacity of driven piles embedded in semi-rocky soils without conducting expensive and time-consuming field trials.

This paper describes an experimental study pertaining to laser ignition of igniters of liquid rocket engines operating on such propellants as O $$_{2g}$$ + kerosene, O $$_{2g}$$ + ethanol, and O $$_{2g}$$ + H $$_{2g}$$ , and to how they ignite the propellant of a model combustion chamber. A quartz fiber based optical device is described, which allows for multiple ignition of the igniter and the combustion chamber without replacing the device. This study also touches upon possible types of pulsed lasers used in the laser ignition system, a fiber-optic laser igniter that remain hermetic and operable at a combustion chamber pressure of up to 10 MPa and more than 100 ignition cycles.

Amethod of calculating pressure losses during pneumatic transport with the objective of choosing the most efficient operating mode, which allows reducing the consumption of compressed air, is observed. It has been found that the generally used formulas for calculating pressure losses along the path, determined as the sum of the pressure losses for pure gas and material, do not explain why the initial pressure losses decrease with increasing air flow rate, and their further growth. The importance of considering changes of air density and air flow velocity along the length of the pipe, as well as the necessity of considering the blockage of part of the pipeline cross section with material in case of high concentrations, is shown. It is proposed to determine the pressure losses using the Bernoulli equation in integral form, for example, using the eight nodes Gauss method. The applicability of the method of calculating both straight and inclined sections of pipelines is established. The experimental results of researching and analyzing the proposed isothermal model in a vacuum pneumatic transport laboratory facility are given. An example of calculating the pressure losses for an industrial pneumatic transport system with a pipe length of 450 m and an inner diameter of 147 mm at various expendable concentrations of material is shown.

The problem of improving foundation bases in strongly deformable and structurally unstable soils is examined. A design is proposed for a sand cushion reinforced with horizontal geosynthetic elements. The results of the operation of the proposed structure with basal soil as well as approaches to determining the maximum resistance force and the deformation of a base improved by such a structure are presented.

Aim. To study the current state of the epidemic status of co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis in penitentiary facilities and to predict its further development. Methods. The material for the study was the data of departmental forms of medical statistical reporting for the period from 2005 to 2018. Results. It has been established that the epidemic status of tuberculosis in the penitentiary system institutions is improving, reflected by a decrease in mortality rate over the study period by more than 90%. However, over the study period, the incidence of co-infection of HIV and tuberculosis in penitentiary institutions increased by 3.9 times, and the prevalence by more than 2.5 times. This trend is largely due to the growth of epidemiological indicators of HIV infection. This confirms the established fact that the proportion of HIV-infected people among people followed up with active tuberculosis increased by almost 10 times. Currently, more than one in three newly diagnosed patients with active tuberculosis is infected with HIV. Along with this, the proportion of cases with drug resistance is growing among bacillary patients with active tuberculosis. Conclusion. The increase in the number of people with co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis raises doubts on further favorable prognosis for the development of the epidemic situation on tuberculosis both in penitentiary institutions and in the Russian Federation as a whole: an epidemic potential is emerging for an even more complex problem HIV-associated tuberculosis with drug resistance.

Zirconium oxide samples synthesized and modified with Al, Si, W oxides were studied as dehydrating components of bifunctional catalysts for synthesis of dimethyl ether. ZrO2 modified with Al and Si oxides is inactive in the dehydration of methanol, but its dehydrating activity becomes comparable with the activity of γ-Al2O3 upon introduction of WO3. According to the data on methanol adsorption at 46°C, the adsorption capacity of ZrO2 modified with SiO2 is comparable with the capacity of γ-Al2O3, and that of ZrO2 modified with WO3 is four times lower. The difference in the catalytic and adsorption behavior of the samples is accounted for by the data of in situ high-temperature diffuse reflection IR spectroscopy. A high content of weak Bronsted acid centers is observed on the ZrO2 surface, with the interaction of these with methanol resulting in the methoxylation of the catalyst surface. When W oxide is deposited onto zirconium oxide, the surface has strong Bronsted centers involved in the reaction of methanol dehydration. A coprecipitation from solution of nitrate salts of Cu, Zn, La with Na carbonate, followed by the procedures of filtration, washing, and thermal treatment, yielded a catalyst for synthesis of methanol, the activity of which is close to that of the industrial catalyst.

The article analyzes the diagnosis and treatment of anti-GBM antibody disease (Goodpasture's syndrome) - a rare, severe progressive disease, associated with anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. The main problem of this pathology is late diagnosis, resulted in ineffective treatment. The article provides current information on the epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome, as well as clinical case of a patient with this rare disease.

An important element of the explanation why an entrepreneur carries out high-risk transactions is the evaluation and analysis of her or his inner qualities. Thus, there is a need to identify the connection between entrepreneurial risk and capital. At the regional level, there is an ongoing academic discussion as to who the carrier of entrepreneurial capital is and how this capital can be measured and evaluated in view of its direct influence on the business environment and economic growth opportunities of a certain territory. This article presents the findings of a study into the complex structure of the concept of regional entrepreneurial capital and establishes how this concept is connected with such categories as entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurial substance, and entrepreneurial ability. Using an estimate of the number of economic entities (individual entrepreneurs and farmers; small, medium, and large enterprises) per 1,000 population, the study demonstrates cross-regional differences in entrepreneurial activity as a manifestation of entrepreneurial capital, including those in the Northwestern Federal District.

Existing methods of human psychophysiological states identification are either contact, or do not allow a test without the active involvement of a subject in this procedure. The use of thermal imaging systems has number of advantages: the lack of physical contact with the system, and the fact that temperature is a reliable indicator of health. In the work a new feature space consisting of 465 features divided into static (mean values in each face and neck area, correlation of temperatures between areas in each frame) and dynamic (ratio or correlation of temperatures between areas for subsequent frames) groups is proposed. The evaluation of the informativeness of the obtained features for psychophysiological state recognition is provided. The most informative features were found. Several classifiers were tested: a perceptron-type neural network, a network of quadratic forms, as well as a modified Bayes hypothesis formula, which showed the best result. The predicted probability of errors is less than 0.005.

Clinical features of overlap autoimmune hepatitis/primary biliary cholangitis and morphological-proved sarcoid lesions (lungs, lymph nodes, skin) were performed. Data of long-term clinical observation presented in comparison with the results of laboratory datas, instrumental and morphological studies of liver tissue, lungs, skin. The modern aspects of pathogenesis of association autoimmune and granulomatous diseases arediscussed on the example of clinical cases of combination of cholestatic variants of autoimmune hepatitis and generalized sarcoidosis. Keywords: sarcoidosis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis-autoimmune hepatitis-overlap, extrahepatic manifestations.

Aim. To create a model for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development at the steatosis stage in visceral obesity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension (HTN).Material and methods. The study included male patients with coronary artery disease, stable angina and hypertension: experimental group — 75 patients, control group — 38 patients. All patients underwent an anthropometric assessment, visualization and measurement of the intraabdominal fat thickness (AIFT) and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) by ultrasound, and echocardiography. The liver state was assessed using clinical and functional biochemical tests and ultrasound. Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism parameters was also evaluated. The influence of each of the studied indicators on NAFLD development was determined using the factor and correlation analysis.Results. We created a mathematical model for predicting the NAFLD at the steatosis stage. Using significant variables (body mass index (BMI), EFT, AIFT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) value), a regression model was created. There was following resulting regression equation: prognostic index K= -24,9+0,81 хBMI+1,06хEFT+0,02хAIGT+0,6хLVPWT-1,07хHOMA-IR. To test the developed model, a double-blind randomized study was performed. At K15,38 — as high. Values from 9,37 to 15,38 are considered intermediate.Conclusion. During the study, an original model was developed to calculate the likelihood of NAFLD development. The resulting model with the assessment of risk factors in patients with CAN and HTN with visceral obesity can be used to plan a prevention strategy. Patented invention №2718325RU dated 01.04.2020.

The article discusses the relevance of the information systems metrological support. The information systems that are related to human security in society were studied. The article analyzes the problem of the criminal subculture development in society and the possibility of metrological support for its estimation. That problem has been studied on the example of the information system for assessing the criminal subculture in the penal system of the Russian Federation development. A metrological study has been carried out. A point system has been created for parameters that characterize the level of the criminal subculture evolution. The use of the method of expert assessments in the experiments is proposed, which significantly increases the level of reliability of research results.