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Abstract Juno performed two close flybys of Io and found enhanced field‐aligned proton fluxes are absorbed by Io. These protons are absorbed at mass input rates comparable to previous estimates for hydrogen losses from Io, hence Jupiter is likely the source of hydrogen at Io. The conditions necessary for this to occur are: (a) formation of Alfvén waves at Io, (b) wave‐particle coupling to energize protons, (c) anti‐planetward transport of ions due to the magnetic mirror force and/or parallel acceleration, and (d) strong sub‐Alfvénic interaction slowing the flow connected to Io's fluxtube allowing for sufficient travel time for energized ions to transit to Io. The derived slowdown of ≤12% the upstream value is linked to filamentation within the Alfvén wing. This mechanism is likely operating at all strongly interacting satellites and provides an avenue to transfer material from a planetary body to its satellites, including exoplanets and brown dwarfs.

Abstract Juno conducted two close Io flybys on 30 December 2023 and 03 February 2024, both at a minimum altitude of 1,500 km. Filamentary structures in the electric and magnetic field spectra indicate Juno crossed the Alfvén wing, the magnetic structure connecting Io to Jupiter's polar ionosphere. We show that the first pass took Juno diametrically through the northern Alfvén wing, while the second pass had Juno graze the southern Alfvén wing boundary, enabling extended measurements of the transition region between Io's vicinity and the Jovian magnetosphere. Of note, evidence of local electron beams is inferred from whistler‐mode emissions. We demonstrate that their energies are sub‐keV, are sourced from Io's ionosphere or local torus, and are part of a distributed current system connecting Io to Jupiter. Finally, upper hybrid resonances indicate electron densities are significantly elevated in Io's polar region (∼28,000 cm−3) compared to the local Io torus (∼2,000 cm−3).

Abstract On days 2023‐364 and 2024‐034, the Juno spacecraft made close passages of Jupiter's moon Io, at altitudes of about 1,500 km. Data obtained from the first flyby, when the spacecraft was on magnetic field lines connected to both Jupiter and Io, revealed deep flux decreases. In addition, Juno's energetic particle detectors observed tens to hundreds of keV electron and proton beams. Such beams could be generated near Jupiter on field lines associated with Io. The second encounter occurred in the plasma wake and a more modest flux decrease was observed. Furthermore, data from both encounters suggest a spatially extensive decrease in >1 MeV electrons that includes regions inward of Io's orbit. In the immediate vicinity of Io, signatures of absorption likely dominate the data whereas diffusion and wave‐particle interactions are expected to be needed to understand MeV electron data in the wider spatial region around Io.

Abstract The Juno spacecraft had previously observed intense high frequency wave emission, broadband electron and energetic proton energy distributions within magnetic flux tubes connected to Io, Europa, Ganymede, and their wakes. In this work, we report consistent enhancements in

Abstract Juno passed by Europa at an altitude of 355 km on 29 September, day 272, 2022. As one of Juno's in situ science instruments, the Waves instrument obtained observations of plasma waves that are essential contributors to Europa's interaction with its environment. Juno observed chorus, a band at the upper hybrid frequency providing the local plasma density, and electrostatic solitary structures in the wake. In addition, impulses due to micron‐sized dust impacts on Juno were recorded with a local maximum very close to Europa. The peak electron density near Europa was ∼330 cm−3 while the surrounding magnetospheric density was in the range of 50–150 cm−3. There was a significant separation between the Europa flyby and Juno's crossing of Jupiter's magnetic equator, enabling a unique identification of effects associated with the moon as opposed to magnetospheric phenomena normally occurring at the magnetic equator near 10 Jovian radii.

Abstract We characterize the precipitating electrons accelerated in the Europa‐magnetosphere interaction by analyzing in situ measurements and remote sensing observations recorded during 10 crossings of the flux tubes connected to Europa's auroral footprint tail by Juno. The electron downward energy flux, ranging from 34 to 0.8 mW/m2, exhibits an exponential decay as a function of downtail distance, with an e‐folding factor of 7.4°. Electrons are accelerated at energies between 0.3 and 25 keV, with a characteristic energy that decreases downtail. The electron distributions form non‐monotonic spectra in the near tail (i.e., within an angular separation of less than 4°) that become broadband in the far tail. The size of the interaction region at the equator is estimated to be 4.2 ± 0.9 Europa radii, consistent with previous estimates based on theory and UV observations.

Abstract Juno's highly inclined orbits provide opportunities to sample high‐latitude magnetic field lines connected to the orbit of Io, among the other Galilean satellites. Its payload offers both remote‐sensing and in‐situ measurements of the Io‐Jupiter interaction. These are at discrete points along Io's footprint tail and at least one event (12th perijove) was confirmed to be on a flux tube Alfvénically connected to Io, allowing for an investigation of how the interaction evolves down‐tail. Here we present Alfvén Poynting fluxes and field‐aligned current densities along field lines connected to Io and its orbit. We explore their dependence as a function of down‐tail distance and show the expected decay as seen in UV brightness and electron energy fluxes. We show that the Alfvén Poynting and electron energy fluxes are highly correlated and related by an efficiency that is fully consistent with acceleration from Alfvén wave filamentation via a turbulent cascade process.

In this study, we present a survey of energetic proton observations associated with Io’s footprint tail (FPT) and compare their signatures with in situ measurements of the plasma waves and lower-energy electron environments. We find further supporting evidence that proton acceleration in Io’s FPT is likely a consequence of wave–particle interactions via electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves that are generated by precipitating electrons into Jupiter’s ionosphere. This idea was originally proposed by Clark et al. (2020) and Sulaiman et al. (2020) based on NASA’s Juno mission likely transiting Io’s Main Alfvén Wing (MAW) during its twelfth orbit (i.e., PJ12). Additionally, the analysis of > 50 keV protons presented here highlights important observational details about the Io–Jupiter interaction as follows: 1) proton acceleration in Io’s FPT is a persistent feature and the energy flux carried by the protons is highest at smaller Io-Alfvén tail distances; 2) energetic protons exhibit positive correlations with both plasma waves and

We investigate the performance of multiwavelength spectrum based on an advanced mechanism of a bidirectional Lyot filter. The generation and the variation of the multiwavelength spectrum are due to the effect of intensity dependent loss, which is induced from a semiconductor optical amplifier and its combination with a polarizer. By using the bidirectional configuration, a flat spectrum of 96 number of lines within 5 dB bandwidth is generated at current setting of 350 mA. The extinction ratio of the multiwavelength spectrum is high at 15 dB even though the line spacing is 0.1 nm. Multiwavelength flatness is better using the bidirectional Lyot filter configuration due to the effect of double interference. Additionally, different intensity and polarization angle are also found to be influencing the multiwavelength spectrum.

Abstract Background The world population is aging and the number of older adults with bipolar disorder is increasing. Digital technologies are viewed as a framework to improve care of older adults with bipolar disorder. This analysis quantifies Internet use by older adults with bipolar disorder as part of a larger survey project about information seeking. Methods A paper-based survey about information seeking by patients with bipolar disorder was developed and translated into 12 languages. The survey was anonymous and completed between March 2014 and January 2016 by 1222 patients in 17 countries. All patients were diagnosed by a psychiatrist. General estimating equations were used to account for correlated data. Results Overall, 47% of older adults (age 60 years or older) used the Internet versus 87% of younger adults (less than 60 years). More education and having symptoms that interfered with regular activities increased the odds of using the Internet, while being age 60 years or older decreased the odds. Data from 187 older adults and 1021 younger adults were included in the analysis excluding missing values. Conclusions Older adults with bipolar disorder use the Internet much less frequently than younger adults. Many older adults do not use the Internet, and technology tools are suitable for some but not all older adults. As more health services are only available online, and more digital tools are developed, there is concern about growing health disparities based on age. Mental health experts should participate in determining the appropriate role for digital tools for older adults with bipolar disorder.

Background: safe injection practice is the practice that does not harm both health workers and recipient and not produce harmful waste products. Aim: To determine the injection safety practice among nurses at primary health care centers in Mosul city. Materials and method: a descriptive study was carried out to include a random sample of 45 nurses selected from 12 primary health care centers of both sides of the city left and right, tool of study depend on observational check list and interview questionnaire. Results: The study diagnosed both safe and unsafe injection practices which were performed by nurses at their setting of work. Safe practice significantly performed as single use of syringes, using a lot of sizes of syringes, dispose syringes to safety box, close safety box tightly, send safety boxes to buried and incinerated safety boxes, avoid changing safety boxes, specify a team to follow up safety injection measures, continuing education and training on safety injection. Unsafe practice also diagnosed as: don`t washing hands after injection, don`t using gloves when they have skin lesion, filling safety boxes to the top, dispose vials and ampoules to safety box. Poor vaccination coverage with hepatitis (B) vaccine among nurses. The study also found the only significant measures after exposure to needle stick injury were washing hands and notify about the exposure. Conclusion: The distribution of the nurses in the sample according to age, shows that the majority of them in 40-49 years of age. Presence of male nurses more evident than female, most of them have long work period of twenty-one years and more, the majority of the participant were graduated from nursing school. The study diagnosed both safe and unsafe practices. Recommendation The study recommends for: improving awareness of both patients and nurses to decrease over use of injection and on achievement of safety, improve vaccination coverage with hepatitis B vaccine and make it obligatory for all health care workers. Key Words: injection, practice, safety, nurses

This study aims to analyze the question items on two supplementary Indonesian mathematics textbooks (revised edition 2016) of 2013 curriculum for XI graders and compare the analysis using 2015 TIMSS assessment framework. This study apply qualitative study with naturalistic approach. The analysis results consist of 104 question items and 85 items of practice test. On a book published by PT. SEWU Bandung shows 3.5% of knowing cognitive domain, 4.71% applying, and 91.76% reasoning. The analysis on 19 items of practice test on a book is published by PT. Bumi Aksara Jakarta. It shows 10.53% applying, 89.47% reasoning, but not showing a percentage on knowing cognitive domain. Results of the question items analysis on knowing and applying cognitive domain for both the books are less percentage than reasoning cognitive domain. Thus, the results of analysis of two textbooks are not yet in accordance with TIMSS. Nevertheless, the comparison of the analysis on knowing cognitive domain in a book published by PT. SEWU Bandung is close to what have expected by TIMSS. Meanwhile, on applying and reasoning cognitive domain the book published by PT. Bumi Aksara Jakarta is close to what have expected by TIMSS.

Research has been conducted on interventions to control dengue transmission and respond to outbreaks. A summary of the available evidence will help inform disease control policy decisions and research directions, both for dengue and, more broadly, for all Aedes-borne arboviral diseases.A research-to-policy forum was convened by TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, with researchers and representatives from ministries of health, in order to review research findings and discuss their implications for policy and research.The participants reviewed findings of research supported by TDR and others. Surveillance and early outbreak warning. Systematic reviews and country studies identify the critical characteristics that an alert system should have to document trends reliably and trigger timely responses (i.e., early enough to prevent the epidemic spread of the virus) to dengue outbreaks. A range of variables that, according to the literature, either indicate risk of forthcoming dengue transmission or predict dengue outbreaks were tested and some of them could be successfully applied in an Early Warning and Response System (EWARS). Entomological surveillance and vector management. A summary of the published literature shows that controlling Aedes vectors requires complex interventions and points to the need for more rigorous, standardised study designs, with disease reduction as the primary outcome to be measured. House screening and targeted vector interventions are promising vector management approaches. Sampling vector populations, both for surveillance purposes and evaluation of control activities, is usually conducted in an unsystematic way, limiting the potentials of entomological surveillance for outbreak prediction. Combining outbreak alert and improved approaches of vector management will help to overcome the present uncertainties about major risk groups or areas where outbreak response should be initiated and where resources for vector management should be allocated during the interepidemic period.The Forum concluded that the evidence collected can inform policy decisions, but also that important research gaps have yet to be filled.

The research programme was about the hydrology of this part of Holderness, particularly in respect of the interactions between superficial and deeper hydrological system, in order that the long term findings from the Catchwater Drain catchment might be more usefully applied to the solution of hydrological problems, including agricultural water supplies, land drainage, flooding and need for irrigation.There has been no attempt, however, in previous work to quantify the hydrological relationships between the clay and sand/gravel areas of the catchment or even to determine precisely the geographical extent of the sand/gravel layers and lenses. In the early studies, the assumption made was that the catchment was hydrologically watertight. This research has resolved a number of outstanding uncertainties which have raisin during the long period of operation of the Catchwater Drain catchment and that it has shed valuable new light on the hydrology, not only of the Catchwater Drain catchment but also of the glacial till of Holderness.It is to be hoped that the improved understanding which has thereby resulted will be of value in the interpretation of the hydrological behaviour of extensive, similar areas elsewhere.