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19 Pags.- 5 Figs.- 5 Tabls. © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Under a Creative Commons license Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)., National accounting either ignores or fails to give due values to the ecosystem services, products, incomes and environmental assets of a country. To overcome these shortcomings, we apply spatially-explicit extended accounts that incorporate a novel environmental income indicator, which we test in the forests of Andalusia (Spain). Extended accounts incorporate nine farmer activities (timber, cork, firewood, nuts, livestock grazing, conservation forestry, hunting, residential services and private amenity) and seven government activities (fire services, free access recreation, free access mushroom, carbon, landscape conservation, threatened biodiversity and water yield). To make sure the valuation remains consistent with standard accounts, we simulate exchange values for non-market final forest product consumption in order to measure individual ecosystem services and environmental income indicators. Manufactured capital and environmental assets are also integrated. When comparing extended to standard accounts, our results are 3.6 times higher for gross value added. These differences are explained primarily by the omission in the standard accounts of carbon activities and undervaluation of private amenity, free access recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity ecosystem services. Extended accounts measure a value of Andalusian forest ecosystem services 5.4 times higher than that measured using the valuation criteria of standard accounts., This RECAMAN project research has received financial support from Agency of Environment and Water (AMAYA); Department of Environment and Territory Planning (CMAYOT) (contract No NET165602).

National accounting either ignores or fails to give due values to a country´s ecosystem services, products, total income and environmental asset variations. To overcome these shortcomings, we develop a spatially-explicit extended ecosystem accounting framework, which we test in the Mediterranean forests of Andalusia (Spain). This framework goes beyond the production boundary of standard national accounting by considering four private activities (forestry, hunting, residential and private amenity) and six public activities (mushroom, carbon, water, recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity). To keep valuation consistent with standard accounts, we simulate exchange values for non-market goods and services. Manufactured capital and environmental assets are also integrated. Upon comparing extended to standard accounts, our results are 3.7 and 2.9 higher for gross value added and total income, respectively. These differences are explained primarily by the undervaluation of recreation, landscape and threatened biodiversity, and the omission of private amenity, carbon and water activities in standard accounts. Extended accounts, with their implementation of simulated exchange values, demonstrate that standard accounts measures only 17% of Andalusian forest ecosystem services.

This study primarily aimed to contrast the potential relationships between innovation and market concentration. Thus, the relationship between innovation and the European wood industry market structure was analysed. An empirical model was assessed through panel techniques, wherein the wood industry market structure was explained through business-related variables and additional variables associated with generating innovation. The primary conclusion of this study with respect to the European wood industry is that R&D spending and R&D personnel are key factors in explaining market concentration. However, the influence of these variables may be affected by the initial degree of market concentration in the industry.

Aim of study: Game species are considered a scarce natural resource and therefore they are subject to economic analysis. Current studies on factors affecting big game trends have mostly emphasized the impact of ecological supply variables. This study intends to expand this analysis by considering two important supply and demand economic parameters.Area of study: We use big game hunting in Spain from 1972 until 2007 as a case study since it has an important role in the European hunting activity. Material and Methods: Different linear models were fitted to explain big game harvest as a function of two parameters not previously used: hunting grounds areas and big game firearm hunting licenses.Main results: Our main results show that up to 1989 the decrease in the area of open access territories significantly explains the increase in big game harvests, and that afterwards, once the hunting property rights were strengthen in most of the Spanish territory, the number of big game firearm licenses best explain big game harvests increments.Research highlights: This work shows an upward trend in Spanish harvests of big game, which can be attributed in part to (1) a shift to the right of big game demand, measured by an increase in big game firearm licenses, and (2) a change in the nature of big game supply (from a backward to an ordinary upward supply curve) due to the strengthening of hunting property rights of Spanish hunting grounds.Keywords: hunting license; firearm license; hunting bag; hunting sector; property rights; wildlife.

This paper uses a logit model to quantify the probability of generating technological innovations in a representative sample of firms belonging to the wood-based industry in Spain (lumber and wood products, pulp and paper, and wooden furniture). Special attention has been paid to the incidence of environmental and quality strategies in firms as being determinant factors of innovation. Econometric results have indicated that these two strategies have increased innovation generation in the wood-based industry. In general, environmental and quality strategies tend to exert positive effects on the specific innovation activities of firms, in spite of the fact that a substitution relationship was found between the existence of quality management systems and R&D subsidies.

Research has addressed the valuation of hunting and game species according to their extractive value, using both market and non-market methodologies. This study provides a new perspective to estimate environmental prices of game animals based on game hunting leases, population dynamics, the assumption of a steady state, and the use of the residual valuation method. This, in turn, allows the calculation of the contribution of game animal stock to total income from hunting and the value of game animal stock by species, sex, and age. These values are estimated in a manner that is consistent with the exchange value of national accounts, allowing improvement of game species valuation in ecosystem accounting., This study is framed within the RECAMAN-Project (Contract NET165602), funded by the Andalusia Regional Government and the Agency for Water and Environment in Andalusia

This paper intends to analyze the relationship between productive efficiency and innovation activity in Spain's wood-based industry. The methodology includes two levels of analysis. First, a non-parametric technique (data envelopment analysis, DEA) is applied with several inputs and outputs associated to economic and financial data. In a second stage, a logistic regression model explores the relationship between the property of efficiency and innovation activity indicators. This approach is used to analyze a set of firms in the following sectors: lumber and wood products, pulp and paper and wood furniture. Results do not show the existence of significant links between firm's efficiency and innovation activities. This outcome is consistent with a low firm priority toward R&D as a means to achieve competitiveness and an innovation strategy followed by many Spanish firms based on the acquisition of embodied technology available in international markets. In order to improve competitiveness in the long run, efforts should be made by Spanish wood-based firms to increase their production of in-house technologies.

Current EC nitrogen legislation stipulates for the non-sensitive areas a preventive approach via the development of ‘best management practices’ (BMPs) within a context of voluntary implementation. Under existing technologies, the adoption of BMPs leads to economic losses. A crop simulation model (NTRM) and a mathematical mixed multi-objective programming model (NISE) are used to assess the effects of nitrogen price increase and drainage water reduction in inducing adoption of BMPs. The model shows that increasing nitrogen price cannot be used to stimulate farmers to adopt BMPs. On the other hand, imposing a tax on drainage water could lead to a reduction of up to 37% on the quantity of nitrogen leached with a decreased of only 1·5% in gross margin. However, above this level, drainage water is no longer a useful instrument to reduce and control nitrogen losses, and could lead to inefficient solutions in terms of gross margin and nitrates pollution.

This study presents a methodology to assess on-farm costs of reducing nitrogen leachate through ‘best management practices’ (BMP). A simulation as well as a linear multi-objective programming model was used linking environmental and economic data. The Non-Inferior Set Estimation method is used to generate the extreme efficient pts for the problem considered. The BMP for every level of admissible nitrogen pollution are elicited. Results show that the adoption of the BMP may lead to considerable economic losses for farmers. This implies that the BMP will not be accepted by farmers unless targeted subsidies are allocated to avoid their incurring losses. The methodology used in this paper provides a powerful instrument to link economic to environmental objectives. However, the sensitivity of the results to the type of crops considered as well as to weather and soil conditions should be kept in mind.

This article analyzes the impact of the expansion of forest plantations on the world forestry sector. The transition process from a resource-base to a science-base wood production system is described and the main factors conditioning actual wood production world wide are also identified. A simple analytical framework is used to analyze the potential contribution of intensive plantations and technical change to world wood supply and the conservation of forest resources. Este artículo analiza las repercusiones de la expansión de los cultivos forestales sobre el sector forestal mundial. Se describe, en primer lugar, el proceso de transición de unos sistemas de producción de madera basados, esencialmente, en la extracción de recursos naturales, a unas producciones madereras cada vez más intensivas en innovaciones tecnológicas-recursos del conocimiento. A continuación se identifican los principales factores que condicionan en la actualidad la producción de madera destinada a uso industrial. Se desarrolla también un marco analítico sencillo que incorpora el cambio tecnológico, mediante el cual es posible analizar la contribución potencial de los cultivos forestales intensivos sobre la oferta mundial de madera y la conservación de los recursos forestales.

This article analyzes the impact of the expansion of forest plantations on the world forestry sector. The transition process from a resource-base to a science-base wood production system is described and the main factors conditioning actual wood production world wide are also identified. A simple analytical framework is used to analyze the potential contribution of intensive plantations and technical change to world wood supply and the conservation of forest resources., Este artículo analiza las repercusiones de la expansión de los cultivos forestales sobre el sector forestal mundial. Se describe, en primer lugar, el proceso de transición de unos sistemas de producción de madera basados, esencialmente, en la extracción de recursos naturales, a unas producciones madereras cada vez más intensivas en innovaciones tecnológicas-recursos del conocimiento. A continuación se identifican los principales factores que condicionan en la actualidad la producción de madera destinada a uso industrial. Se desarrolla también un marco analítico sencillo que incorpora el cambio tecnológico, mediante el cual es posible analizar la contribución potencial de los cultivos forestales intensivos sobre la oferta mundial de madera y la conservación de los recursos forestales.