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Scanning microscopic imaging has become a valuable research tool in micromorphology with improved techniques playing an important role in analysing the ultrastructure of leaf specimens. The foliar epidermal anatomy of 25 selected poisonous plants with special emphasis on stomata and trichomes was reported using microscopic techniques, for instance, light micrographs (LMs) and scanning micrographs (SEMs). This study aimed to investigate micromorphologies of studied species that are helpful for the identification of poisonous plants. Plants were collected, pressed, dried, identified and then analysed for microscopic study. For making microscopic slides, 1 or 2 leaves were taken in a test tube and dipped in 30% nitric acid and 70% lactic acid for few minutes, and then placed on petri plates for separating the epidermis. Numerous quantitative and qualitative foliar anatomical features of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, including epidermal cell shapes, stomata size, subsidiary cell size, the pattern of the anticlinal wall, the morphology of the stomatal complex and trichome diversity, were examined. A small number of the considered species had anomocytic and anisocytic stomata; a few species had paracytic stomata, for instance, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia royleana, Buxus pilosula and Sorghum halepense; and only Ipomoea carnea had cyclocytic stomata in the studied taxa. The epidermal cells of the analysed species were irregular, while some exhibited polygonal, wavy, tetragonal and elongated cell morphologies. Overall, this study emphasises the significance of foliar micromorphology analysis as a valuable resource for identifying potentially poisonous plants and demonstrates its contribution to maintaining public welfare, thereby benefitting public health and safety.

An optical electron photo converter is a device based on electro-optical transfer phenomena. It is an energy-efficient, high-quality and compact optoelectronic system in the field of instrumentation in the field of information and measurement technology of solar engineering. This converter allows to control technological processes, product quality remotely, without affecting the technological process. The device can operate independently at the expense of renewable energy sources in all types of automatic measurement and control systems of science and technology, without the need for a special source of energy. The power supply of the device can be adapted to work by means of light, heat and magnetic effects of solar energy.

Increasing the fertilizer dose from N100P80K40 kg/ha to N140P120K60 kg/ha did not contribute to an increase in mobile phosphorus in the soil, which indicates the property of phosphorus: when interacting with the soil, it forms poorly accessible compounds of phosphoric acid and is bound by the soil.During the growing season, some increase in the content of mobile potassium is observed in June-July and its gradual decrease by the end of the growing season. The application of mineral fertilizers improves the nutrient regime of the soil and contributes to an increase in the available forms of nutrients in alluvial meadow soils of the Astrakhan region. But the application of high doses of mineral fertilizers (N140P120K60 kg/ha) does not lead to an increase in the available forms of nutrients, compared with a lower dose.

Changing the level of mineral nutrition has a greater effect on increasing the length of the main shoot and the total length of shoots than the sowing patterns used. With all sowing patterns, with an increase in the fertilizer dose to N120P100K50 kg/ha, the length of the main shoot increases. In dense crops, the biomass of fruits increased more intensively. Most of their weight is formed by the time of the first harvest. It should be noted that for all variants, a significant part of the total dry mass is created during the period of fruit formation and, mainly, due to their growth. With a change in the sowing pattern towards thickening plants in a row to 40 cm, the number of plants per ha increases. Consequently, this leads to an increase in the total mass of plants per ha. The results of the conducted surveys showed that, when converted to hectare, the total weight of absolutely dry mass of plants in all periods of growth increased with an increase in the density of watermelon plants per ha.

The research conducted on the pathogen Theileria annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis, has provided valuable insights into its behavior and virulence under various environmental conditions. The studies, which involved isolates from Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, the North Caucasus, and different regions of Uzbekistan, have shown that environmental factors such as temperature and humidity play a significant role in the pathogen's virulence. One key finding is that unfavorable environmental conditions can lead to changes in the virulent properties of Theileria annulata. For example, high temperatures and low humidity may weaken the pathogen, making it less virulent. Conversely, certain conditions could strengthen the pathogen, increasing its virulence and pathogenicity. Additionally, the passage of the pathogen through highly susceptible animals can also influence its virulence. Through these processes, the pathogen undergoes genetic and phenotypic changes that impact its ability to cause disease in animals. Understanding these factors is crucial for developing effective control and prevention strategies against tropical theileriosis. By studying the behavior and virulence of Theileria annulata under different conditions, researchers can identify potential risk factors and develop targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of the disease on livestock populations.

This article reviewed the classification of fibers and standards, quality indicators, as well as comparisons of fiber analyzes before and after the ginning process, and laboratory studies were conducted on fiber quality indicators. An advanced method for assessing the quality of cotton fiber, called HVI (High Volume Instrument) testing, was also presented.

In this article, today's indifference to nature, increasing anthropogenic impact on it, wastage, growing difference in food balance between developed and developing countries, and climate change cause a number of negative factors. Also, food safety is one of the most urgent tasks facing the countries of the world. The UN is also saying today that it is time to completely change the approach to food production and distribution. After all, in an ideal situation, agriculture, forestry and fisheries are able to provide everyone with food and create a source of income for people, as in the brochure. In addition, in such a case, both agriculture will develop in the interests of people, and conclusions and suggestions on environmental protection have been developed.

This article discusses the analysis and trends of the country's food security. Even at the current stage of agriculture occupies an important place at the economic and social level. Increasing the production and export potential of agriculture greatly contributes to improving the well-being of the rural population, economic growth, and maintaining the balance of the consumer market. In an econometric model was proposed and forecasts were developed. Expected indicators for 2022-2027 are determined based on the number of food products per capita. Uzbekistan plans to increase the composition and production volume of industrial consumer products for 2021-2030, and this strategy is currently working rapidly. The goal of this strategy is to develop mechanisms that increase food safety, enrich the food segment of the markets in the region, provide the population with cheap food products, and improve a healthy competitive environment along with opening a wider path to foreign trade.

This article presents the countries of the world that use water energy, the world’s largest hydropower plants, indicators of water energy reserves utilization, and the importance of irrigation reservoirs in the development of the hydropower industry. There are about 70 reservoirs in operation in our country, and these reservoirs are a huge reserve for the development of the hydropower industry. According to the principle of operation, modern hydro turbines are able to work with low effort and consumption. A micro-hydroelectric power station was built to generate electricity using the Chartak reservoir. The number of Micro HPP units is 3, the units consist of a vertical pipe and a generator. The aggregates are imported from China and are capable of producing a certain amount of electricity if the consumption is 1 m3/s. When calculating aggregates, the working effort was 34 meters, the water consumption of all aggregates was 3 m3/s. Currently, this micro-hydroelectric power station supplies residents of Namangan region and some industrial facilities with electricity. In terms of the efficiency of the Micro HPP, the Turbine Generator useful working coefficient (UWC) is 81%, the Generator UWC is 91% and helps to alleviate the shortage of energy resources and the sustainable development of the economy.

The paper presents a method for ensuring the temporal and temperature stability of the parameters of light-emitting diodes based on the semiconductor compound GaSb and its solid solutions GaInAsSb. The technology for manufacturing two-wavelength light-emitting diodes based on GaInAsSb (1.94 μm and 2.2 μm) has been improved, and their stability in the temperature range of -40 ºC to 80 ºC has been determined. A twostructure semiconductor optoelectronic device scheme has been developed to equalize the initial measuring and reference emission flows of the twocolor LED and ensure the temporal stability of the parameters. A technology has been developed to ensure the temporal stability and equality of the initial emission flows of two LED chips with emission peaks at different wavelengths of a two-color LED, which determine the accuracy of measurement for optoelectronic devices.

Purpose given work was creation of an optoelectronic device for measuring the humidity of silkworm cocoons on basis mid-IR LEDs. An optoelectronic device has been developed for measuring the humidity of silkworm cocoons based on mid-IR LEDs, allowing measurements in real mode with an accuracy of 1.5%. Analysis of the spectral characteristics of silkworm cocoons shows that in the optical range of 0.4…1.2 μ m, the cocoon shell transmits radiation well , and radiation with a wavelength of 1…2 μ m is well reflected. In the spectral region of 1.8-2.2 μ m, the reflectivity of silkworm cocoons is 85%, then drops to 14" at wavelengths of 3 μm. Transmission of radiation by the pupa in the spectral region of 0.4-10 μ m was not detected. The obtained data on the optical properties of silkworm cocoons made it possible to use the principle of reflection to control humidity, because at wavelengths of 1.95 and 2.22 μ m , where there are maxima and minima of water absorption, the shell of silkworm cocoons transmits little IR radiation, but at these wavelengths it has good reflectivity, so it is necessary to use the principle of reflection of IR radiation. In the optoelectronic device for measuring the humidity of silkworm cocoons, LEDs with emission spectra of 2.2 μ m are used as a reference channel , and LEDs with emission spectra of 1.94 μ m are used as a measuring channel . To record signals, a photodiode with a wide sensitivity range of 1.5 - 2.4 μ m was used. A schematic diagram has been proposed that ensures the main condition for two-wave optoelectronic devices, in terms of timing and temperature stability of LED parameters and the equality of their initial reference, measuring radiation fluxes, which determine the measurement accuracy.

Aim of this paper is to explore the development of mining operations in deep quarries utilizing automobile and combined transport systems to overcome these challenges. The use of automobiles in mining has been a growing trend, offering flexibility, maneuverability, and increased productivity. In deep quarries, traditional automobile transport faces limitations in terms of reach and efficiency, combined transport systems incorporating a combination of automobiles, conveyor belts, and other transport mechanisms have been proposed. This paper discusses the advantages of automobile transport in deep quarries, including its ability to navigate narrow passages and transport smaller loads efficiently. It examines the integration of combined transport systems, which leverage the strengths of automobiles alongside other modes of transportation to optimize mining operations. Key considerations in the development of these systems include infrastructure design, vehicle specifications, safety protocols, and environmental impact. By implementing innovative solutions tailored to the specific challenges of deep quarry mining, such as automated vehicle control and monitoring systems, it is possible to enhance efficiency, reduce operational costs, and improve safety standards. Also, this paper highlights case studies and examples of successful implementations of automobile and combined transport systems in deep quarries around the world. These real-world examples demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of adopting such approaches in challenging mining environments. In the paper criteria requirements and recommendations for the implementation of this process are presented in the technological processes of compaction using separators, which are carried out during the construction of highways, and the interdependence of indicators is presented through tables, graphs and calculation expressions.

The work analyzes the main ways to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of optical methods of gas analysis. A mathematical model of multiple reflection of optical radiation in a gas chamber is obtained and the main factors influencing the sensitivity of the gas analyzer are determined.

In this work, an analysis of the thermophysical processes taking place inside a specially designed chamber with a geometry different from other works was carried out. This process is designed in COMSOL Multiphysics software. Boundary conditions were investigated for ambient temperature of 293.15 K and solar radiation of 1000 W/m2. The process was taken as natural convection. In this case, the flow of air with high humidity inside the solar water heater was analyzed. It can be seen that the air temperature rises to 450 K. At the same time, the speed of moist air inside the chamber, heat flow and other thermophysical quantities were determined and analyzed.

This article discusses the issue of innovative support for the agroindustrial complex of the Republic of Tajikistan. An assessment is made of the current state and level of investment in the agricultural sector and agricultural enterprises. It is noted that innovation is the main lever for the development of agricultural production. In justifying the need for an innovative – investment approach to the use of land resources, one should proceed from the understanding that the loss of valuable productive lands, soil degradation, the current decline in their fertility and the deterioration of environmental functions from the standpoint of awareness of the limitations of land resources should be considered as a threat to economic independence and even national security. It should be noted that in conditions of climate warming and water shortage, an innovative method of cultivation, including drip irrigation technology, is the main factor in the efficient use of water resources and at the same time obtaining high yields. Proposals for introducing innovations and conducting research in the field of agriculture are presented. At the same time, the process of foreign investment in agricultural enterprises was analyzed and discussed, its importance in the modern conditions of agriculture of Tajikistan was noted.

This article discusses the issues of optoelectronic discrete converters of any type - longitudinal or transverse movement of the external modulating body. In connection with the development of such important sectors of the economy as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, oil and gas, chemical, industrial, construction, food industry and others, it is important to provide them with modern discrete displacement transducers, which allow monitoring and managing such important quantities as liquid level, speed and flow flows of gases and liquids, as well as automative the processes of automatic accounting of piece goods, products, goods, blanks and semifinished products, which allows you to objectively analyze the economic activities of enterprises and plan their further development. The variety of specific features of monitoring and control objects put forward a set of requirements for discrete converters of object parameters: high sensitivity, accuracy, reliability, sufficient noise immunity, manufacturability. An analysis of existing discrete optoelectronic displacement transducers shows that to solve the above problems for monitoring and control, optoelectronic discrete displacement transducers based on hollow and fiber light guides are the most acceptable. In this regard, the improvement and development of optoelectronic discrete displacement transducers based on hollow and fiber light guides is an urgent task.

Background: The abundance of closely packed vital structures in the periocular and palpebral regions makes resection and subsequent reconstructive interventions extremely difficult. Methods: In this novel article, we described a method for closing lower eyelid defects after tumor excision using a skin-muscle flap from the upper eyelid along with the use of an adhesive diplene biodegradable membrane. The membrane was used for seamless fixation of the flap and to prevent the development of lower eyelid deformity. Results: The case presented herein demonstrated that using diplene adhesive biodegradable membranes has excellent functional and aesthetic results. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that an adhesive biodegradable diplene membrane can be used for the reconstruction of the lower eyelid to prevent the occurrence of retraction, for the surgical treatment of ectropion including recurrent cases, and for seamless fixation of flaps to wound surfaces in patients with a tendency to form keloids and hypertrophic scars.

On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar cells is illuminated with direct and the rear side with the diffused light. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of diffusion and direct light on the bifacial solar cell. In this study, the effects of diffuse and direct light and temperature on the textured bifacial solar cell were determined by simulation. According to the obtained results, the optimal value of the angle of base of texture for a bifacial silicon solar cell is 580. On a cloudy day, under diffuse light illumination on both sides, the planar and optimally textured solar cells have an efficiency of 13.14% and 16.03% and a short-circuit current of 4.34 mA/cm² and 5.49 mA/cm². The short-circuit current is 2.28 mA/cm² and 2.88 mA/cm2 when only front side is illuminated with diffuse light. On a sunny day, when direct light falls on the front side and diffuse light falls on the rear side, the short-circuit current of the planar and optimally textured solar cell are 27.79 mA/cm² and 35.16 mA/cm², respectively. Short-circuit current are 25.73 mA/cm2 and 32.65 mA/cm² when only front side illuminated with direct light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important natural fiber source in the world. The genetic potential of cotton can be successfully and efficiently exploited by identifying and solving the complex fundamental problems of systematics, evolution, and phylogeny, based on interspecific hybridization of cotton. This study describes the results of interspecific hybridization of G. herbaceum L. (A1-genome) and G. mustelinum Miers ex Watt (AD4-genome) species, obtaining fertile hybrids through synthetic polyploidization of otherwise sterile triploid forms with colchicine (C22H25NO6) treatment. The fertile F1C hybrids were produced from five different cross combinations: (1) G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens × G. mustelinum; (2) G. herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum × G. mustelinum; (3) G. herbaceum subsp. pseudoarboreum f. harga × G. mustelinum; (4) G. herbaceum subsp. africanum × G. mustelinum; (5) G. herbaceum subsp. euherbaceum (variety A-833) × G. mustelinum. Cytogenetic analysis discovered normal conjugation of bivalent chromosomes in addition to univalent, open, and closed ring-shaped quadrivalent chromosomes at the stage of metaphase I in the F1C and F2C hybrids. The setting of hybrid bolls obtained as a result of these crosses ranged from 13.8–92.2%, the fertility of seeds in hybrid bolls from 9.7–16.3%, and the pollen viability rates from 36.6–63.8%. Two transgressive plants with long fiber of 35.1–37.0 mm and one plant with extra-long fiber of 39.1–41.0 mm were identified in the F2C progeny of G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens × G. mustelinum cross. Phylogenetic analysis with 72 SSR markers that detect genomic changes showed that tetraploid hybrids derived from the G. herbaceum × G. mustelinum were closer to the species G. mustelinum. The G. herbaceum subsp. frutescens was closer to the cultivated form, and its subsp. africanum was closer to the wild form. New knowledge of the interspecific hybridization and synthetic polyploidization was developed for understanding the genetic mechanisms of the evolution of tetraploid cotton during speciation. The synthetic polyploids of cotton obtained in this study would provide beneficial genes for developing new cotton varieties of the G. hirsutum species, with high-quality cotton fiber and strong tolerance to biotic or abiotic stress. In particular, the introduction of these polyploids to conventional and molecular breeding can serve as a bridge of transferring valuable genes related to high-quality fiber and stress tolerance from different cotton species to the new cultivars.

This article presents information on the effect of seedling thickness and weeding on cotton weight per bag and cotton yield. The research was conducted in cotton varieties S-6524, S-6560, UzPITI-202 in the conditions of typical gray soils of Tashkent region, and in each selected variety 80-90; 100-110 and 120-130 thousand bushes/ha were planted. The thickness of each seedling is 11-12 in the background; 13-14; On 15-16 harvest branches, manual pruning and no pruning were placed. By the end of the growing season, the cotton yield and cotton weight per boll of each option were determined. The highest results were obtained from the options where the cotton variety S-6560 was planted at 80-90 and 100-110 thousand bushels/ha, at 13-14 harvest branches, according to the seedling thickness. According to this, the weight of cotton in one sack is 0.57-0.41 g compared to unspun cotton. ha, 1st harvest weight increased by 6.5-3.1%, yield increased by 3.7-2.6 tons/ha. Also, when the UzPITI-202 cotton variety was maintained at different seedling thicknesses and weeding was carried out in it, the highest values were obtained from the variant where cotton was maintained at a seedling thickness of 80-90 and 100-110 thousand bushels/ha, weeding was carried out at 13-14 harvest branches, and cotton per boll it was noted that the weight of the 1st harvest increased by 4.5%, the yield increased by 3.5-2.7 t/h compared to the non-chilled one. However, it was observed that the seedling thickness in non-chilled options is lower in the background with 80-90 thousand leaves than in the background with 100-110 thousand bush/ha.