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The Russian Far East is a region between China and the Russian Arctic with a diverse climatological, geophysical, oceanic, and economical characteristic. The southern region is located in the Far East monsoon sector, while the northern parts are affected by the Arctic Ocean and cold air masses penetrating far to the south. Growing economic activities and traffic connected to the China Belt and Road Initiative together with climate change are placing an increased pressure upon the Russian Far East environment. There is an urgent need to improve the capacity to measure the atmospheric and environmental pollution and analyze their sources and to quantify the relative roles of local and transported pollution emissions in the region. In the paper, we characterize the current environmental and socio-economical landscape of the Russian Far East and summarize the future climate scenarios and identify the key regional research questions. We discuss the research infrastructure concept, which is needed to answer the identified research questions. The integrated observations, filling in the critical observational gap at the Northern Eurasian context, are required to provide state-of-the-art observations and enable follow-up procedures that support local, regional, and global decision making in the environmental context.

A method of fabrication of thick (~100 μm and more) resistive masks is described. These masks can be used for solving various engineering problems, e.g., for fabricating x-ray-absorbing topological patterns for LIGA masks, stamp microrelief, cast moulds, etc. Specific features of the contact photolithography method, which is used to design and fabricate the research device, are described. A source of exposure radiation in this device is a light-emitting diode. A possibility of obtaining individual elements of the resistive mask (in particular, with the lateral size ~5 μm, height of ~70 μm, and aspect ratio of ~14) and also the titanium stamp microrelief (with the height up to ~40 μm) generated by means of reactive ion-beam etching through the resistive mask, is experimentally demonstrated.

The chemical composition ofprecipitation from May 2012 to March 2013 and snow cover in the south of the Primorsky krai are studied. The measured parameters are pH and the concentration of principal ions, dissolved organic carbon, silicon, and metals in the samples of precipitation and snow cover taken in Vladivostok and in the background area of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range. Data from Primorskaya, Ternei, and Sadgorod stations are presented for comparison.

Improvements in the National Primary Standard for the Units of the Propagation Velocities of Longitudinal, Shear, and Surface Ultrasonic Waves in Solids are discussed. A new standard apparatus for reproduction of the unit of the damping coefficient for longitudinal ultrasonic waves is described. It is based on contactless capacitive methods for generating ultrasonic waves and pulse-echo and resonance measurement techniques for receiving them. The metrological characteristics of the National Primary Standard for the Units of the Propagation Velocities and Damping Coefficient of Ultrasonic Waves in Solids, GET 189-2014, are given.

The aerosol deposition rate is computed for some chemical elements from the resuits of studies on the elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol and snow cover in the background and anthropogenic areas in the Primorskii krai as well as for the radionuclide 137Cs and suspended matter from the data of atmospheric radioactive pollution monitoring. Taking into account the differences in sampling methods, the rather close values of deposition rate were obtained for chemical elements and radionuclide.

A procedure and the experimental data of the dispersion dependences of the velocity and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient as measured by the resonance method in samples with a thickness below 1 mm at frequencies up to 100 MHz are presented. It is shown that structural inhomogeneities exert an influence on the acoustic properties of thin samples.

Formation of self-induced gratings on a metal surface scanned by a focused femtosecond laser beam has been investigated. It is experimentally shown that application of femtosecond IR radiation allows one to form more ordered self-induced gratings as compared with the gratings formed by visible light. The dependence of the tilt of grating lines with respect to the beam polarisation direction on the distance between tracks and the beam motion direction in adjacent tracks is analysed. Formation of two-dimensional periodic gratings during double laser beam passage along the same trajectory but with a small difference in the beam polarisation directions has been found for the first time.

Variability of precipitation components in the Far East of Russia is analyzed using the monitoring of their chemical composition. It is demonstrated that the increase in precipitation acidity in the region is caused by the growing concentrations of sulfates and nitrates in precipitation. Transboundary transport determines about 60% of the concentration of sulfates and nitrates in the precipitation over the south of the region. Impact of marine aerosol on the chemical composition of precipitation is significant at some coastal stations only.

Improvements in the national standard for the unit of the propagation velocity of longitudinal ultrasonic waves in solids are examined. The measurement techniques and standard measures for velocity are described. The composition and metrological characteristics of the new standard are discussed.

In this paper, we consider different approaches for the neural network controller tuning in the flight control system. Two of the most common tuning approaches in the adaptive control theory are applied. The first one uses parameter identification technique and consists in solving a real-time regression problem for the control law. The second approach is based on the Lyapunov direct method, which utilizes a tracking error as an absolute measure of tuning performance. The neural network control law are designed for the three-axis flight control problem and tested on the full nonlinear model of a fighter aircraft. Closed loop simulation results are presented and two adaptation algorithms are compared in the case of abrupt change of aircraft dynamics.

The application of artificial neural networks for aircraft motion control, in particular, for creation of nonlinear algorithms of the aircraft remote control system (RCS) is considered. Aircraft as a control object is represented as a multidimensional nonlinear dynamic system and nonlinear control methods are used to operate this system. The control loop is constructed using the method of inverse dynamics based on the feedback linearization principle. The nonlinear control law is represented as a neural network being learned (adjusted) by recorded or incoming measurements of motion parameters. Synthesis and testing of neural network control algorithms is performed with the fully nonlinear mathematical model of a maneuverable aircraft for three control channels. Simulation results of the closed system are presented.

We have studied the statistical and polarization properties of giant pulses (GPs) emitted by the millisecond pulsar B1937+21, with high sensitivity and time resolution. The observations were made in June 2005 with the 100-m Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope at S-band (2052-2116 MHz) using the Mk5A VLBI recording system, with formal time resolution of 16 ns. The total observing time was about 4.5 hours; the rate of detection of GPs was about 130 per hour at the average longitudes of the main pulse (MPGPs) and 60 per hour at the interpulse (IPGPs). While the average profile shows well-defined polarization behavior, with regular evolution of the linear polarization position angle (PA), GPs exhibit random properties, occasionally having high linear or circular polarization. Neither MPGPs nor IPGPs show a preferred PA. The cumulative probability distribution (CPD) of GP pulse energy was constructed down to the level where GPs merge with regular pulses and noise. For both MPGPs and IPGPs, the CPD follows a power law with a break, the power index changing from -2.4 at high energy to -1.6 for low energy. Pulse smearing due to scattering masks the intrinsic shape and duration of the detected GPs. The smearing time varied during the observing session within a range of a few hundred nanoseconds. The measured polarization and statistical properties of GPs impose strong constraints on physical models of GPs. Some of these properties support a model in which GPs are generated by the electric discharge caused by magnetic reconnection of field lines connecting the opposite magnetic poles of a neutron star., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, accepted to MNRAS

Results from analyzing the cyclone paths over East Asia for the period 1997–2009 and the variability in chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation in Primorskii Krai are discussed. It is shown that southwesterly cyclones over Primorskii Krai became more frequent during the time period under consideration. The increase in the number of cyclones forming in the polluted atmosphere of urbanized areas in North-Eastern Asia led to an increase in acid deposition, which is confirmed by data from the international acid deposition monitoring stations of the international EANET network.

Radio observations of the Crab pulsar were performed on the 100-m radio telescope of the Green Bank Observatory at a frequency of 2100 MHz in a 64-MHz band in two channels with right-and left-circular polarization. The Mark5A recording system was used. During 15 min of observing time, 609 giant pulses were recorded; the brightest had a peak flux density of 670 kJy. The energy distribution has been constructed, polarization properties have been analyzed, and the characteristic temporal and frequency scales in the radio emission of the detected giant pulses have been found. Comparison of these parameters indicates that the properties of giant pulses detected at the main-pulse and interpulse longitudes do not differ, as is clearly observed at frequencies above 4 GHz. Probable origins of the frequency evolution of the properties of giant pulses are discussed.

The first results of using manufactured available graphite foil as a material for supporting membranes in X-ray LIGA masks are presented, and a comparison of them with analogues is carried out.

The development of a low-cost technology to manufacture high-contrast X-ray LIGA masks is topical because this technology is important for various applied research on microstructured products with minimum element sizes of 10–50 μm, such as microfluid analytical systems, selective waveguide mesh-based elements to control terahertz (THz) radiation, microshaped optical elements for the visible range, etc. Technological particularities of mask manufacture are considered. A method to check the quality of masks is presented. Test microproducts manufactured using the produced deep X-ray lithography masks are demonstrated.

We discuss the influence of hydrophysical and biological-chemical processes on the distribution of dissolved oxygen in waters of the Sevastopol bay in various seasons. In the winter period, against the background of low rates of biological-chemical processes, the hydrophysical processes provide the homogeneous distributions of temperature and oxygen. In summer, the hydrophysical processes remain dominant, but the influence of biological-chemical processes becomes noticeable. In the autumn period, the vertical distribution of oxygen is strongly affected by biological-chemical processes.

We analyze the results of the field hydrological and hydrochemical observations of the submarine discharge of underground waters near the cape Aiya (South Coast of the Crimea) obtained with the help of the measuring equipment developed at the Marine Hydrophysical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences. We measure the current velocities, temperature, salinity, and the contents of silicic acid and phosphates inside a karst cavity and in the test region around the cavity. We present three estimates of the output of submarine discharge and compute the amounts of silicic acid and phosphates carried out into the sea by the submarine source.

The possibility of application of phosphor with memory effect for X-ray recording of fast (explosive) processes has been studied. Four different radiation sources were used in the series of experiments carried out. To obtain numerical X-ray images, a detector based on BaFBr:Eu Image Plate phosphor was used. It has been found that the summation of results of several scans after single exposition allows improving the signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range of the readable signal. Spectra of pulse X-ray devices have been calculated on the base of calibration curves of radiation attenuation for different materials. Preliminary experiments on the registration of explosive processes have been conducted.

We study specific features of the vertical distribution of elements of the main biogenic cycle in the upper layers of waters on the northwest shelf of the Black Sea in spring and autumn and the correlation between the specific features of the vertical distributions of hydrochemical and hydrological characteristics. It is shown that the location of the halocline always specifies the location of the chemocline, whereas the effect of the thermocline on the distribution of hydrochemical characteristics is ambiguous. The vertical distribution of the hydrochemical parameters can be homogeneous in the presence of the seasonal thermocline. At the same time, in its absence, one may observe significant vertical gradients in the distributions of hydrochemical characteristics inside the upper mixed layer.

We present the results of long-term, three-frequency monitoring of giant pulses from the Crab pulsar on the 64-m radio telescope in Kalyazin. The total monitoring time was 160 hours. The signal power was recorded simultaneously at 600, 1650, and 4850 MHz via direct sampling of the received signals in the total receiver bandwidth without any compensation for interstellar dispersion. In total, 1117 and 352 giant pulses were detected at 600 and 4850 MHz, respectively. The frequency band centered at 1650 MHz was contaminated by interference, and was used only to identify events found in other frequency bands. The cumulative energy distribution of the giant pulses follows a power law at 600 and 4850 MHz up to the highest energies. A deep modulation in the radio spectra of individual giant pulses was observed on both large (Δv/v ≈ 0.5) and small (Δv/v ≈ (2−4) × 10−3) frequency scales. The simultaneous appearance of giant pulses at the interpulse longitudes at high (4850 MHz) and low (1650 and/or 600 MHz) frequencies testifies to their common origin, in spite of the observed differences in other parameters.

Preliminary results of fabrication and testing of LIGA mask samples for deep x-ray lithography in the spectral range of 3.5–13.5 keV are presented. The mask fabrication method is based on direct mask patterning with minimum element sizes of ≥ 10 μm by a synchrotron radiation x-ray microbeam. Such a method does not require an intermediate mask, which significantly simplifies fabrication and reduces the laboriousness and cost of LIGA masks.

We consider a technique for manufacturing LIGA x-ray masks based on direct formation of a deep pattern topology of the mask by an x-ray microbeam. This technique does not require an intermediate mask, which strongly simplifies manufacturing and reduces the laboriousness and cost of the LIGA masks created. The basic processing steps (substrate pretreatment, resist coating, exposure, resist development, and galvanic process), advantages, and disadvantages of these x-ray masks are described. Examples of the created prototypes of copper LIGA masks on glassy carbon substrates and substrate-free self-supporting masks are presented.

The results of studies of an acid-base indicator of the snow cover pH in the Primorskii krai for 2004–2005 are analyzed. Long-term observations of precipitation pH in the Russian Far East region are also considered. The results of studies of the snow cover pH of 2005 differed from the earlier data by the lower values of the acid-base indicator. Synoptic analysis demonstrated that acid precipitation in the Primorskii krai could be due to long-range transboundary pollution transport from Central China. The tendency towards a decrease in the precipitation pH values over most of the Far East region is traced from long-term observations, which under conditions of the general economy recession and population decrease can be attributed to transboundary transport of acid precipitation.

We performed polarization observations of giant radio pulses from the millisecond pulsar B1937+21. The observations were carried out in July 2002 with the 64-m Kalyazin radio telescope at a frequency of 600 MHz in two polarization channels with left-and right-hand circular polarizations (RCP and LCP). We used the S2 data acquisition system with a time resolution of 125 ns. The duration of an observing session was 20 min. We detected twelve giant radio pulses with peak flux densities higher than 1000 Jy; five and seven of these pulses appeared in the RCP and LCP channels, respectively. We found no event that exceeded the established detection threshold simultaneously in the two polarization channels. Thus, we may conclude that the detected giant pulses have a high degree of circular polarization, with the frequency of occurrence of RCP and LCP pulses being the same.

The laws of modification of the microstructure of a copper contact wire, its strength, and the acoustic parameters are investigated as functions of the heating temperature. The acous- tic and strength characteristics of samples of wires subjected to various loads are compared.

Probable mechanisms of destruction of an aerial contact wire are considered and dependences between variations of structural parameters of the wire material and its acoustic properties under a thermal in uence are established.

We measured the frequency dependence of the pulsar pulse broadening by scattering over a wide frequency range, from 40 to 2228 MHz, based on direct measurements of this parameter using giant pulses from the pulsar PSR B0531+21 in the Crab Nebula. Our measurements were carried out at the following seven frequencies: 40, 60, and 111 MHz at the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (Astrospace Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences), 406 MHz at the Medicina Observatory (Instituto di Radioastronomia, Italy), and 594, 1430, and 2228 MHz at the Kalyazin Radio Astronomy Observatory (Astrospace Center, Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences). The measured frequency dependence of the pulse broadening by scattering τ SC (υ) ℝ υ γ, where γ=−3.8±0.2, agrees with a model Gaussian distribution of interstellar inhomogeneities (γ=−4) but falls outside the error limits of correspondence to a Kolmogorov model spectrum of inhomogeneities (γ=−4.4).

On the basis of the data of a comprehensive oceanographic experiment carried out in the course of the fifth national expedition to Antarctica in March–April 2000, we study the structure and kinematics of waters in the region of the Argentine Islands, where the “Akademik Vernadskii” Ukrainian Antarctic Station is located. We study the regularities of the thermohaline stratification of waters, the characteristics of the field of dissolved oxygen, and the distribution of the light attenuation coefficient. The data on tidal and residual currents are also presented.

The possibilities of using the energy dispersion synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence analysis (SRXFA) for control of blood plasma and liver trace element (TE) content in rats with hyperproduction of oxygen radicals and hair TE content in women with mammary hyperplasia and cancer are demonstrated. Our data show that activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the blood and liver depends on the amount of TE incorporated into the structure of the active center of these enzymes, which are responsible for antioxidant protection. A decrease of activity of these enzymes is accompanied by an increase of production of free OH radicals in the tissues. Clinical data demonstrated that scalp hair of patients with oncological mammary pathology was characterized by a significant decrease of concentrations of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) and by an increase of chromium (Cr). The Se deficit was more pronounced in patients with cancer than in those with mammary hyperplasia ( p The SRXFA method permits one to carry out a controllable correction of TE imbalance in many diseases whose development is caused by oxygen radical injury.

We performed a search for local coastal submarine springs of fresh water in the region from Cape Feolent to Cape Sarych (down to an isobath of 40m). Stable submarine springs of brackish water with the minimum salinity of 5.5‰ and the minimum total output of 30,000 m3/day were discovered only near the west wall of Cape Aiya. It is shown that brackish waters discharging from these springs spread over the sea surface in the form of a thin layer (up to 1 m in thickness) characterized by lower salinity, higher transparency, and an elevated content of silicic acid. We make a conjecture that the appearance of 2–3-m-thick layers of water with higher transparency and lower salinity at depths of 5–8 m is explained by the discharge of unknown bottom springs of underground fresh water.

We analyse the distribution of the dissolved forms of cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the near-Danube part of the Black Sea and in a section made at 45° 10′N in the autumn of 1997. It is shown that the discharge of rivers results in the appearance of significant amounts of cadmium, lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese in the near-Danube region. Copper is the most labile element in this collection of metals. Its behaviour is correlated with the vital activity of diatomic algae. The distribution of dissolved manganese in the near-bottom region is correlated with the distribution of O2. Indeed, the elevated concentrations of manganese are observed in the regions with low concentrations of oxygen.

The paper examines the results of two hydrological/chemical investigations of a submarine freshwater source in the vicinity of Cape Aiya. The supposition has been confirmed that some typical chemical indices, specifically, silicic acid content, may be used to reveal such sources. The acquired data point out that the freshwater source is steady functioning, which implies that subterranean freshwater reserves in this area are substantial.

We consider the content and structure of teaching information in the problem of predicting the outcomes of conflicts, stated as a recognition problem in standard formulation.

We study and solve problems involving the optimization of instructional information connected with the problem of predicting the outcome of conflicts.

A game-theoretical approach to pattern recognition is considered. The approach focuses on the analysis of interaction in the learning sample represented as a game-theoretical learning model.

A game-theoretic model of recognition algorithms is considered and is explained at the set-theoretic level, which is customary for algorithms to compute estimates.

The basic indicators of systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome, as well as the dynamics of the content of low and medium molecular weight glycopeptides and in biological media in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Analysis of the results showed that the presence of background type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndrome is associated with higher non-infective resorbtion of necrotic syndrome. This is the rationale for inclusion in the complex intensive therapy of more active desintocsication activities and metabolically significant effects on myocarde and for type 2 diabetes with acute coronary syndrome.

One aspect of the game-theoretic approach to pattern recognition is considered that allows us to describe parameters of nondefiniteness of learning selection with optimization principles in the corresponding “comprehending” game-theoretic model.

Relational models of information-recognition problems, algorithms, and systems are introduced and studied successively. Constructions are given for relation algebras, which describe the solution of information-recognition problems.

The project is aimed at the development of ultrahigh-vacuum mechanics and construction of devices with features allowing high-precision work in a warmed-up volume. The fundamental part of projected monochromator is a precise linear motion mechanism, linear stage, which can bear a warming-up in vacuum up to t =400°C without any change in its parameters. It is the tense friction wave transmission that serves to transfer the motion to the stage in the vacuum volume. The mechanism for precision tuning of the second crystal also has an original design and its compactness allows an easier solution of many design issues concerning the whole monochromator.

In the measurements, we used a special automated system. An ultrasonic pulse was excited by a radiator and recorded by a receiver of original design made on the basis of piezoceramics with the maximum of the amplitude‐frequency response in the range 54‐58 kHz. The amplitude of the exciting pulse was about 200 V, and the duration of the pulse was about 20 μ s. The radiator and the receiver were installed on a common base with a reference reflector being rigidly attached to it at a distance of h r = 1000 ∠ 0.2 mm. From the piezoelectric receiver, the amplified signal was fed to an A/D converter of the controller of a computer and was recorded in a digital form in the computer memory. The clock rate of the A/D converter was 500 kHz. The time of arrival of the reflected signal was calculated by a special algorithm on the basis of the recorded ensembles of realizations. The main operations of the algorithm were as follows: the determination of the level of the background noise for every realization and the detection; the averaging over the given number of realizations N ; the determination of the common envelope of the signal (the demodulation); the identification of the pulses corresponding to the reflections from the reference reflector and the liquid surface by integral properties; and the calculation of the times of arrivals of the signals from the reference reflector t r and from the fuel oil surface t s (by the level of 1.5% of the pulse amplitude). During the measurements, a base with the radiator, receiver, and reference reflector attached to it was installed in the upper access opening of the tank. Under laboratory conditions (at a constant temperature and in the absence of convection), the experimental error of measurements did not exceed 1.2 cm for the distance to reflecting surface h = 10 m. The sensitivity of the system was 0.2 mm for h = 2 m and 1 mm for h = 10 m. The measurements in a tank were performed for various levels of fuel oil in winter with the temperature of outside air from ‐10 to ‐20 i C. The temperature of transducers was 15—25ie and was actually equal to the temperature in the upper part of the tank ( T 0 ). The temperature of the fuel oil surface ( T 2 ) varied from 70ie (for minimal levels) to 35ie (for a full tank). The position of the level was checked by a special lead-and-line with an accuracy of 0.3 cm. The sensitivity of the measuring system in the case of the measurements in a tank with h = 10 m was 5 mm. For calculating the temperature correction to the sound velocity, the measurements of air temperature variation from the fuel oil surface to the upper part of the tank along the axis of the ultrasonic beam were performed. Figure 1 shows the typical dependences for three values of h ( x is the distance from the radiator to the point of measurement). In the dependences obtained for h ♢ 5.5 m, the variation of the air temperature can be represented in the form of two linear sections (in the upper part of the tank and near the liquid surface) and a section with a relatively constant temperature in the middle part of the tank. The total change in the temperature Δ T = T 2 — T 0 is equal to 40—50iC . The table shows the experimental values of the temperature and the sound velocities C s and C r calculated from t s and t r , respectively. For all h , the experimental values of C r are 2‐3 m/s greater than the values calculated theoretically from the values of T 0 and the temperature profile at x = 0‐1 m. This result is connected with the fact that the measurement of C r makes it possible, if only in part, to take into

To study the effect of ivabradine (coraxan, Servier) as part of combination therapy on the clinical manifestations of acute left ventricular failure (ALVF) in Braunwald class II-IIIB unstable angina in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Thirty-six T2DM patients (mean age 56 + 4.3 years) with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome were examined. Eighteen healthy individuals were examined as an age- and gender-matched control group. Metabolic, hemodynamic, and electrophysiological parameters were studied in all the patients on hospital stay days I and S.Ivabradine used in combination therapy for unstable angina caused reductions in the clinical manifestations of ALVF, heart rate, the number of myocardial ischemic episodes. In the ivabradine-treated patients, left ventricular ejection fraction showed a significant trend for increase. No adverse reactions were recorded.Ivabradine therapy demonstrated antiischemic and antianginal efficiencies and a good tolerability, without leading to the development of tolerance and without being followed by the development of the withdrawal syndrome.

Operating principles, situation classes, and problem formalization are examined in automated informational classification (and recognition) systems (ICS and IRS). The structure of the mentioned systems is proposed, problem criteria in the IRS are extracted, on whose basis classes of solvable problems are determined. The situation classes occurring during user interaction with the IRS are represented by tables.

Numerous on-site observations by geodetic methods were carried out during construction on the gravity-arch dam of the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric station with a maximum height of 245 m and crest length of 1066 m (67 sections). The measurement methods and results in the initial stages were elucidated in the literature [1-7]. The composition and results of measurements at the final stage of construction are examined below. By 1989 it was possible to place marks on the crest, to reliably tie-in the inner (in the dam, adits) and outer (bank surface in the upper and lower pools) geodetic networks, and to stabilize the geometric schemes of these networks. In 1990 the reservoir was filled for the first time to the elevation of the normal pool level (NPL). Composition of Measurements. The schemes of the inner and outer geodetic networks are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Longitudinal galleries in the dam (near the upstream face, in column 1) and their continuation in the banks, in grouting adits, are used for installing the monitoring and measuring equipment (MME) and taking measurements in the inner network. The inner network includes also (not shown in Fig. 1) stationary hydrostatic leveling systems in longitudinal and transverse galleries at elevation 310 m, where measurements, for reasons independent of the surveyors, were performed irregularly. The composition of the measurements, cyclicity, number of marks (points being determined), and volume of measurements of them during 1990 (by this time the geometric scheme of the geodetic network became constant) are given in Table 1. Approximately the same volume of measurements was taken in 1989. Settlements of the dam, its foundation, and bank surface are determined by differential leveling from clusters (groups) of initial bench marks 1 and 2 at a distance of 3 kin from the dam. In each cluster there are three bench marks in adits at a distance of 10 m from the surface. Leveling from bench marks 1 and 2 is carried out twice a year at the maximum (fall) and minimum (spring) levels of the upper pool. In the remaining cycles the settlements are determined from clusters 3 and 4, also of adit bench marks, the regularities of the change in the elevations of which are known from preceding measurements. The leveling lines run from the reference bench marks to the gallery of the dam at elevation 344 m and to the crest. The measuring elevations are interconnected in the dam by means of permanent devices Invar wires constantly suspended in shafts having on the ends scales and a weight at the bottom for tension (the Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography, and Cartography Engineers (MIIGAiK) which developed these devices called them height elevators). The length of the wires (differences between the zero lines of the upper and lower scales) are periodically compared with the length of a standard tape measure suspended alongside for comparison. Thus, the height network consists of closed traverses including sections of differential and hydrostatic leveling and height elevators. Adjustment of the network is carried out by the least-squares method. The root-mean-square error of determining settlements of the network marks does not exceed 1 mm. The horizontal network inside the dam includes plumb lines and traverse at three elevations (344, 413, and 467 m). The angles in the traverse are determined indirectly by means of stationary systems of extended triangles in which the heights are measured [2]. Owing to construction noise and damage of the wires forming the extended triangles, measurements at the two upper elevations were carried out irregularly, in particular, measurements were not taken at 413 m in 1989. The elevations are tied-in by alignments of reverse and direct plumb lines forming, together with the survey traverse, a geodetic network of closed traverses adjusted by a special program. The inner and outer networks are tied-in through points on the crest secured next to the plumb lines. Settlements of the Dam and Its Foundation. After filling the reservoir to the NPL (540 m) in 1990, the maximum measured settlements of the foundation were 45 ram. They were recorded in the central part of the dam (section 33) on the downstream side in a gallery at elevation 310 m (about 5 m above the foundation). More complete data on the character of the