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Virgin olive oil (VOO) quality is defined by both chemical and sensory parameters. While the chemical parameters are objective and measured using instrument-based methods, sensory quality evaluation is based upon human panels, which can be subjective, have less repeatability, suffer from fatigue, and require long and costly training. Tasting biases could be minimized by a trained panel, but using humans as a testing instrument is inevitably prone to various psychological biases, stimulus-related factors, and carry-over effects. The objectives of this study were to evaluate instrumental methodologies that will assist the existing human panel in assessing the sensory characteristics of VOO and to develop chemistry-based predicting models for sensory properties in the oil using VOO samples originating from the US and Israel. Our results indicated that oil rancidity highly correlated with the contents of chemical components contents; 1-penten-3-one, 3-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-pentanal, and 1-octen-3-ol are the major volatiles associated with rancidity defects (low concentrations of these compounds). Positive sensory attributes, such as fruitiness, correlated with 1- acetoxypinoresinol and hexanal, while bitterness correlated with pinoresinol, the aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycones, and the dialdehydic form of oleuropein aglycone. The random forest model suggested that luteolin, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-penten-3-one, and C18:0 are the most useful measurements in predicting the occurrence of sensory defects in the olive oil samples included. In other words, when these compounds are below or above a certain threshold, a defect, such as rancidity, is more likely to be found by the sensory panel.

INTRODUCTION: Olive oil is a widely recognized and appreciated food commodity, its quality and health benefits can be compromised when the oil goes through oxidative processes that may occur during production and storage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the olive genotype on polar phenolic content after seven months of storage. METHODS: Oil produced from eight different olive cultivars (Leccino, Leccio del Corno, Moraiolo, Frantoio, Bianchera, Pendolino, Maurino, and Caninese) grown in southern Tuscany, Italy, were subjected to chemical analysis such as free fatty acids, peroxide value, K232 and K268, phenolics and UPLC-DAD at the beginning of the trial (Control) and seven months later (Stored). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Free fatty acids, peroxide values, K232 and K268, significantly increased, suggesting heightened hydrolysis and oxidation after storage. A cultivar effect was observed, with Leccino, Moraiolo, and Pendolino showing less susceptibility to oxidation (low differences between Control and Stored). In contrast, others (Bianchera and Caninese) are more affected (higher differences between Control and Stored). Phenolics analysis supports this observation, revealing that samples with higher resistance to oxidation exhibit elevated levels of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. Principal Component Analysis highlights that Bianchera and Caninese cultivars correlate with rutin, tyrosol, and pinoresinol. As this research delves into the intricate relationship between genotype diversity, phenolic composition, and oxidative stability, a nuanced understanding emerges, shedding light on how different cultivars may present varying compositions and concentrations of phenols, ultimately influencing the oils resistance to the oxidation that occurred during storage.

Water stress is a major environmental factor that limits crop production and it is important to develop crop varieties with higher yield under water scarcity. Increased pepper tolerance to water stress through grafting onto robust rootstocks could be an optimal alternative in the context of environmentally friendly agriculture. Our work evaluated the behaviour of 18 pepper genotypes during vegetative and reproductive stages under water stress in order to select tolerant genotypes to be used as rootstocks for pepper cultivation. The pepper tolerance screening was based on photosynthetic parameters. The genotypes Atlante, C-40, Serrano, PI-152225, ECU-973, BOL-58 and NuMex Conquistador were revealed as the most tolerant genotypes to water stress because they maintained net photosynthetic rate levels under water stress conditions. The selected genotypes were validated as rootstocks on a pepper cultivar in terms of productivity under severe water stress. Plants grafted onto cvs Atlante, PI-152225 and ECU-973 showed higher marketable yields when compared with ungrafted cultivar.

Self-regulation strategies and behaviors are important aspects of instrumental music learning because they allow students to set learning goals by testing and controlling their cognition, motivation, behaviors, and emotions. This work investigates the self-regulation processes of four young instrumentalists (aged 10-11 years) in their initial stages of viola and violin learning, during practice with Plectrus, a real-time instrumental intonation training and assessment software. The qualitative-hermeneutical nature of this research employed a multiple case study design to investigate the construct of self-regulation within a software-supported instrumental learning process. Data were collected from the participants' practice diaries over a 4-week period. The final practice session was also analyzed from audio-visual recordings. The results indicate that, despite their limited experience, the students showed a diversity of strategies and behaviors with which they self-regulated their cognitions, motivations, behaviors, and emotions. However, not all the students employed the same processes, and there was variability in the frequency of their use. One of the students showed more self-regulatory processes than the rest and achieved the best scores, although it has not been possible to establish a relationship between the scores and self-regulation.

In this paper, we present a new kind of bifocal kinoform lenses in which the phase distribution is based on the Fibonacci sequence. The focusing properties of these DOEs coined Kinoform Fibonacci lenses (KFLs) are analytically studied and compared with binary-phase Fibonacci lenses (FLs). It is shown that, under monochromatic illumination, a KFL drives most of the incoming light into two single foci, improving in this way the efficiency of the FLs. We have also implemented these lenses with a spatial light modulator. The first images obtained with this type of lenses are presented and evaluated.

AIM: To translate and culturally adapt the FRAIL scale into Spanish and perform a preliminary test of diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to intensive care units. DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic study. METHODS: Five intensive care units (ICU) in Spain were participated. Stage 1: Three native Spanish-speaking bilingual translators familiar with the field of critical care translated the scale from English into Spanish. Stage 2: Three native English-speaking bilingual translators familiar with critical care medicine. Stage 3: Authors of the original scale compared the English original and back-translated versions of the scale. Stage 4: Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the comprehension and relevance of each of the items of the Spanish version in 30 patients of 3 different age ranges (65 years). RESULTS: The FRAIL scale was translated and adapted cross-culturally for patients admitted to intensive care units in Spain. The process consisted of four stages: translation, back translation, comparison and pilot test. There was good correspondence between the original scale and the Spanish version in 100% of the items. The participating patients assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of each of the items of the first Spanish version. The relevance of some of the items scored low when the scale was used in patients younger than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: We have cross-culturally adapted the FRAIL scale, originally in English, to Spanish for its use in the critical care medical setting in Spanish-speaking countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS: Physicians and nurses can apply the new scale to all patients admitted to the intensive care units. Nursing care can be adapted according to frailty, trying to reduce the side effects of admission to these units for the most fragile patients. REPORTING METHOD: The manuscripts authors have adhered to the EQUATOR guidelines, using the COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: In a pilot clinical study, we applied the first version of the FRAIL-Spain scale to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of the five items of the first Spanish version. Relevance was assessed using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no relevance) to 4 (high relevance), and comprehensibility was assessed as poor, acceptable or good. Each health professional applied the scale to three patients (total number of patients = 30) of three different age ranges (65 years) and recorded the time of application of the scale to each patient. Although the frailty scales were initially created by geriatricians to be applied to the elders, there is little experience with their application in critically ill patients of any age. Therefore, more information is needed to determine the relevance of using this scale in critical care patients. In this pilot study, we considered that nurses and critical care physicians should evaluate frailty using this adapted scale in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units.

En este trabajo se presenta una metodología para evaluar la recuperación elástica o springback de chapa de acero inoxidable AISI 304 DDQ basada en la realización de ensayos bajo tensión. A diferencia de los estudios existentes en la literatura, los ensayos realizados son efectuados en condiciones multiaxiales típicas de los procesos de embutición de chapa. Esto afecta fundamentalmente a las tensiones involucradas en el proceso así como al estado de endurecimiento que experimenta el material. La evaluación del springback se ha efectuado en dos áreas diferentes. En la zona de doblado se ha evaluado a partir del factor de recuperación definido como la razón entre el radio de doblado y el radio con el que queda finalmente el material. La zona de doblado y desdoblado se ha evaluado en base a la inversa del radio de curvatura de la chapa en dicha zona y teniendo en cuenta una longitud de arco en función de la relación de deformación practicada en el material. Los resultados encontrados permiten establecer que dentro del rango de valores de ángulo y de radio de doblado experimentados, el springback es independiente de la relación de embutición o de deformación practicada en el material. El radio de doblado tiene poca influencia en el rango de radios ensayados, siendo el ángulo de doblado la variable más significativa. Los resultados obtenidos son contrastados con los medidos en copas embutidas, encontrando un alto grado de concordancia.

Introduction: Healthcare advances have allowed an increase in the survival of paediatric patients with neurological diseases. As a result, it is increasingly common to find these patients in adult neurology consultations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current level of consensus on the transition of neuropaediatric patients among neurology and paediatric professionals in the Balearic Islands. Material and methods: We conducted an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study through an anonymous questionnaire consisting of 27 questions, which was distributed to neurologists, paediatric neurologists, hospital paediatricians, and primary care paediatricians in the healthcare network of the Balearic Islands. It was developed using Google Forms and distributed by the competent professional societies. Consensus was considered to exist for answers with 70% or more agreement. Results: Responses were received from 58 professionals; 46.6% were hospital paediatricians, 29.9% were neurologists, 13.8% were paediatric neurologists, and 13.8% were primary care paediatricians. Among other issues, consensus was observed on the need for a transition programme for patients with neurological diseases. No consensus was observed regarding the duration of the transition (P=.029) and how long simultaneous follow-up must last after the transfer (P=.09). Conclusions: Due to increased survival rates, there is a need to create transition programmes for paediatric patients with neurological diseases. In our study, more than 70% of professionals believed that it would be beneficial to create such programmes. Resumen: Introducción: Los avances sanitarios han permitido un aumento de la supervivencia de pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades neurológicas. Por ello, cada vez es más frecuente encontrarlos en consultas de neurología de adultos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el nivel de consenso actual sobre la transición del paciente neuropediátrico entre los profesionales de la neurología y de la pediatría de nuestra comunidad autónoma. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal a través de una encuesta anónima que consta de 27 preguntas realizada a neurólogos, neuropediatras, pediatras hospitalarios y pediatras de atención primaria de la red sanitaria de las Islas Baleares. Se ha llevado a cabo mediante un formulario Google y la difusión se ha realizado a través de las sociedades profesionales correspondientes. Se considera que existe consenso en aquellas respuestas que han obtenido el 70% o más de coincidencia. Resultados: Han respondido 58 participantes, donde el 46,6% son pediatras hospitalarios, 29,9% neurÓlogos, 13,8% neuropediatras y 13,8% pediatras de atención primaria. Se ha alcanzado consenso, entre otras cuestiones, en la necesidad de un programa de transición para pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas. No se ha alcanzado en la duración de la transición (p = 0,029) y cuánto tiempo tiene que durar el seguimiento simultáneo tras la transferencia (p = 0,09). Conclusiones: Debido a la mayor supervivencia de los pacientes pediátricos con enfermedades neurológicas se plantea la necesidad de crear programas de transición para estos pacientes. En nuestro estudio más del 70% de los profesionales cree que sería beneficioso formar programas de transición.

El radio de entrada a la matriz se considera una de las zonas críticas en los procesos de conformado de chapa mediante embutición profunda. El análisis de la fuerza de fricción y de doblado existentes resulta importante para predecir el comportamiento de la chapa en dicha zona, así como para garantizar una lubricación adecuada a las condiciones de procesado. En el presente trabajo, se aplica un método de ensayo que evalúa las acciones en el proceso de doblado del acero AISI 304 DDQ bajo condiciones similares a las que sufre el material en los procesos de embutición y que no son reproducidas por los clásicos ensayos de doblado bajo tensión. Se establecen como variables la deformación experimentada previamente por el material en condiciones típicas de cortante puro, “pure shear”, el ángulo de doblado y el radio de doblado. Los resultados obtenidos permiten establecer la presión de contacto herramienta-chapa, creciente con el ángulo de doblado y decreciente con el radio. Aunque dichos resultados guardan tendencias similares a los obtenidos de forma analítica, aconsejan introducir correcciones con el fin de conseguir mayor grado de concordancia del método analítico.

Los aceros microaleados pueden suministrarse endurecidos. En estos casos, aunque el acero sea soldable, puede dar lugar a índices de soldabilidad que pueden ser mejorables con tratamientos térmicos de precalentamiento y/o tratamientos post-soldeo. En el presente trabajo se analiza el efecto del precalentamiento, soldeo multipasada y postcalentamiento en uniones GMAW del acero HARDOX 400. Se realizan análisis macro y microestructurales de las zonas características de la unión y del comportamiento mecánico de la misma en función de las variables indicadas. Los resultados obtenidos indican el efecto beneficioso del precalentamiento debido al alejamiento de la zona de menor dureza en la ZAT respecto al borde del cordón. También se demuestra que el precalentamiento aumenta el índice de heterogeneidad de la unión, lo que mejora su comportamiento a fatiga, tal y como demuestran algunos autores. El tratamiento térmico postsoldeo también presenta un efecto beneficioso ya que refuerza ligeramente la zona de menor dureza de la ZAT y favorece la plasticidad en la rotura. El efecto beneficioso del tratamiento postsoldeo es mayor en uniones soldadas con precalentamiento. La soldadura multipasada no presenta ninguna mejora destacable frente al soldeo en pasada única.

La embutibilidad de un material se establece en función de indicadores normalizados, como son los índices de anisotropía y de acritud, que suelen determinarse en condiciones diferentes a las de conformado. Por otro lado, también es muy frecuente determinar la embutibilidad de los materiales mediante ensayos simulativos, que no separan las diferentes variables que actúan en el proceso como, por ejemplo, la dirección de laminación. En el presente trabajo se utiliza un ensayo con matriz en forma de cuña para determinar el coeficiente de endurecimiento y de anisotropía en función de la dirección de laminación para diferentes deformaciones en condiciones similares a las de tracción-compresión biaxial existentes en la zona del ala de un proceso de embutición profunda. El material estudiado es acero inoxidable AISI 304 con calidad de embutición. También se establece la influencia existente para estados de acritud inicial diferentes, laminación y tracción biaxial. Los resultados obtenidos permiten establecer la validez del ensayo realizado desde el punto de vista de la deformación que impone al material. También, se demuestra el efecto predominante de la acritud inicial del material frente al provocado en condiciones multiaxiales de embutición y se establece la variación del coeficiente de anisotropía del material con la deformación de embutición para la dirección coincidente con la de laminación del material.

Author(s): José Miguel Esparza Miñana (corresponding author) [1,2,3]; Guido Mazzinari [3,4]; Jose Emilio Llopis-Calatayud [5,6]; Germán Cerdá-Olmedo [7] INTRODUCTION Painful shoulder is one of the most frequent consultations in primary [...], Background and Aims: Painful shoulder is one of the most frequent consultation causes. Multiple treatments have been described to relieve pain, restore range of motion and improve functionality. Methods: This randomised clinical trial was conducted in 60 patients. The treatment group received combined pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) on suprascapular nerve (SN) and axillary-circumflex nerve (ACN). The control group received PRF on SN only. The primary outcome was pain intensity measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). The secondary outcomes were the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the Constant-Murley range of motion scale and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale. The patients were monitored at the baseline visit and at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. A mixed ordinal regression model was estimated to evaluate the association between the study group and pain measured with NRS. Results: A global decrease in pain at the end of the study was noted. The global baseline NRS was 8.4, and the global final NRS at 9 months of follow-up was 6.2. Combined PRF on SN and ACN was not associated with lower NRS pain scores compared to single SN PRF [odds ratio (OR) =1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.20, P = 0.507]. Secondary outcomes showed no significant differences: SPADI (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.92-1.18), Constant-Murley (OR = 1.01, 95% CI 0.90-1.14), DASH (OR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.92-1.17). Conclusion: Combined PRF applied to SN and ACN was not superior to PRF applied to SN alone. Keywords: Axillary-circumflex nerve, pulsed radiofrequency, shoulder pain, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, suprascapular nerve

This study clinically evaluated the efficacy of two different home tooth-whitening protocols to determine which one is more effective by applying the whitening gel every 48 hours or every 72 hours for 6 weeks. The differences in tooth sensitivity were also analyzed. A sample of 72 patients were randomly divided into four groups: In group A (n = 24), 16% carbamide peroxide (Pola Night, SDI Limited) was applied every 48 hours for 6 weeks; in group B (n = 24), 16% carbamide peroxide was applied every 72 hours for 6 weeks; in group C (control; n = 12), a placebo gel without peroxide (glycerin gel) was applied every 48 hours for 6 weeks; and in group D (control; n = 12), a placebo gel without peroxide (glycerin gel) was applied every 72 hours for 6 weeks. To compare the groups, color measurements were made using a spectrophotometer. For statistical analysis, ANOVA with Bonferroni test was used. The confidence interval (CI) was set at 95% (P ≤ .05). No statistically significant differences were found between applying 16% carbamide peroxide every 48 hours and every 72 hours for 6 weeks (P > .05). The study concluded that 16% carbamide peroxide was equally effective when applied using both protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a dearth of knowledge regarding the relationship between engaging in moderate and vigorous physical activity and long-term sickness absence (LTSA), particularly among various population subgroups such as individuals of different ages or body mass indices. We aimed to evaluate the prospective associations of moderate and vigorous leisure-time physical activity with the risk of LTSA in the general working population. Methods: A prospective cohort study with a 2-year register follow-up was conducted, where 68,222 representative workers from Denmark completed a questionnaire about work environment, lifestyle, and health. Data on LTSA (≥6 consecutive weeks of sickness absence) were obtained from the Danish Register for Evaluation of Marginalization. We used Cox regression for the statistical analysis, adjusting for relevant confounding factors. We also performed age- and BMI-stratified analyses. Results: In the fully adjusted model, 2 to 4 hours per week of moderate activity (hazard ratios [HR] = 0.87; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.99) and ≥2 hours per week of vigorous activity reduced LTSA risk compared with no physical activity. However, 2 to 4 hours per week of vigorous activity (HR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.91) provided the greatest risk reduction. In the total sample, the complete absence of vigorous activity was associated with increased risk of LTSA (HR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.22). In stratified analyses, the results were consistent for workers <50 years (HR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.26), ≥50 years (HR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.26), and those with a BMI ≥ 25 (HR = 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.28). The complete absence of moderate activity was not associated with LTSA. Conclusion: Vigorous leisure-time physical activity appears to be more important than moderate activity to prevent LTSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el comportamiento del acero inoxidable AISI 304 DDQ durante un proceso de deformación típico del conformado de chapa por embutición, tracción-compresión biaxial (T-CC), determinando la evolución microestructural mediante microscopía óptica y EBSD. Se ha establecido la validez del análisis efectuado por EBSD para las condiciones de deformación consideradas en este trabajo. Se ha analizado la influencia de la dirección de laminación y de la deformación equivalente sobre los mapas de orientación cristalina, diagramas de desorientación y figuras de polos inversa, determinando que las desorientaciones de ángulo bajo obtenidas en muestras deformadas a 0°, 45°, y 90° respecto a la dirección de laminación del material presentan una correlación inversa con la anisotropía normal del material. También se ha estudiado la influencia del preestirado en condiciones de tensión uniaxial sobre las características microestructurales del material deformado en condiciones de tracción-compresión biaxial. Este estudio revela que el gradiente de desorientaciones intragranulares producidas en la deformación depende en gran medida de las condiciones iniciales del material; siendo dicho gradiente menor en las muestras con acritud inicial. El análisis de desorientaciones de ángulo alto (>15°) revela la existencia de la variación de la distribución del carácter del límite de grano con la deformación.

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el comportamiento tribológico de los aceros inoxidables austeníticos 304 con acabado brillante BA (ASTM A 240), 304 DDQ y 316 con acabado mate 2B, en sistemas de contacto plano, con el fin de simular el rozamiento en la zona del flanco en los procesos de embutición de acero inoxidable. Para ello, se ha estudiado la influencia del acabado superficial del acero, la velocidad de deslizamiento y la presión normal sobre el coeficiente de rozamiento, utilizando un ensayo de fricción con matrices planas. Los ensayos se han realizado con aceite mineral de 200 cst, grasa de bisulfuro de molibdeno y en seco. En presencia de aceite, se ha establecido una correlación de m con la velocidad de deslizamiento y la presión de contacto con comportamiento fuertemente adhesivo en las condiciones de lubricación límite consideradas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la grasa de bisulfuro de molibdeno disminuye en un 50 % los valores del coeficiente de rozamiento. Se ha constatado una menor tendencia al gripado para la calidad 316 caracterizada por una mayor dureza superficial. El rozamiento experimentado bajo las condiciones más severas va acompañado de un relevante efecto plowing con un endurecimiento superficial importante del acero.

La pancreatitis autoinmune es una enfermedad recientemente caracterizada y que en la actualidad constituye un reto diagnóstico especialmente su diferenciación con el cáncer de páncreas. Su evolución a largo plazo es poco conocida, presentándose un caso estudiado a lo largo de 14 años y mostrando su evolución clínica, bioquímica y morfológica. Paciente mujer de 54 años que debuta con un cuadro de ictericia obstructiva y molestias abdominales inespecíficas y constatación en la TAC de un aumento de la cabeza del páncreas, todo ello sugestivo de neoplasia de páncreas. Fue intervenida evidenciándose un aumento difuso de todo el páncreas descartándose malignidad intraoperatoriamente, realizando únicamente colecistectomía y coledocoduodenostomía, quedando diagnosticada entonces como pancreatitis crónica. Durante los años posteriores fueron apareciendo diferentes procesos autoinmunes como asma, sialoadenitis y colangitis esclerosante secundaria, así como episodios recurrentes de ictericia e insuficiencia pancreática endocrina y exocrina. La aparición de estas complicaciones y la detección de niveles séricos elevados de IgG4 y de anticuerpos antianhidrasa carbónica II condujo a la reevaluación de la histología inicial concluyendo finalmente con el diagnóstico de pancreatitis autoinmune al evidenciarse una infiltración linfocitaria y plasmacitaria IgG4+, así como fibrosis y flebitis obliterativa. En los últimos años se ha añadido a las anteriores complicaciones una fibrosis retroperitoneal con hipertensión portal, varices esofágicas y esplenomegalia.Autoimmune pancreatitis is a recently characterized disease that still constitutes a diagnostic challenge, especially regarding differential diagnosis from neoplasia. Long-term outcome is poorly known. We herein report a case of a patient with autoimmune pancreatitis and 14 years of follow-up, and show its clinical, biochemical, and morphological characteristics. A 54-year-old female presented with obstructive jaundice and abdominal tenderness, as well as a mass at the pancreatic head on a CT scan, suggestive of pancreatic neoplasia. Surgery showed an increase of the whole pancreas, malignancy was intraoperatively ruled out, and a cholecystectomy and choledochoduodenostomy were carried out. The diagnosis was chronic pancreatitis. Over the following years different autoimmune complications developed, including asthma, salivary gland swelling, and sclerosing cholangitis, as well as recurrent episodes of jaundice, and exocrine and endocrine pancreatic failure. The development of these complications combined with the demonstration of high serum levels of IgG4 and carbonic anhydrase II led to a re-evaluation of the initial histology of the pancreas, leading to a final diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis: IgG4+ lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates, fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis. New complications developed during the last few years: retroperitoneal fibrosis with portal hypertension, esophageal varices, and splenomegaly.