Search

Introduction Functional Neurological Disorders (FND), also called hysteria or conversion disorder, have represented a challenge over the centuries in terms of comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for symptoms which mimic neurological diseases without organic damage. Charcot considered hysteria primarily a hereditary disorder, but also considered that environmental factors including physical and emotional stress served as provoking factors. The prevailing etiologic theories of FND are psychosocial and still strongly dominated by the Freudian concept of conversion – a psychologic symptom is converted into a somatic symptom as a way of dealing with the distress of the symptom. However, physiologic studies with fMRI are necessary to understand the neurological mechanisms involved in FND symptoms. Convergent neuroimaging findings have implicated abnormal limbic-motor interactions in response to emotional stimuli in FND patients, demonstrated a possible role of the limbic system (LS) in FND neurophysiology. Objectives Understand the role of LS in the neurophysiologic mechanisms involve in FND. Methods Systematic review of the literature published in PubMed, using the terms “Functional Neurological Disorders”, “Limbic System”, “Emotions”. Results Physiologic studies of functional weakness and sensory loss reveal normal functioning of primary motor and sensory cortex, but abnormalities of premotor cortex and association cortices. This suggests a top-down influence creating the dysfunction during the action control. Indeed, fMRI studies with FND motor patients show a hypoactivation of cortical and subcortical motor pathways, and a hyperactivity in limbic areas related with an abnormal limbic regulation with increased amygdala activity. In fact, studies have found a dysfunction in the medial prefrontal areas in FDN patients suggesting that they might have an abnormal affective representation (AR) of self-relevant information encoded in this region, which can later induce specific behavioral patterns of thought interaction with sensorimotor circuits. The abnormal AR could be influence by a dysfunction in LS regulation. Indeed, emotions are one of the major factors influencing movement choice. Moreover, limbic structures, such as the amygdala, can be influenced by genetic factors and/or early life stress. Thus, abnormal functioning of LS could lead to functional disorders by deranged top-down control. Conclusions In conclusion, FND patients may have an abnormal AR and/or emotion regulation mechanisms possibly due to prior experience or partly genetically determined which interact with lower-order functions leading to the production of the functional symptoms, where LS have an important role. However, much further empiric research is needed to better understand this fascinating and debilitating condition, as well as to derive new perspectives for more efficient therapeutic interventions in these patients. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Folie a deux, also known as shared psychotic disorder or induced delusional disorder, is a rare mental disorder that was first described in France in the late 19th century and was referred to delusions shared between two individuals in close relationship. The concept has evolved and according to ICD-10 the following criteria for the diagnosis is phenomenology-based only. Objectives To describe a clinical case and review the existing evidence on folie a deux. Methods Clinical case and non-systematic review of the literature, from the last 15 years, on folie a deux. For this research, the keywords “folie a deux”, “shared psychotic disorder” and “induced delusional disorder” were used in the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Results The clinical case presented refers to a 56-year-old female patient with no known psychiatric history. The patient stated that 5 years ago when his mother died, neighbors began to persecute her and her sister. She was medicated with a second-generation antipsychotic without total remission of symptoms. Generally, in folie a deux there is a close and prolonged relationship between the inducer and the receptor, as described in this case. We considered that the sister is the active subject. The delusion is persecutory, the most common in this disorder. The patient kept her job until she was hospitalized and as described in the literature patients with folie a deux maintain their functionality, which is responsible for the underdiagnosis of this disorder. The fact that the current evidence is based on case reports reflects the underdiagnosis and rarity of this disorder. Conclusions This clinical case highlights the challenging diagnosis and difficulty in treating this condition. Patients can be diagnosed many years after the onset of symptoms, which may not resolve with treatment. Much information, as prevalence, natural history, and optimal treatment, is lacking on folie a deux, and the etiology remains unknown. As such, prospective studies should be carried out to help understand this disorder. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction The Portuguese Plan for Mental Health envisaged the development of teams dedicated to the support of “difficult” patients. However, it was not clarified who these patients were, nor in which dimensions they could be supported. In this regard, there is a need for an objective and pragmatic definition to understand who these patients are. Objectives To characterize the “difficult” patient with Schizophrenia. Methods Through the hospital’s IT services, all acute inpatient episodes at Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa were collected since 2017, with the diagnosis of Schizophrenia (ICD10: F20 – n: 1448). Cluster analysis was performed, regarding number of previous admissions (PA) and days of admission. Descriptive analysis of these patients was made, regarding age, gender, destination at discharge, and to the “difficult to treat” patients, whether they attend a medical consultation prior to admission, if they were complying with the therapy and if they were using psychoactive substances. Results Cluster analysis identified 3 clusters: (G1) a larger, uncharacteristic one; (G2) one of users with many PA; and one with a high number of days of admission (G3). The average age is similar (46 years old), as well as gender (male). Regarding hospitalization days, G1 and G2 presented similar average values (16 days), higher for G3 (60 days). Comparing PA in G2, 47% of patients have between 6 and 10 PA and 25% have between 11 and 20 PA. For the same intervals, G3 has values of 10% and 2% respectively. About the destination after discharge, about 2/3 of both groups were referred for follow-up consultation; in G2, 5% were discharged by abandonment and in G3, 5% were referred to a Rehabilitation service and 6% integrated in Residential homes. Approximately 2/3 of the patients in G2 and G3 did not go to a medical consultation in the three months prior to their admission. Regarding the therapeutic plan, in G2 73% were not following it and in G3 this rate was 66%. Only 5% of G2 and 2% of G3 were in involuntary treatment. Injectable medication was used by 42% of patients in G2 and 23% in G3. Regarding substance use, alcohol was present in 9% of G2 and in 6% of G3; cannabinoids in 18% of G2 and in 11% of G3; and other psychoactive substances were present in 8% of G2 and in 4% of G3. Conclusions The findings of this study allow us to outline two profiles of “difficult to treat” patients with Schizophrenia. On the one hand those with multiple relapses (G2), on the other those with prolonged hospitalizations (G3). Both have poor adherence to consultations and are erratic in therapeutic compliance. Injectable medication, although present in G2 and in a lower percentage in G3, and the infrequent involuntary treatment in both, may be considered as possible intervention points. An assertive multidisciplinary approach, focused on current treatment and relapse prevention (including social structures and rehabilitation centers), will be the key to their treatment. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Monoaminergic neurotransmitters affect motor control, emotions and cognitive functions. Their relative abundance depends on the action of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) which catalyses their degradation into inactive metabolites. Brunner syndrome is a rare chromosome X-linked recessive inheritance genetic disorder, which causes loss of function of the MAOA gene, leading to a relative increase in monoamines in affected individuals (typically males). It manifests with moderate intellectual developmental disturbance associated with maladaptive externalising behaviours, low frustration tolerance and marked impulsivity. Objectives To present a clinical case of patient diagnosed with Brunner Syndrome presenting with suicidal and homicidal ideation and to discuss it based on a non-systematic review of the literature. Methods Case report and non-systematic review of the literature. Results: Case Report Male born with neonatal asphyxia that consequently presented developmental retardation characterised by learning difficulties and emotional dysregulation. At 18 years of age, he began follow-up in Psychiatry due to self-injurious behaviours and several reactive suicide attempts (SA), being diagnosed with Intellectual Disability. At 22, he was hospitalised due to reactive depression, being discharged doing well with valproate, fluoxetine and olanzapine. Shortly after, he was arrested (aged 23-28) for attempted murder followed by SA. During imprisonment, he was diagnosed with Brunner’s Syndrome after his younger brother diagnosis. At 31, he was hospitalised for suicidal and homicidal ideation, revealing high impulsiveness and low frustration tolerance, and was discharged with compulsory psychiatric treatment. Three weeks later he was again hospitalised for symptoms recurrence having improved on Sertraline 50mg and Aripiprazole 400mg monthly. Discussion Although scarce, the available evidence suggests that dietary modifications and the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may improve behaviour, reduce serotoninergic symptoms and possibly reverse some neurochemical abnormalities. Conclusions Brunner syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with neuropsychiatric manifestations, whose course, treatment and prognosis are currently poorly known. Thus, the current treatment is empirical and further studies are needed. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Another pandemic besides COVID-19 stalks the land. This one takes a heavy toll on the young. Suicide occurs throughout the lifespan and is the second leading cause of death among 15-29 years old globally. Objectives The objective of this review is to highlight for another tragic pandemic, with main emphasis on the preventable character. Methods Data was obtained through an internet-based literature review, using the research platform Pubmed and the World Health Organization website. Seven articles from the last two years were included. Results Improved surveillance and monitoring of suicide attempts and self-harm is a core element of suicide prevention and desirable worldwide. A public health surveillance system based on medical records would provide and disseminate data that would guide and prioritize the best interventions in each context and contribute to an effective overall suicide prevention strategy. Conclusions Close to 800 000 people die due to suicide every year, which is one person every 40 seconds. According to current data, for each adult who died by suicide there may have been more than 20 others attempting suicide. Effective and evidence-based interventions can be implemented to prevent suicide and suicide attempts. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Functional cognitive disorders (FCD) denotes a complaint about memory function or, less commonly, another cognitive process, in the absence of relevant neuropathology and with evidence of inconsistency between symptoms reported and signs identified at assessment. Increasing numbers of people with FCD are being identified. Most are discharged back to primary care without a diagnosis or are given the label of mild cognitive impairment, which is not a synonym for FCD. Objectives There is a multitude of terms in the clinic and in the research to describe this kind of complaints. Some terms seem to minimize and normalize the state, whereas others posit an underlying cause. Given this lack of order, it is a challenge to diagnose it and give it the proper clinical guidance. This literature-based review aims to fill this gap. Methods Data was obtained through an internet-based literature search, using the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and NCBI. The World Health Organization was also utilized. Nine articles from the last two years were included. Results It is listed a nosology in six categories and a selection of clinical features which may help with the discrimination of functional and neurological disease causes of memory disorders. Conclusions Patients presenting with complaints about memory function require standard psychiatric and neurological history and examination. It should be emphasized that these conditions are not diagnoses of exclusion but have positive symptoms and signs that should become well-known. Nevertheless, we remain uncertain about prognosis and treatments, both psychological and pharmacological. Its development would reduce the burden of patients in the healthcare systems. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Difficult patients are not something new and we can find innumerous definitions for this concept. However, they form a very heterogenous group and we need a less abstract definition focused more on the clinical reality and the difficulties experienced by patients and mental health professionals. Objectives Our goal was to find a more precise and clinical definition of the difficult patient based on quantitative measures using a statistical analysis of a series of hospitalizations. Methods A cluster analysis of our hospital’s in-patient treatment from the last 5 years was made concerning the duration of the stay and the number of previous hospitalizations. Results A sample of 8576 inpatient treatment episodes was used. 52.4% were male and 47.6% female patients between the age of 15 and 103 years old. The length of the treatment varied from 0 to 1007 days and the number of previous hospitalizations from 0 to 109; excluding the outliers the means were, respectively, 21 days and 2 previous hospitalizations. The cluster analysis excluded 85 episodes and it found the presence of 3 clusters, being the number 1 the wider one (n=5861 episodes) and the other quite similar. The Cluster 1 was characterized by a smaller length of hospital stay and number of hospitalizations; the Cluster 2 was defined by the episodes with the highest number of previous hospitalizations (`x =8.77) and the Cluster C by the longest hospital stays (`x =58.09 days). With a Kruskal-Wallis test we found both variables statistically different between all clusters (p

Introduction Multiple definitions for “difficult to treat” patients (DTP) were given throughout the years. While most authors focus on diagnoses, others focus on clinical, social and demographic factors, which should be regarded as factors of bad prognosis and elevated costs for the healthcare systems. Objectives To identify and haracterize DTP patients admitted in acute ward, based on practical criteria. Methods Through the hospital’s IT services, all acute inpatient episodes at Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa were collected, since 2017. Cluster analysis was performed, regarding number of previous admissions (PA) and days of admission. Descriptive and comparative statistics (with multiple comparisons) for the different clusters, regarding age, gender, diagnosis at discharge (according to ICD10), and, to the DTP, previous medical following, compliance to medication, and substance use at admission. Results Three clusters were identified: (C1, n=5861) a larger, uncharacteristic one; (C2, n=1168) with a higher number of PA (average of 8, versus less than 2 on the others); and (C3, n=1462) with higher number of days of admissions (58 versus less than 16). Statistical significance was found regarding age (higher in C3), gender (more men in C2), nationality (C1 with more foreigners). Regarding diagnosis at discharge, statistical difference was found between the 3 groups: C1 has significantly less patients with Schizophrenia (11% versus 30% in the others), but more depressive (21% versus 6% in C2 and 12% in C3) and neurotic disorders. C2 presented less dementias (0,5% versus 3% in C1 and 10% in C3) and delusional disorders, but more bipolar disorders (24% versus 15% in C1 and C3); C3 represented less episodes due to substance abuse (alcohol or others) and personality disorders. In both C2 and C3, no psychiatric consultation happened in the 3 months prior admission to around 40% of episodes, and 50% had stopped medication. The majority had only oral medication. Almost 24% of C2 tested positive for cannabinoids, with no differences regarding other substances. Conclusions These findings allow the definition of 2 kinds of DTP, which present unique characteristics but some common features (namely poor adherence to consultations and are in therapeutic compliance). An assertive multidisciplinary approach, focused on current treatment and relapse prevention (including social structures, more frequent clinical follow-up, and rehabilitation centers), will be the key to their treatment. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Ganser syndrome is described as a dissociative disorder not otherwise specified in the DSM-IV, and is not currently listed in the DSM-V. It is a rare condition, with transient Vorbeireden as the central symptom. This means the patient responds to questions with an incorrect answer, but by the nature of the answer reveals an understanding of the question posed. This disorder was first described by the German psychiatrist Sigbert Ganser in 1898. Objectives Analyze case reports published in the available literature and intelligibly characterize their clinical presentation and dissect the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Methods Data was obtained through an internet-based literature search, using the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and NCBI. The World Health Organization was also utilized. Seven articles from the last four years were included. Results The core clinical features of this syndrome are approximate answers, clouding of consciousness, somatic conversion symptoms and hallucinations. However, they are all not needed for diagnosis. The basic underlying etiology of Ganser syndrome is still unknown. Debates over the factitious versus psychiatric versus organic origin of the symptomatology are common in the literature. No reliable epidemiological data can be established. Conclusions The condition is a rare, probably dissociative, with transient Vorbeireden as the central symptom. Although the research interest in dissociative disorders, the etiopathogenetic models remain hypothetical. Detailed imaging, neuropsychological and neurological data are required. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Introduction Patients taking lithium complain of cognitive impairment. This was assumed to be real by expert clinicians for years until relatively recent objective neuropsychological studies have failed to verify much impairment. Second and perhaps underemphasized side effect from lithium is sexual dysfunction. Objectives The objective of this review is to highlight for the cognitive and sexual problems, which are two very important areas for discussion with patients. It should be brought up right when beginning to prescribe. Methods Data was obtained through an internet-based literature review, using the research platform PubMed and the World Health Organization website. Eight articles from the last five years were included. Results Due to the lack of evidence in neuropsychological studies, what was considered to be impaired cognitive function in the past has been recently considered a loss of sharp thinking in manic states or mild persisting depressions. About sexual dysfunction it is important eliminating other possible causes, lowering lithium dose, timing sex, and taking sildenafil and 240 mg/day of aspirin may help. Conclusions Cognitive impairment and sexual problems are two important subjects that involve the issues of dosing, of managing and dealing with people’s willingness to take lithium. Providing psychoeducation about these possible effects can head off abrupt discontinuation impulses. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

An alternative to insert history of science (HS) in teacher formation programs is the use of concept maps (CM), which may be very useful to represent the historical elaboration dimension of science concepts, laws, and principles. This paper presents the results of a study that identifies the conceptions of pre-service physics teachers about the relationships between CM hierarchical organization and knowledge elaboration in HS. In the first stage of the research, the content analysis methodology was used to analyze and categorize the students' answers to questions concerning the relationships between CM hierarchical organization and HS. In the second stage, the answers of a different group of pre-service teachers were analyzed concerning the level of agreement with the categories previously elaborated. The students associated CM hierarchical organization with knowledge improvement, elucidation of the importance level of the concepts, and the relationships between more general and more specific contents. We point out that the use of CM in HS subjects may contribute to the pre-service teachers associating HS concepts not in a chronological way, but in hierarchical order, from the most general to the most specific ones.

It is important to prioritize intersectoral action at schools to prevent the use of alcohol and other drugs. This strategic act should be organized with multidisciplinary learning characteristics and with the involvement of different stakeholders. The aim of a recent scoping review was to identify the factors that benefit and hinder intersectoral actions at school resulting from the elaboration of policies to prevent drug use. It seems like the research study was a scoping review that used the P-population, C-context, and C-concept structure. The study searched for information in various databases like Embase, Proquest, Lilacs, Medline via Pubmed, PsycInfo, WHO-Iris, and PAHO-Iris on April 17, 2023. According to the results, there were 5 studies that were eligible to answer the research question. One of the advantages of intersectoral actions is the role of schools in creating a support network with different social actors, particularly with family involvement. On the other hand, one of the challenges is inconsistencies in legal regulations, which do not provide enough guidance to schools on how to prevent alcohol and drug use. While public and private schools may be affected differently by social and economic factors, it is essential to invest in developing policies that focus on drug prevention for children and adolescents who are learning in schools.

Introduction Depression is known to be associated with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the brain is a major target organ for thyroid hormone. Overt hypothyroidism can cause symptoms compatible with depression. However, its relationship with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is not well established. Objectives To review the literature regarding the effect of levothyroxine therapy among patients with SCH and coexistent depression. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search using depression, subclinical hypothyroidism and levothyroxine as keywords, selecting studies written in English. Results SCH is defined as an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone with normal peripheric hormone levels. The association between SCH and depression is controversial. Some studies indicate that SCH had the same propensity with overt hypothyroidism, while others report that major affective symptoms are not associated with SCH, but are likely due to independent psychiatric diagnoses, which are common in the general population and occur with similar frequency in patients with SCH. Individuals with SCH are recommended to initiate levothyroxine replacement therapy only when their TSH level is above 10 mIU/L or if symptoms are present. There is a lack of evidence supporting the use of levothyroxine therapy to improve mental health outcomes and the majority of meta-analysis do not show relief of affective symptoms after levothyroxine therapy, among individuals with SCH. Conclusions Routine screening for depressive symptoms among individuals with SCH is important to prevent morbidity. Nevertheless, there is no evidence enduring levothyroxine supplementation in these cases. Further studies, with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed to enlighten the potential benefit of this therapy. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Circadian rhythm (CR) dysfunction is a prominent feature in bipolar disorder (BD) and sleep disturbances are characteristic, although not essential to the diagnosis. Objectives To review the literature regarding the CR dysfunction and its impact on the onset and clinical course of BD. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search using bipolar disorder, circadian rhythm and sleep as keywords, selecting studies written in English. Results CR dysfunction is a trait marker of BD. It’s known that during depressive episodes insomnia is present, with difficulty falling asleep/ maintaining sleep and early awakening. Regarding mania, decreased need for sleep is a critical marker. During the euthymic period significant alterations in sleep pattern have been described. It’s also known that changes in the sleep pattern occur prior to those in mood patterns, indicating that sleep dysregulation may trigger the onset of mood episodes or relapses. Therefore, CR disruption may be associated with the pathophysiology of BD and some factors have already been identified: irregularity of the sleep-wake rhythm, eveningness chronotype, abnormality of melatonin secretion, vulnerability of clock genes and the irregularity of social zeitgeber. Conclusions Disturbances of sleep are pervasive, and an essential feature of BD, worse during mood episodes, but still present during euthymic periods. It remains to determine whether circadian rhythm dysfunction is a trait marker or mood state dependent. Further studies are warranted to clarify this association. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Anhedonia is a symptom usually, and probably simplistically, defined as the inability to experience pleasure. It is considered one of the core symptoms of depression and a negative symptom of schizophrenia. Objectives We intend to explore whether previous studies found common or dissimilar experiences of anhedonia in depression and schizophrenia. Methods We performed a review of the published literature on the subject using PubMed. We conducted a search using ‘anhedonia’, ‘schizophrenia’, and ‘depression’ as keywords. Results There is different and diverging evidence on the matter. Historical reports associated schizophrenia with trait anhedonia, and depression with state anhedonia. More recently, some authors correlated appetitive anhedonia (lack of interest/desire) with schizophrenia, and consummatory anhedonia (lack of pleasure/enjoyment) with depression, but this was not corroborated by other studies. However, in line with it, there are findings of a normal physiological response to pleasurable stimuli among schizophrenics. Some authors propose that, in schizophrenia, this symptom might not represent an inability to feel pleasure but rather a deficient expression of its experience, as a part of blunted affect. Reward models highlight a deficit in reward learning in depression, but disorganization of reward processing and a focus on irrelevant clues in schizophrenia, which prevent patients from pursuing a pleasurable experience. Conclusions There are still limited studies comparing the experience of anhedonia in depression and schizophrenia. There seem to be significant differences between the two, but further studies are needed. In particular, this could be important in screening schizophrenic patients for depression. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction We live in a global world, where immigration is no longer just an escape, but also a demand and a desire. Globalization imposes the challenge of recognizing psychiatric illness in the most diverse of patients. Objectives To review the literature about the documentation of ethnic differences and the psychotic symptoms presentation. Methods We performed a MEDLINE search using the key words: ethnic differences and psychotic symptoms. We only included studies with full text published in English. Results Since the 1970s, some studies have shown that there are differences in the manifestation of psychiatric illness in ethnic minorities. Most recent studies confirm this statement, mainly with an increase in immigration in the 20th century, with the receiving countries having an increase in the number of cases of psychosis (affective and non-affective). Belonging to an ethnic minority increases the risk of psychotic symptoms and experiences, witch is related to the patients perception of discrimination, social differences, family separation and the stress associated with immigration. On the other hand, these groups also have less access to health care. Conclusions Currently, professionals are more aware of the global world and what this implies in the manifestations of psychiatric illnesses. However, more studies will be needed to identify these natural differences. In this way, we will be able to help our patients anywhere and support their families. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Since the second half of the 20th century, studies have been carried out that prove the benefits of the hospital environment in the improvement and recovery of patients. In this way, it would be important to understand what has already been done within the reality of Psychiatry Department. Objectives To review the literature about the documentation of hospital environment influence in patients’ recovery. Methods We performed a MEDLINE search using the key words: hospital environment influence and patients’ recovery or patients healing. We only included studies with full text published in English. Results In the selected articles, we only found studies developed in the Surgery department; in one of them, the authors tested the presence of plants in the patients’ rooms and assessed lower blood pressure values, less pain and less anxiety than the control group; in another, they tested the presence of music and landscape, although there was no difference in terms of pain assessment, there was an improvement in the assessment of the postoperative experience. A review pointed some other aspects that patients linked with their recovery, such as: audio and visual environment; specifically, in anxiety, pain and stress. On the other hand, other studies address the influence of the hospital environment on the satisfaction of health care providers. Conclusions Although hospital environment has already demonstrated an impact on the patient recovery, none (in our review) was developed directly in a Psychiatric Department; further studies are needed to understand the impact on this kind of service. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Introduction Paraneoplastic syndromes (PS) result from indirect effects of neoplasms. In 50% of the cases the symptoms precede the diagnosis and run independently. PS may involve the peripheral or central nervous system, resulting in symptoms from sensory neuropathies to several neuropsychiatric manifestations. Objectives To review the psychiatric manifestations of paraneoplastic syndromes affecting the nervous system. Methods Selective literature review via PubMed search, using the keywords “paraneoplastic syndromes”, “endrocrine paraneoplastic syndromes”, “neuropsychiatric manifestations”, “limbic encephalitis”. Results The prevalence of PS varies with the type of cancer (

Introduction Praecox feeling (PF) is a characteristic feeling of bizarreness or unease that a psychiatrist experiences when facing a patient with schizophrenia. This term, proposed by Rumke in 1941, was considered an important feature of a schizophrenia diagnosis. However, since the movement toward operational diagnostic methods in the late 1970s, it has fallen out of use. Objectives This work aims to discuss the role of Praecox Feeling in the clinical approach to schizophrenia diagnosis. Methods PubMed database was searched using combinations of the terms “praecox”, combined with “feeling” and “schizophrenia”. Results PF is sometimes experienced silently before the patient participates verbally. An experienced and attentive clinician can intuitively feels changes in the body posture, facial expression, the tone of the voice, motor behavior, and attitude that could look insignificant, but as a whole they present the patient as “definitely un-understandable.” Although there is lacking evidence to sustain the rehabilitation of the PF as a reliable and valid clinical criterion consistent with the operational approach, a broader scientific approach is called for. PF should not be trivialized, as is sometimes the case, into a quick diagnosis but could be a real determinant of medical decision. Conclusions Even though there may not be sufficient evidence to consider it valid clinical diagnostic criteria, it still appears to play an important role in the clinical decision-making process and should not be underestimated or stigmatized. This concept is not completely subjective and does rely on objective information, such as the patient’s behaviour and body language. Disclosure No significant relationships.

The Green Edge initiative was developed to investigate the processes controlling the primary productivity and fate of organic matter produced during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom (PSB) and to determine its role in the ecosystem. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at an ice camp located on landfast sea ice southeast of Qikiqtarjuaq Island in Baffin Bay (67.4797∘ N, 63.7895∘ W). During both expeditions, a large suite of physical, chemical and biological variables was measured beneath a consolidated sea-ice cover from the surface to the bottom (at 360 m depth) to better understand the factors driving the PSB. Key variables, such as conservative temperature, absolute salinity, radiance, irradiance, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll a concentration, bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance and taxonomy, and carbon stocks and fluxes were routinely measured at the ice camp. Meteorological and snow-relevant variables were also monitored. Here, we present the results of a joint effort to tidy and standardize the collected datasets, which will facilitate their reuse in other Arctic studies. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.17882/59892 (Massicotte et al., 2019a).

Digital transformation (DT) is raising new challenges. This article seeks to understand how DT has changed business strategies, requiring a new profile of professionals, analyzing the most sought-after skills and identifying opportunities for future professionals. Also, it studies whether universities have incorporated in their training the new skills required by the labor market impacted by DT. To these ends, a systematic literature review dealing with digital transformation, competence, and education was conducted. The existing literature was categorized into seven main areas of investigation: digital literacy; skills identification; use of digital technologies in teaching; learning models; workforce qualification or re-skilling; digital technologies in the labor market; and undergraduate course analysis. This structuring then lays the groundwork for capturing gaps in the literature and proposing future research.

The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 2,717 new measurements from 869 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 120 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 97 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 23 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app. The 2024 edition of the Review of Particle Physics should be cited as: S. Navas et al. (Particle Data Group), Phys. Rev. D 110, 030001 (2024)