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Abstract We investigated the local coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) along the diameter of a 190 nm Sn nanoparticle supported on a thin Si₃N₄ substrate. The surface and volume plasmon energies of the liquid Sn nanoparticle were measured as a function of temperature using spatially resolved valence electron energy loss spectroscopy in a scanning transmission electron microscope. We found that the slope of the volume plasmon energy versus temperature gradually increased near the surface, revealing a thermal expansion gradient in liquid nanoparticles. This effect was confined to a 3 nm-thick surface layer, where the CTE was over 1.5 times larger than that of the nanoparticle core. Meanwhile, the CTE of the core was found to be smaller than the reference value for liquid Sn, which is attributed to mechanical constraints imposed by the thin Si₃N₄ substrate. We demonstrated that temperature-induced changes in surface plasmon energy provide insights into the CTE of the outmost surface layer of Sn nanoparticles.

The necessary physical conditions for development of the ion-acoustic instability in the chromospheric part of a flaring loop current circuit are investigated. Two possible scenarios have been studied. First, we consider that pre-flare loop plasma with the large-scale sub-Dreicer electric field has a classical Coulomb conductivity and, second, when anomalous resistance appears due to saturation of Bernstein turbulence. The Fontenla-Avrett-Loeser (FAL) model of the solar atmosphere was used to describe the pre-flare plasma. We have shown that investigated instability can grow and develop either in the presence of the Coulomb conductivity or saturated Bernstein turbulence. We demonstrate that in the case of small-scale instability, the threshold value for the degree of nonisothermality is high and, therefore, cannot be reached by inclusion of the ordinary Joule heating. The ion-acoustic instability can develop at the pre-flare loop footpoints provided the electrons are more than 10 times hotter than the ions there.

The massive consumption of conventional recyclable products causes environmental pollution, so it is very important to raise public awareness about the use of green plastics. This study assessed a comprehensive understanding of the behavioural intention model of green plastic products from the perspective of the new generation. This study uses data collected from 551 new-generation customers of environmentally friendly recyclable plastic products in Indonesia. Data analysis employing partial least squares reveals that the behavioural intention model, including perceived quality, perceived value, trust, and satisfaction as determinants, is a fit across these generation cohorts. Further, this study claims that customer satisfaction is the main driver of behavioural intention, while trust is the main determinant of satisfaction with green plastic products for both generations. Finally, this study shows that millennial satisfaction is driven by perceived value, whereas new-generation satisfaction is determined by perceived quality. The study only considered behavioural intention, including quality, value, trust, and satisfaction as the drivers, meanwhile, other potential factors could influence the intention significantly as well. These findings specifically apply to green plastic products but not to other kinds of green products. In addition, the government can devise better policies supporting green products by offering tax incentives for recyclable products.

We investigated the mechanism and kinetics of the formation of metastable BiGe solid phases during the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation of Ge films in contact with Bi. Ge/Bi/Ge sandwich films with a Bi film between amorphous Ge films, which were fabricated by sequential deposition of the components in a vacuum, were used in this study. The total thickness and composition of the sandwich films varied in the range from 30 to 400 nm and from 22 to 48 wt% Bi, respectively. Electron diffraction, high-resolution (S)TEM imaging, EDX, and EEL spectroscopy were used for in situ and ex situ characterization of the morphology, composition, and structure of Ge/Bi/Ge films in the temperature range of 20–271 °C. We proved the formation of polycrystalline Ge films containing up to 28 wt% Bi during low-temperature treatment. The interaction process was activated at ≈150 °C, resulting in the crystallization of Ge with the simultaneous formation of a quasi-homogeneous supersaturated solid solution throughout the entire volume of the film at ≈210 °C. We showed that the formation of crystalline Ge films with an extended solid solubility of Bi depended mostly on the overall composition of the tri-layer film. The role of metal-induced crystallization of the amorphous germanium in the formation of the supersaturated solid phases is discussed.

Мета статті полягає в визначенні сучасного напрямку забезпечення фінансової безпеки банківської системи України в умовах воєнного стану в частині виявлення та класифікації можливих загроз. Запропоновано авторське трактування поняття "фінансова безпека банківської системи в умовах цифровізації та воєнного стану стану в країні", яке враховує процеси цифровізації фінансової сфери. Це означає, що визначення даного поняття не лише враховує традиційні аспекти безпеки, але і враховує нові вимоги та можливості, що виникають зі зростанням використання сучасних технологій. Автором надано рекомендації щодо розрахунку фінансової безпеки банку, що відкриває нові можливості для подальших досліджень та удосконалення методик оцінки в галузі забезпечення безпеки банківської діяльності. Це може стати основою для практичного застосування в діяльності кожного банку, забезпечуючи оптимальні стратегії та заходи для забезпечення фінансової стійкості та захисту від нових форм загроз. Теоретична та методологічна база дослідження ґрунтується на вивченні наукових праць провідних учених у галузі банківської справи, а також на власному трактуванні класифікації можливих загроз, спрямованих на фінансову безпеку банківської системи України. У ході дослідження були використані такі методи, як аналіз та синтез, методи історичного та логічного моделювання. Також були застосовані теоретичні підходи, зокрема метод формалізації, метод «від абстрактного до конкретного», а також метод економічної інтерпретації. З практичного погляду дослідження включає в себе метод угруповання статистичних даних, статистичний та економетричний аналіз. Ці підходи спрямовані на створення всебічного розуміння фінансової безпеки банківської системи України та визначення оптимальних стратегій захисту в умовах воєнного стану.

The study is aimed at summarizing the processes of eco-innovative (green) transformation of urban infrastructure and researching possible prospects for the development of Ukraine in this context. In the course of the research, the possibilities of "green" transformation of urban infrastructure were considered and it was noted that the use of the principles of eco-innovative transformation in the post-war period can only take place under the condition of proper planning, state support and the creation of favourable market conditions. The authors noted that the success of such a transformation requires the establishment of green goals in all aspects of the development of Ukrainian cities. Auto-frame considered the financial possibilities of the development of urban infrastructure and proposed the location of support offices for the eco-innovative transformation of urban infrastructure at the regional level. The principles of achieving eco-innovative transformation of urban infrastructure are revealed, namely maximum energy efficiency, energy transition, "zero waste", environmental sustainability of buildings, adaptation to climate change, popularization of a green lifestyle, resource conservation, citizen involvement and circular economy. It is proposed to create a platform that would unite architects, builders, urban planners, citizens, artists and other interested persons. This platform should contribute to the search for answers to the question of how to ensure a quick, ecological, attractive and safe "green" transformation of urban infrastructure. Ukraine should cooperate with the European Union within various green platforms and networks that help cities in green transformation. All the above-mentioned tools and solutions should contribute to the creation of green, sustainable and people-oriented cities in Ukraine. The authors have considered the possibilities of financing the restoration of Ukrainian cities after the destruction in terms of the necessary financial resources, donor countries, and reconstruction expenditures.

В історії розвитку синологічних вчень окреме місце займає французька синологія. Саме Франція стала найпершою країною, в якій відбулася трансформація місіонерської синології, що була поширена серед обмеженого кола дослідників (в основному у релігійному середовищі) в академічну наукову дисципліну, яку вже на професійному рівні викладали та вивчали у вищих закладах освіти. Саме паризький тип синології тривалий час домінував у всьому світі, включаючи такі потужні центри китаєзнавства як Німеччина, Великобританія, США, й власне сам Китай. Проведений історіографічний аналіз теми дозволяє говорити про недостатнє висвітлення вітчизняними дослідниками еволюції історичного розвитку французької синології як цілісного процесу, котрий тривав майже 800 років. Даний факт спонукав авторів до розкриття зазначеної теми. Мета статті – дослідити історичний розвиток французької синології протягом 13–21 століть. У ході роботи було використано як загальнонаукові методи, так і спеціальні, серед яких пріоритетне місце зайняли історичний, хронологічний та проблемно-тематичний. Також було застосовано аналітичний метод та методи групування і типологізації, що дозволило подати матеріал логічно завершеним. Для формування цілісної картини розвитку синології у Франції авторами було виокремлено та проаналізовано три історичні періоди, що охопили всю історію розвитку китаєзнавства, починаючи від зародження та розквіту до процесу стагнації. Так, у часових межах першого періоду досліджено процес накопичення своєрідної наукової бази знань про Китай, а також розвиток місіонерської синології та доведено, що саме вона стала своєрідним містком між протосинологічним етапом та академічною синологією, яка секуляризувавши здобутки попередників у 19 ст. перетворилася на наукову університетську дисципліну. У часових межах другого періоду проаналізовано наукові здобутки цілої плеяди французьких науковців а саме, Едуарда Шаванна, Марселя Гране, Анрі Поля Гастона Масперо тощо та зроблено висновок, що тогочасна синологічна школа у Франції перебувала та піку свого розвитку, а погляди її представників стали пріоритетними серед синологів світу. Щодо третього періоду, авторами висловлено думку про те, що сучасна французька китаїстика втратила лідируючі позиції в науковому світі, а пошуки новітніх методологічних підходів та методів (насамперед мультидисциплінарних з використанням цифрових технологій) є передусім спробою досягти паритетного становища із провідними центрами синології. Фактологічний матеріал дослідження може бути залучений для подальшого вивчення історії розвитку синології, а також для написання узагальнюючих праць із китаєзнавства, до читання лекційних курсів, спецкурсів та спецсемінарів.

The intensification of production in dairy farming has placed new demands on cattle breeds. Under the conditions of the introduction of high technologies of milk production, the essential features and characteristics of animals, such as a high level of productivity, suitability for machine milking, the ability to store high amounts of milk during two milkings, high manufacturability and reproductive capacity, resistance to diseases, duration of economic use, which ensure profitability its production. Non-compliance with the specified requirements of animals of the main breeds bred in Ukraine led to the beginning of a large-scale breeding process. Almost all traditional breeds, which in the recent past were considered among the best, turned out to be relatively low-yielding and unsuitable for use in high-tech milk production complexes. The Simmental breed with a dual direction of productivity has become such. The value of this breed lies in the fact that animals can harmoniously combine good milk production and good meat qualities, have excellent adaptation properties, strong constitution, and have high lifetime productivity in combination with long-term economic use. Simmentals more often than animals of other breeds, can give multiple births – twins. The article theoretically substantiates and proves the expediency of a complex study of economically valuable traits, their intergroup variability, and population-genetic parameters in cows of different Simmental breed production types in the Carpathian region conditions. The degree of influence of individual factors on the economically advantageous traits of animals and the relative variability of milk yield with morphological and biochemical indicators of blood and indices of lactation stability, calculated by various methods, were clarified.

The purpose of the article is to identify the impact of corporate governance on the economic development and growth of the state. The article proposes possible channels for the growth and development of corporate governance: good corporate governance can expand companies' access to external financing, which, in turn, contributes to the attraction of new investments, higher rates of economic growth and the creation of new jobs; good corporate governance can reduce the cost of capital and increase company value, making investment more attractive, leading to further economic growth and increased employment; effective management increases operational efficiency due to better allocation of resources and improvement of management, helps more equal distribution of welfare; effective corporate governance reduces the risk of a financial crisis, which can cause devastating economic and social consequences; effective corporate governance leads to improved relations with all interested parties (stakeholders) and, accordingly, improved labor relations, as well as creating conditions for working on social problems, in particular, issues of environmental protection. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is represented by the scientific works of leading scientists in the field of corporate governance, as well as the author's interpretation of the impact of corporate governance on the economic development and growth of the state. In the research process, such methods as analysis and synthesis, the method of historical and logical modeling were used. As theoretical methods, the formalization method, the "from abstract to concrete" method, as well as the historical method and the method of economic interpretation are used in the work. From a practical point of view, the method of grouping statistical data, statistical and econometric analysis was also used in the study.

The purpose of the article is to identify approaches to understanding transport infrastructure and the level of human development, to determine the mechanisms of the impact of transport infrastructure on human development, to determine the mechanisms of the impact of human development on the state of transport infrastructure. The state of transport infrastructure of Ukraine is considered in detail in the article. According to the results of the study, the directions of the development of countries in terms of transport infrastructure and the level of welfare of the population are determined. The relationship between transport infrastructure and human development through the pricing mechanism has been studied. The study found out that the relationship is characterized by micro- ("transport infrastructure - pricing - human development") and macroeconomic ("pricing - transport infrastructure - human development") effects, which allowed to link this vector with the political sphere of society. Methodology: The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is represented by the scientific works of leading scientists in the field of human development, as well as the author's concept of structural and infrastructural socio-economic development. The research used such methods as analysis and synthesis, the method of historical and logical modeling. The method of formalization, the method "from the abstract to the concrete", as well as the historical method, the method of economic interpretation are used as theoretical methods in the work. From a practical point of view, the study also included the method of grouping statistical data, statistical and econometric analysis. The results of the study can be used in the field of economic policy adjustment, in the courses of economic policy, state regulation, as well as in practice for the development of socio-economic and transport policy of the state.

We investigated the mechanism and kinetics of the formation of metastable BiGe solid phases during the amorphous-to-crystalline transformation of Ge films in contact with Bi. Ge/Bi/Ge sandwich films with a Bi film between amorphous Ge films, which were fabricated by sequential deposition of the components in a vacuum, were used in this study. The total thickness and composition of the sandwich films varied in the range from 30 to 400 nm and from 22 to 48 wt% Bi, respectively. Electron diffraction, high-resolution (S)TEM imaging, EDX, and EEL spectroscopy were used for in situ and ex situ characterization of the morphology, composition, and structure of Ge/Bi/Ge films in the temperature range of 20–271 °C. We proved the formation of polycrystalline Ge films containing up to 28 wt% Bi during low-temperature treatment. The interaction process was activated at ≈150 °C, resulting in the crystallization of Ge with the simultaneous formation of a quasi-homogeneous supersaturated solid solution throughout the entire volume of the film at ≈210 °C. We showed that the formation of crystalline Ge films with an extended solid solubility of Bi depended mostly on the overall composition of the tri-layer film. The role of metal-induced crystallization of the amorphous germanium in the formation of the supersaturated solid phases is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The emergence of new technologies for the production of structural elements gives impetus to the development of new technologies for their design, in particular with the involvement of a topology optimization method. The most common algorithm for designing topologically optimal structures is focused on reducing their elastic flexibility at a given volume of material. However, a closer to the engineering design approach is the minimization of the volume of a structural element while limiting the resulting mechanical stresses. In contrast to the classical algorithms of this approach, which limit the values of stresses at certain points, this paper develops an alternative criterion: the formation of the image of a structural element is based on minimizing the integral parameter of stress distribution non-uniformity. The developed algorithm is based on the method of proportional topology optimization, and when mechanical stresses are calculated, the classical relations of the finite element method are used. The above parameter can be interpreted as the ratio of the deviation of the values, ordered in ascending order, of equivalent von Mises stresses in the finite elements of a calculation model from their linear approximation to the corresponding mean value. The search for the optimal result is carried out for the full range of possible values of the averaged "density" of the calculation area, which is associated with a decrease in the amount of input data. The proposed integrated strength criterion provides better uniformity of the optimized topology, allows us to smooth the effect of the local peak values of mechanical stresses, determining a single optimization result that is resistant to calculation errors. The algorithm is implemented in the MatLab software environment for two-dimensional models. The efficiency of the approach is tested on the optimization of a classical beam (mbb-beam), a cantilever beam, and an L-shaped beam. A comparative analysis of the obtained results with those available in the literature is given. It is shown that in the absence of constraint on the average value of the density of a finite element model, the proposed criterion gives a ″less dense″ optimization result compared to the classical one (approximately 40%), while the values of "contrast index" are quite close.