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Compilación de resumenes de los conferenciantes del I Seminario Refotografía y Arquitectura en el Mediterráneo, así como de las fotografías realizadas por los participantes en el Workshop sobre el mismo tema, celebrados ambos entre el 30 de septiembre y el 5 de octubre del año 2021. El seminario integra y desarrolla tres líneas de trabajo relacionadas con el hecho de la refotografía. La primera se realiza mediante la incorporación de un tema de suma importancia en estas investigaciones, como es el estudio y puesta en valor del patrimonio fotográfico existente, las colecciones y archivos fotográficos, tan necesarios en la actualidad para la construcción de la identidad y la memoria colectiva de cualquier pueblo, con las tensiones y conflictos propios de estos escenarios. La segunda línea de trabajo se realiza por medio de investigaciones en Arquitectura, y en los que la refotografía es usada como metodología. La tercera y última aproximacion pretende, mediante la enseñanza de la metodología refotográfica en titulaciones regladas de diferentes niveles educativos, hacer partícipes del potencial de esta actividad e integrar en ella al diferente alumnado involucrado en nuestras enseñanzas.

Este procedimiento quirúrgico presenta complicaciones que van en relación a múltiples factores; entre ellos, la posición en la que se encuentren los terceros molares y la relación entre el diente y el conducto alveolar inferior. Entre las principales complicaciones se destaca la parestesia del nervio alveolar inferior. Por eso se ha considerado prudente tener conocimiento a través de una investigación retrospectiva, establecer el riesgo y las causas de daño nervioso. Existen diferentes tipos de daños a nivel nervioso, según su duración son temporales o definitivos. Esta alteración es ocasionada por un daño mecánico, producto de una tracción, aplastamiento o sección, que se produce mediante el propio diente durante su extracción (tracción o aplastamiento), por el uso de instrumento rotatorio (sección) o durante el proceso de anestesia (hematoma en la vaina del nervio). Trabajo de investigación

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether functional vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms influence the expression of the clinical phenotype of giant cell arteritis (GCA). We also evaluated whether VEGF polymorphism is associated with the development of severe ischaemic manifestations in patients with GCA regardless of the clinical phenotype, classic cranial GCA or predominantly extracranial GCA large vessel vasculitis (LVV). METHODS: VEGF rs833061 T/C, rs2010963 G/C and rs3025039 C/T polymorphisms were genotyped in 185 patients with biopsy-proven cranial GCA, 105 with extracranial LVV-GCA and 490 healthy controls. Allelic combinations (haplotypes) of VEGF were carried out. Comparisons were performed between patients with GCA and healthy controls as well as between patients with GCA stratified according to the clinical phenotype and the presence of severe ischaemic manifestations. RESULTS: No significant differences in genotype, allele, and haplotype frequencies of VEGF were found between patients with GCA and healthy controls as well as between GCA patients with the classic cranial pattern and the extracranial LVV-GCA pattern of the disease. However, the VEGF CGC haplotype (OR= 1.63 [1.05-2.53]) and the CGT haplotype (OR= 2.55 [1.10-5.91]) were significantly more frequent in GCA patients with severe ischaemic complications compared to those patients without these complications. CONCLUSIONS: VEGF haplotypes seem to play a role in the development of severe ischaemic manifestations in GCA patients, regardless of the clinical phenotype of expression of the disease.

Objectives: To determine if patients with the predominant extracranial large-vessel-vasculitis (LVV) pattern of giant cell arteritis (GCA) have a distinctive HLA-B association, different from that reported in biopsy-proven cranial GCA patients. In a further step we assessed if the combination of HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 alleles confers an increased risk for GCA susceptibility, either for the cranial and extracranial LVV phenotypes. Methods: A total of 184 patients with biopsy-proven cranial GCA, 105 with LVV-GCA and 486 healthy controls were included in our study. We compared HLA-B phenotype frequencies between the three groups. Results: HLA-B*15 phenotype was significantly increased in patients with classic cranial GCA compared to controls (14.7% versus 5.8%, respectively; p, This work was partially supported by RETICS Programs, RD08/0075 (RIER), RD12/0009/0013 and RD16/0012 from ‘‘Instituto de Salud Carlos III’’ (ISCIII) (Spain). However, this research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

BackgroundGlucocorticoids (GC) are the mainstay therapy in Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), initially at high doses (40-60 mg/day) followed by gradual glucocorticoid tapering. This treatment, especially in older patients, is associated with numerous adverse effects (AE). In addition, there are frequent relapses. Therefore, conventional synthetic immunosuppressants such as methotrexate (MTX), leflunomide, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate, have been used with controversial results. Studies with biological immunosuppressants, such as TNFi have been ineffective; in contrast, tocilizumab (TCZ) has obtained positive results and was approved for the treatment of GCA.ObjectivesIn the ARTESER study we describe a) treatment with GC, synthetic or biological immunosuppressants; b) AE of CG; and c) evolution.MethodsARTESER is a retrospective observational study sponsored by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology. 26 Spanish centers participated and all new patients diagnosed with GCA from June 1, 2013 to March 29, 2019 were included. Data on GC and immunosuppressants were collected at the beginning and during the follow-up of GCA patients. For the calculation of the cumulative dose of GC, an application was developed that, by including the periods of time, dose and type of GC received during follow-up, performs the automatic calculation in mg of prednisone.ResultsOf the 1675 patients included, GC treatment was adequately recorded in 1650 patients (Table 1). All received oral treatment, being prednisone the most frequently drug used (N=1602, 97.09%). In addition, 426 (25.82%) patients received at least one iv pulse of methylprednisolone, being the 1000 mg regimen the most frequent (n=217; 50.9%). The total mean duration of GC treatment was 22.65 months. The mean cumulative dose per patient at the end of follow-up was 8514.98 mg of prednisone.Table 1.Corticosteroid treatment and immunosuppressive treatmentPatients taking oral corticosteroid1650 Prednisone, n (%)1602 (97.09) Methylprednisolone, n (%)164 (9.94) Deflazacort, n (%)64 (3.88)Patients receiving intravenous corticosteroid, n (%)426 (25.82)Mean duration of steroid treatment, mean (SD)22.65 (17.36)Mean cumulative dose at the end of follow-up per patient, mg of prednisone, mean (SD)8514.98 (6570.21)Methotrexate at diagnosis*, n (%)165 (9.9)Leflunomide at diagnosis*, n (%)2 (0.1)Azathioprine at diagnosis*, n (%)3 (0.2)Cyclophosphamide at diagnosis*, n (%)7 (0.4)Mycophenolate at diagnosis*, n (%)1 (0.1)Tocilizumab at diagnosis*, n (%)22 (1.3)Methotrexate during follow-up, n (%)532 (31.8)Leflunomide during follow-up, n (%)19 (1.2)Azathioprine during follow-up, n (%)26 (1.5)Cyclophosphamide during follow-up, n (%)10 (0.6)Mycophenolate during follow-up, n (%)10 (0.6)Tocilizumab during follow-up, n (%)153 (9.1)The most widely used immunosuppressant was MTX both at diagnosis (n=165; 9.9%) and during follow-up (n=532; 31.8%), followed by TCZ, at diagnosis (22; 1.3%) and at follow-up (153; 9.1%).AE with GC were described in 393 patients (23.8%), highlighting serious infections (n=67; 10.03%) followed by diabetes mellitus (n=63; 9.43%), steroid myopathy (n=53; 7.9%), vertebral fractures (n=47; 7.04%), non-vertebral fractures (n=36; 5.39%), heart failure (n=36; 5.39%), arterial hypertension (n=34; 5.09%) and neuropsychiatric alterations (n=27; 4.04%).During the follow-up, 334 (19.9%) patients had relapses, 532 (31.8%) were hospitalized on some occasion, and 142 patients (8.48%) died. The main cause of death were infections (n=44; 30.99%), neoplasms (n=23; 16.2%), cardiovascular (n=15; 10.56%), and cerebrovascular (n=10; 7.04%).ConclusionThe main treatment for GCA was oral GC, which were required for almost two years on average, in a quarter of patients associated with IV pulses. The cumulative steroid dose was high as well as the side effects. MTX was the most widely used immunosuppressant and TCZ was prescribed in 10%. Relapses and admissions at the hospital were relatively frequent.AcknowledgementsThis study has been funded by ROCHE Farma. The funder has not participated in the design, analysis, or interpretation of the resultsDisclosure of InterestsNone declared

Objective: To determine whether giant cell arteritis (GCA) patients with the typical pattern of cranial ischemic manifestations and those with the extracranial large-vessel-vasculitis (LW)-GCA phenotype exhibit different HLA-DRB1 association. Methods: 178 biopsy-proven GCA patients who had cranial ischemic features but no LW manifestations, 100 patients with LVV-GCA without cranial ischemic manifestations and 486 ethnically matched healthy controls were recruited. All patients and controls were Spanish of European ancestry. We compared HLA-DRB1 phenotype frequencies between the three groups. Results: Both GCA subgroups had well-differentiated clinical features. Patients with LVV-GCA were younger (68.0 +/- 10.0 years versus 74.0 +/- 10.4 years; p < 0.01) and presented more commonly with polymyalgia rheumatica symptoms (81% versus 39.3%; p < 0.01) than those with the classic cranial GCA phenotype. HLA-DRB1*04 phenotype frequency was significantly increased in patients with classic cranial GCA compared to controls (42.1% versus 23.5%, respectively; p < 0.01; odds ratio-OR [95% confidence interval-CI] = 2.38 [1.62-3.47]). This association was mainly due to the HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele (20.8% versus 5.3%, respectively; p < 0.01; OR [95% CI] = 4.64 [2.63-8.26]). HLA-DRB1*04 association was also observed in LW-GCA patients when compared to controls (46.0% versus 23.5%, respectively; p < 0.01; OR [95% CI] = 2.78 [1.73-4.44]). Similar to cranial GCA, the association was also mainly due to the HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele (19.0% versus 5.3%, respectively; p < 0.01; OR [95% CI] = 4.15 [2.06-8.19]). Cranial and LW-GCA patients did not exhibit HLA-DRB1 allele differences. Conclusion: Cranial and extracranial LVV-GCA share similar HLA-DRB1 association. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

La refotografía o fotografía de repetición (Mark Klett, 2010), es un método de investigación visual que tiene su origen en la técnica fotográfica y en la metodología comparada de las ciencias sociales, y cuyo producto final estaría dentro de la serie fotográfica, útil para establecer analisis más profundos de la realidad social. En ella, aspectos que normalmente son comprendidos desde una perspectiva estética, pasan a ser informativos. Para ello, se trata de realizar una segunda fotografía en la que por igualación, o aproximación a la primera fotografía en cuanto al punto de vista físico y el encuadre, se evidencia la brecha temporal existente entre las dos fotografías, recogiendo la pervivencia o el cambio de los elementos registrados por la primera fotografía y contrastados por la segunda fotografía. El tiempo es por tanto el determinante principal que evidencia las diferencias o similitudes entre las dos fotografías. Al ser la refotografía una metodología fotográfica, el tiempo máximo que nos estaría permitido capturar es igual o menor al que se ha desarrollado durante la historia de la fotografía, la primera mitad del siglo XIX, puesto que para realizar la fotografía de repetición solo se puede partir de imagenes con el indice de iconicidad mínimo de una fotografía. A pesar de la corta vida de la fotografía, es necesario recordar que su nacimiento es paralelo al de la sociología, siendo la conceptualización de refotografía bastante reciente. Nuestro objetivo es demostrar que la práctica refotográfica es anterior a su conceptualización, buscando crear una aproximación a la genealogía de esta metodología. La metodología que vamos a emplear parte del metodo histórico. Internamente al proceso de realización refotográfica, es preciso seguir una metodología en la que el proceso científico se concreta en la búsqueda y localización del punto de vista original de la primera fotografía para igualar físicamente la perspectiva y el encuadre. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

The paper presents a methodology for the multi-hazard fragility analysis of fluvial earthen dikes in earthquake- and flood-prone areas due to liquefaction. The methodology has been applied for the area along the Rhine River reach and adjacent floodplains between the gauges at Andernach and Düsseldorf. Along this domain, the urban areas are partly protected by dikes, which may be prone to failure during exceptional floods and/or earthquakes. The fragility of the earthen dikes is analysed in terms of liquefaction potential, characterized by the factor of safety estimated using the procedure of Seed and Idriss (1971). Uncertainties in the geometrical and geotechnical dike parameters are considered in a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Failure probability of the earthen structures is presented in the form of a fragility surface as a function of both seismic hazard and hydrologic/hydraulic load.

Bioemulsifiers are surface active compounds which could be potentially used in food processing, cosmetic sector and oil recovery. Sugarcane straw (SS), was used as the raw substrate for the production of bio-emulsifiers (BE) by Cutaneotrichosporon mucoides. Three different delignification strategies using dilute sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfite and ammonium hydroxide followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (Cellic CTec 2, 7.5% total solids, 15 FPU/g, 72 h) were studied. Enzyme hydrolysis of ammonium hydroxide pretreated SS showed a maximum of 62.19 ± 0.74 g/l total reducing sugars with 88.35% hydrolytic efficiency (HE) followed by sodium hydroxide (60.06 ± 0.33 g/l; 85.40% HE) and sodium sulfite pretreated SS (57.22 ± 0.52 g/l; 84.71% HE), respectively. The ultrastructure of SS (native and delignified) by fourier transform-infrared and near infrared spectroscopy, revealed notable structural differences. The fermentation of hydrolysates by C. mucoides into bioemulsifiers showing emulsification index (EI) of 54.33%, 48.66% and 32.66% from sodium sulfite, sodium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide pretreated SS, respectively.