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Purpose of research. The aim of the research is to form modules of organizational and technical systems (OTS) using a cognitive approach to solve problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. Currently, there is a rapid development of elements of the Internet of things. New tasks related to self-organization and adaptation in a rapidly changing external environment are brought to the fore. These tasks occur when new elements appear in the telecommunications computer network, they fail, change the mode, new tasks occur, etc. To work out these tasks, the possibilities of approaches to support and decision-making such as situational, cognitive, and semiotic are considered. The authors consider the cognitive approach in more detail. Within the framework of the cognitive paradigm, the article describes the use of the cognitive approach for solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems. To solve this problem on the basis of an agent-based approach, the structure of a cyberphysical system with the possibility of adaptation is presented and the functions of its agents are described. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. An adaptation algorithm using the planning mechanism is presented. The demo example shows a knowledge base for solving the problem of adapting cyberphysical systems using a cognitive planning mechanism.Materials and methods of research. New approaches and methods are required to address adaptation issues in planning. The cognitive approach is one of the developing directions in solving many problems of the Internet of things. One of these tasks is the ability to adapt OTS modules in a rapidly changing external environment based on the planning mechanism. To solve the planning problem, we use the algorithm described by Aristotle more than 2,350 years ago and implemented in the GPS program. This algorithm can be considered the first description of the cognitive mechanism that a person uses. The knowledge base uses an integrated approach to knowledge representation. When developing OTS modules, an agent-based approach was used to solve the problem of adaptation.Results. The existing and developing approaches and methods for decision support and decision-making are considered for decisionmaking in newly emerging situations in OTS modules. The main provisions of such significant approaches as situational, cognitive and semiotic are presented. A cognitive approach to the adaptation of intelligent systems is proposed. The solution of the problem of adaptation of cyberphysical systems is considered within the framework of the cognitive paradigm. The structure of a cyberphysical system capable of solving adaptation problems is shown. The functions of OTS modules based on agent-oriented technology are described. A description of the adaptation algorithm using the cognitive planning mechanism is given. The main stages of solving problems of adaptation of cyberphysical systems are presented. A demo example of solving the problem of adaptation by a cyberphysical system-a cooking robot – is shown.Conclusion. Using the modular architecture of an intelligent system allows you to solve many problems. One of these tasks is to configure elements of the Internet of things when they deviate from their main function. The planning mechanisms proposed for parametric adaptation can be repeatedly applied in OTS modules as separate agents. This approach is relevant for elements of the Internet of things. In the case of expanding the functionality of the OTS modules of Internet of things, it is advisable to apply machine learning with fixing the results in the knowledge base of planning agents.

Journal impact factors were devised to qualify and compare university library holdings but are frequently repurposed for use in ranking applications, research papers, and even individual applicants in mycology and beyond. The widely held assumption that mycological studies published in journals with high impact factors add more to systematic mycology than studies published in journals without high impact factors nevertheless lacks evidential underpinning. The present study uses the species hypothesis system of the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi and other eukaryotes to trace the publication history and impact factor of sequences uncovering new fungal species hypotheses. The data show that journal impact factors are poor predictors of discovery potential in systematic mycology. There is no clear relationship between journal impact factor and the discovery of new species hypotheses for the years 2000–2021. On the contrary, we found journals with low, and even no, impact factor to account for substantial parts of the species hypothesis landscape, often discovering new fungal taxa that are only later picked up by journals with high impact factors. Funding agencies and hiring committees that insist on upholding journal impact factors as a central funding and recruitment criterion in systematic mycology should consider using indicators such as research quality, productivity, outreach activities, review services for scientific journals, and teaching ability directly rather than using publication in high impact factor journals as a proxy for these indicators.

Fungal metabarcoding of substrates such as soil, wood, and water is uncovering an unprecedented number of fungal species that do not seem to produce tangible morphological structures and that defy our best attempts at cultivation, thus falling outside the scope of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. The present study uses the new, ninth release of the species hypotheses of the UNITE database to show that species discovery through environmental sequencing vastly outpaces traditional, Sanger sequencing-based efforts in a strongly increasing trend over the last five years. Our findings challenge the present stance of some in the mycological community – that the current situation is satisfactory and that no change is needed to “the code” – and suggest that we should be discussing not whether to allow DNA-based descriptions (typifications) of species and by extension higher ranks of fungi, but what the precise requirements for such DNA-based typifications should be. We submit a tentative list of such criteria for further discussion. The present authors hope for a revitalized and deepened discussion on DNA-based typification, because to us it seems harmful and counter-productive to intentionally deny the overwhelming majority of extant fungi a formal standing under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.

Journal impact factors were devised to qualify and compare university library holdings but are frequently repurposed for use in ranking applications, research papers, and even individual applicants in mycology and beyond. The widely held assumption that mycological studies published in journals with high impact factors add more to systematic mycology than studies published in journals without high impact factors nevertheless lacks evidential underpinning. The present study uses the species hypothesis system of the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi and other eukaryotes to trace the publication history and impact factor of sequences uncovering new fungal species hypotheses. The data show that journal impact factors are poor predictors of discovery potential in systematic mycology. There is no clear relationship between journal impact factor and the discovery of new species hypotheses for the years 2000–2021. On the contrary, we found journals with low, and even no, impact factor to account for substantial parts of the species hypothesis landscape, often discovering new fungal taxa that are only later picked up by journals with high impact factors. Funding agencies and hiring committees that insist on upholding journal impact factors as a central funding and recruitment criterion in systematic mycology should consider using indicators such as research quality, productivity, outreach activities, review services for scientific journals, and teaching ability directly rather than using publication in high impact factor journals as a proxy for these indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the consideration of the spatial development of Russia in historical retrospective and at the present stage. The paper analyzes the definitions of the term “spatial development”, considers the trends in territorial and spatial development in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the Russian Federation, reflects current trends, and also shows the relevance of demographic processes in relation to ensuring sustainable development and preserving the country’s territories.

Timeliness. Today financing road development and maintenance is one of the defining issues in ensuring the economic growth of any country since investments in road infrastructure are strategic. There is no doubt that only with the adequate quality road infrastructure, the state can fully use its export and logistics potential. Special significance in the light of the indicated factors gets an effective toolkit for evaluating investment projects for the construction of new and reconstruction of existing roads. This issue acquires critical importance when it comes to the use of budgetary subsidies. The subsidies’ cost-effectiveness is known to be influenced by a wide range of factors and various determinants. In this regard, the study’s purpose is to consider methods to assess the impact of inaccurate traffic forecasting on the economic efficiency of subsidies. Study’s methodological framework. To achieve this goal, a wide range of scientific knowledge tools was used, namely: comparative analysis, deduction, and induction, modeling, forecasting, generalization, systematization. Results. The article describes in detail and highlights the factors influencing the subsidies economic efficiency allocated for road construction. Using the Logical Framework Approach, the risk impact and consequences of inaccurate traffic forecasting on the overall project efficiency and the economic return on allocated subsidies are demonstrated. To carry out specific calculations and implement analytical procedures, the methodology used in the countries of the European Union (EU) is considered, which allows for assessing the impact of the subsidies effectiveness through the payment for the use of the road by various vehicles, the potential savings in transportation time and reduction in the distance of transportation. In addition, an approach is described that takes into account the distribution of project financing between the state and a private investor, as well as the predicted traffic intensity, which together determine the economic effect magnitude received by each of the partners. The particular emphasis within this approach is placed on the need for a clear formalization, categorization, and calculation of all costs associated with the preparation and implementation of the project.