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Subject of research: technique for determining residual stresses of the first kind, in samples that are cut from the spar after vibration shock hardening. Purpose of research: to increase the accuracy, as well as to improve the methodology for determining residual stresses. Methods and objects of research: the object of the study is residual stresses and the algorithm of their processing. The study used a modified order of approximation of data obtained from sensors. Main results of research: a new algorithm for processing experimental data is presented, which allows us to obtain more advanced results of studies of residual stresses in samples. A mathematical model of data processing has been developed to implement the algorithm. This mathematical model for determining residual stresses in the structure has a modified order of approximation of data obtained from sensors. Approximation by a polynomial of the sixth degree occurs before the plot is calculated and constructed, and not after its construction and subsequent smoothing, as was implemented earlier. This technical solution contributes to improving the accuracy and correctness of studies for determining residual stresses.

The article deals with the issue of mechanization of the process of ecological and meliorative tillage with the turnover of the reservoir, improving the quality and reducing the energy intensity of the arable unit. The state of modern research of ecological and meliorative methods of soil treatment is studied. The modernization of the plow was carried out and a variant of a new design was proposed in the form of chisel working bodies instead of pre-lugs to the coulter plow. At the same time, the improvement of the methods of dump plowing does not violate the main principle of the plow body – falling off and turning the formation into an uncovered neighboring furrow. A review of the theoretical prerequisites for the substantiation of the design parameters of chisel working bodies is carried out. The optimal parameters of the chisel chisel working bodies operation process are determined, depending on the type of chisel and its surface area. Scientific research was carried out according to the strategy of machine-technological modernization of agriculture in Russia, aimed at increasing labor productivity growth, which does not exclude technological re-equipment of agriculture.

Currently, chemical methods of weed control are increasingly being replaced by mechanical weeding. One of the promising mechanical devices for weed control is a rotary loosening and separating stratifier. This tillage machine can provide high quality tillage to a depth of up to 18 cm. Its performance is determined by the width of the grip of the gun and the speed of movement and is limited by the traction capabilities of the tractor. Using the Goryachkin formula for the traction resistance of a tillage machine, the authors obtained the dependence of productivity on the width of the grip and the speed of movement at different depths of tillage. The obtained dependencies on the example of tractors John Deere 8330, HTZ 16131-05 and MTZ 1523.3 showed the presence of a pronounced maximum, which led to the solution of the optimization problem. The article presents a method for calculating the optimal width of the grip and the speed of movement that ensure the maximum productivity of the tillage machine, depending on the depth of processing and the specific resistance of the soil. The use of optimal parameters of the tillage machine allows you to increase its productivity by 2–3 times.

The issues of estimating the resource of polymer powder coatings are considered. The control volume of the coating is allocated, limited by the external surface on which the environment acts, and the internal surface in contact with the substrate. The main factors acting on these surfaces are called. Provided that the transverse dimensions of the coatings are significantly smaller than the longitudinal ones, external and internal loads are replaced by average loads acting on the inner layer of the coating material. As the main indicators of the functionality of the coatings, the following are selected: average thickness; parameters that characterize the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the coating material; adhesive strength. It is assumed that these indicators depend on time, in particular, in a power-law way. In this case, the coefficients of the corresponding ratios are determined taking into account the operating loads acting on the material, as well as internal factors (microcracks, pores, internal stresses). To obtain a quantitative assessment of the resource of coatings, a complex (integral) criterion is proposed the sum of indicators with weight multipliers, the limits of change of which are from 0 to 1. In each specific case, the values of the indicators are determined by experts. For known critical values of the indicators, a ratio is obtained that allows us to quantify the resource of coatings.

A representation of complex high-tech digital projects is proposed in the form of a directed graph that combines input, output and intermediate data with software modules into a single bundle. This representation makes it possible to consider a digital project as an informational and algorithmic unit of technical and economic interaction that do not require additional acquisition and development of software or hardware. The project in this form is created and operated on a single multi-party cloud platform for high-performance computing, which is accessible to both scientific and engineering personnel of all participants within their access rights. This approach evolves the open innovation concept for digital projects and is implemented as a cloud-based Internet platform. The latter includes a central application server and a repository that stores both algorithms and data, provides means for user registration and maintenance, communication, as well as accounting for the resource usage in form of algorithms and data in solving application problems. As a confirmation of the fundamental adequacy of the proposed approach, a working prototype of such system is presented together with a list of projects in various domain areas implemented using the prototype.

The movement of wheeled vehicles on soils and grounds leads to a change in their density. The research includes the influence of mass and its distribution along the axes of the wheels on the change in the density of soils and grounds. The substantiation of analytical dependencies for determining the density of compacted and flowing soils and soils from repeated impacts of wheels under various loads is given. The dependence for determining the density of the soil in the general case, including compressed and fluid components of the state of the soil and soil mass, was substantiated. The experimental laboratory studies were carried out on the effect of wheels on the soil and the effect of wheel load on soil compaction. The dependences were obtained to determine the compaction of soil with different physical and mechanical properties under different loading modes of the running systems. It was found that the distribution of the mass of a wheeled vehicle along the axles of the wheels affects the depth of the track and the compaction of the soil. The obtained dependences for describing the process of soil compaction are consistent with the results of experiments. It was found that with an increase in the number of axles of the running system, soil compaction decreases. The minimum track depth and soil compaction are observed when the mass of the wheeled vehicle is evenly distributed along the axes of the chassis. With an increase in the number of axles, the influence of the ratio of the pressure of the first wheel to the average pressure on soil compaction decreases due to a decrease in the differential pressure of the wheels that occurs in multi-axle wheel systems. With slight deviations from the unit of the ratio of the front wheel load to the average value of the pressure, the increase in soil density is not perceptible. As the front-to-middle load ratio increases, soil compaction increases significantly compared to an even weight distribution along the axles.

The results of the first run (December 2020) for the commissioning of the new superconducting synchrotron Booster at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research are presented. Vacuum conditions and measurements of the lifetime of the single-charged helium ion beam at injection energy of 3.2 MeV per nucleon have been analyzed and the acceleration of ions up to energy of 100 MeV per nucleon has been demonstrated. The measured lifetime of the beam $${{\tau }_{{\exp}}} = (1.32 \pm 0.06)$$ s is compared to the theoretical value $${{\tau }_{{{\text{theor}}}}} = (1.74 \pm 0.50)$$ s calculated with original program code. The results of the first switching-on of the electron cooling system are presented.

An assessment of the efficiency of the enterprise for harvesting corn for silage through positioning and monitoring of vehicles was carried out. The calculation of the required power of the forage harvester for the smooth operation of service vehicles, that are responsible for the transportation of green mass, was done. An inconsistency was revealed between the departures of loaded vehicles and the arrivals of empty vehicles. The lack of positioning and monitoring tools negatively affects the productivity of the harvesting and transport process. As a result of the research, it was found that the actual performance of the forage harvester when harvesting maize for silage is significantly lower than the theoretical performance. Through experiments, the downtime of forage harvesters in the field due to improper organization of transport services was revealed. When analyzing the state of the park of forage harvesters and vehicles, the requirements of new approaches in solving transport problems were revealed. These contribute to a radical improvement of the transport process when harvesting silage crops. The obtained calculations and patterns of change in technical and technological parameters can be used for the design of new, special agricultural vehicles, as well as in the harvesting and transport process to determine the required number of transport units, when transporting chopped green mass. On the basis of experimental data the regularities of changes in the volume of the vehicle bed on the mass of the trailer and the dependence of the change in the volume of the vehicle bed on the mass of the trailer during transportation of green mass were obtained.

To solve the problem of automating the agroecological land estimation (natural resource potential) and creating intelligent information systems for their further programming, the necessary stage is the conceptualization of the domain knowledge (DK), or conceptual modelling. In this work, the conceptual model of DK “Agroecological properties of land”, developed on the basis of the abstract logical language UML and proposed in the previous part of the series of articles by the authors, is supplemented by the type of abstract objects “method”. The methods in UML reflect the types of relationships between data of various nature and are designed to distinguish the ways with which it is possible to fill in the missing data and information when solving practical problems in the framework of designing and building adaptive landscape farming systems. UML methods are considered for one of DK abstract classes – class “Relief”. In this class, 31 groups of input datasets and 23 groups of output datasets are suggested. All 54 datasets are based on the "method – attribute" connection that operate within this class or by abstract relationships between classes previously built into the conceptual model. This means that a class method as an abstract object defines a set of dependencies between data associated with the given class attributes, as input dataset, and data associated with the given or related class attributes, as output dataset. The elements of such set of dependencies can be deterministic or stochastic algorithms, statistical and other data processing methods, data analysis and artificial intelligence methods, as well as specific mathematical formulas. The technology of building a knowledge base by UML methods of class “Relief” is shown, containing 713 groups of UML methods classified by seven types, and also examples of UML methods of three different types are given.

This work was carried out in accordance with the Digital Economy program of the Russian Federation and is therefore relevant. The program posed the following tasks for universities: the digital transformation of universities and the training of specialists of the digital economy. The Ministry of Education has articulated these issues as the creation of the Digital University. The paper proposes a model that can be laid the foundation of the Digital University. The model was developed on the basis of an analysis of the development of education in the fi of digitalization over the past 20 years, an assessment of the readiness of the leading universities of the Russian Federation to transform at present, and their own experience in using digital technologies. The proposed model satisfies the following requirements: openness of the system for students and teachers; the student’s participation in the formation of the trajectory of his own learning; the ability to access additional resources, courses and choose the places for practical training; formation and analysis of the digital trace; the use of intelligent methods for assessing acquired knowledge and competencies. The main blocks of the model are identified and the tasks for each block are formulated, which must be solved at the stage of creating the Digital University. The paper proposes approaches to their solution, technologies that the authors tested, evaluated and published the results in their previous works. In conclusion, we note that to create a Digital University, first of all, it is necessary: expand the base of control and training materials, modify, improve their forms; implement software smart systems for training and control; form a digital student trace, digital passports of information resources and, on their basis, form an individual learning path, an image of a specialist; develop learning scenarios for different images of students, goals, objectives; integrate intellectual resources of science and education; automate the management of the learning and control process as much as possible.

The aim of the research was to study steppe cherry cultivars of various environmental origin in the context of their productivity, environmental plasticity and stability in the environments of Chelyabinsk Province. Evaluation of the studied set of cultivars helped to identify adaptable steppe cherries: ‘Izobilnaya’ (4.39 t/ha; KA = 1.54), ‘Shchedraya’ (4.42 t/ha; KA = 1.37), ‘Galimovka’ (3.83 t/ha; KA = 1,36), ‘Mayak’ (4.04 t/ha; KA = 1.30), ‘Ashinskaya’’ (t/ha 3.42; KA = 1.28) and ‘Mechta Zauralya’ (3.29 t/ha; KA = 1.07). The most interesting among them are intensive-type cultivars responding well to improved growing conditions, such as the steppe cherry cultivars developed at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station: ‘Shchedraya’ (bi = 1.99), ‘Mechta Zauralya’ (1.85) and ‘Mayak’ (1.47). The Chelyabinsk cultivar ‘Galimovka’, submitted for state trials in 2018, falls under the category of environmentally plastic and stable cultivars (bi = 0.77; Si2 = 0.5), while cv. ‘Ashinskaya’ demonstrated during the tests a neutral genotype, as it poorly responded to changing environmental conditions (bi = 0.32; Si2 = 0.1). A new cultivar, ‘Vita’, with a fairly high yield (3.05 t/ha), developed at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station, belongs to the environmentally plastic category (bi = 1.10), but its yield stability proved to be insufficient in the environments of the Southern Urals (Si2 = 2.2).

In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.

The intensity of mating competition and the opportunity for sexual selection are thought to depend on the operational sex ratio, the ratio of sexually active males to fertilizable females. Cyclic parthenogens, organisms that alternate between sexual reproduction and female-only parthenogenesis, show particularly high variation in sex ratios in natural populations but the effects of this variation on mating competition and reproductive success of each sex are poorly understood. In a series of experiments with Daphnia magna, we experimentally imposed five sex ratio categories, varying from one male per 81 females to an even sex ratio. We found that, in males, reproductive success strongly and monotonically decreased with decreasing number of females per male. In females, in contrast, mating success and reproductive success were reduced only at the most female-biased sex ratio (1:81), when many females remained unmated and unfertilized, and then again at equal sex ratios, probably due to negative effects of high density or stress induced by numerous males. Our results suggest that females experienced male limitation at heavily female-biased sex ratios below one male to about 50 females. As this is well within the sex ratio variation observed in natural Daphnia populations, we conclude that mating competition and the opportunity for sexual selection may exist not only in males but, at least periodically, also in females.

In in vitro experiments on cultures of human multipotent stem cells from the human bonearrow and dental pulp, we studied direct reprogramming towards neuro-glial lineage cells using a cocktail of small molecules. Reprogramming by the previously published protocol (with a cocktail containing β-mercaptoethanol, LIF, VPA, CHIR99021, and RepSox) and by the optimized protocol (VPA, RG108, А83-01, dorsomorphin, thiazovivin, CHIR99021, forskolin, and Isx9) allows obtaining cells with immunophenotypic and genetic signs of neural stem cells. However, neither the former, nor the optimized protocols allowed preparing neural progenitors capable of adequate terminal differentiation from both bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and nestin-positive neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Real-time PCR demonstrated the expression of some neurogenesis markers, but neural stem cell-specific expression pattern was not observed. The findings lead us to a conclusion that reprogramming with small molecules without additional factors modifying gene expression does not allow reproducible production of human neural stem cell-like progenitors that can be used as the source of neural tissue for the regenerative therapy.

Introduction. Domestic mineral natural-origin filler ‘wollastonite’, also known as calcium methyl silicate, is widely used as a base for wear-resisting epoxy antifriction materials. Due to anisodiametric shape of its particles, wollastonite functions as a micro reinforcement fibre enhancing adhesion strength and wear resistance of epoxy compositions, improving their antifriction properties, especially when organomodifying by quaternary ammonium salts. In this regard, the investigation of the impact of chemical composition of such surfactants as quaternary ammonium salts on the properties of epoxy compound materials presents utmost interest for researchers developing low-friction materials. Materials and methods. Epoxy diane resin ED-20 was hardened with aminoalkylphenol AF-2. Content of epoxy hardener was determined by equimolar ratio of epoxy groups to amine groups. Domestic wollastonite of the grade Miwoll 10-97 was used as filler, particle length to the diameter correlated as 15:1. The wollastonite surface was activated with surfactants belonging to domestically produced quaternary ammonium salts. Wear resistance of specimens was tested by means of the vertical optical caliper IZV-1. Friction coefficient was estimated with the assistance of the computer-automated frictional machine CSM Instruments Tribometer. Adhesion strength of glue joint was determined as per GOST 28840-90 standard. Two bars of sheet aluminium were used as glued surfaces as per GOST 14759-69 standard. Results. Reduction of wear of epoxy coatings when modified with micro reinforcing wollastonite can be explained by the increase of cross-linking degree of the polymer. The length of alkyl radical of quaternary ammonium salts used for wollastonite surface activation affects the intervals between the epoxy links. As the quaternary ammonium salt chain length is growing, wear of epoxy materials is reducing. Introduction of the wollastonite containing metallic oxides in the epoxy composites increases wear resistance and adhesion strength and reduces coating friction coefficients. Conclusions. Hardened with the AF-2 and filled with the wollastonite of the Miwoll 10-97 grade, the epoxy compound materials have enhanced wear resistance and adhesion strength and lower friction coefficient. The best result is observed when applying wollastonite modified with a surfactant belonging to the class of quaternary ammonium salts. The wollastonite can be used for practical purposes as a perspective reinforcing agent for epoxy materials with improved wear resistance, enhanced adhesion to metals and reduced friction coefficient.

In aging Caenorhabditis elegans, as in higher organisms, there is more than one cause of death. C. elegans exhibit early death with a swollen, infected pharynx (P death), and later death with pharyngeal atrophy (p death). Interventions that alter lifespan can differentially affect frequency and timing of each type of death, generating complex survival curve shapes. Here, we use mortality deconvolution analysis to investigate how reduction of insulin/IGF‐1 signaling (IIS), which increases lifespan (the Age phenotype), affects different forms of death. All daf‐2 insulin/IGF‐1 receptor mutants exhibit increased lifespan in the p subpopulation (p Age), while pleiotropic class 2 daf‐2 mutants show an additional marked reduction in P death frequency. The latter is promoted by pharyngeal expression of the IIS‐regulated DAF‐16 FOXO transcription factor, and at higher temperature by reduced pharyngeal pumping rate. Pharyngeal DAF‐16 also promotes p Age in class 2 daf‐2 mutants, revealing a previously unknown role for the pharynx in the regulation of aging. Necropsy analysis of daf‐2 interactions with the daf‐12 steroid receptor implies that previously described opposing effects of daf‐12 on daf‐2 longevity are attributable to internal hatching of larvae, rather than complex interactions between insulin/IGF‐1 and steroid signaling. These findings support the view that wild‐type IIS acts through multiple distinct mechanisms which promote different life‐limiting pathologies, each of which contribute to late‐life mortality. This study further demonstrates the utility of mortality deconvolution analysis to better understand the genetics of lifespan., Different daf‐2 insulin/IGF‐1 receptor mutations differentially affect different forms of death in C. elegans. This involves tissue‐ and isoform‐specific action of the DAF‐16 FOXO transcription factor, notably in the pharynx where it protects not only against lethal pharyngeal pathology, but also aging more widely. Thus, wild‐type daf‐2 promotes death from old age through multiple effectors with distinct effects on the various senescent pathologies that cause it.

The durability of polymer powder coatings is considered. The features of the impact on coatings during their operation of the environment, loads from the side of the substrate on the surface of its contact with the coatings, parameters that depend on the chemical composition and structure of the coating material are briefly analyzed. The thickness of the coating stands out as the main indicators of durability; a function that characterizes the continuity, strength, corrosion resistance, and its other properties; adhesive strength. It is proposed to use a generalized (integral) criterion for a comprehensive accounting of these indicators. An equation is written to assess the durability of the considered coatings, in a particular case, a formula is given for calculating their permissible operating time.

Inbreeding depression is a key factor in the evolution of mating strategies and breeding systems across the eukaryotic tree of life. Yet its potential impact in partially asexual species has only received little attention. We studied inbreeding depression in the cyclical parthenogenDaphnia magnaby following mixtures of inbred and outbred genotypes from an early embryonic stage through hatching to adulthood and then across several asexual generations. We found that, across asexual generations, the frequency of inbred genotypes strongly and constantly decreased, until the experimental populations were almost entirely made up of outbred genotypes. The resulting estimate of inbreeding depression across the entire life cycle was almost 100 %, much higher than previous estimates for this and other similar species. Our results illustrate that the magnitude of inbreeding depression may be severely underestimated in studies that use fitness components or proxies instead of compound fitness estimates across the entire life, as well as in experimental studies with substantial pre-experimental mortality. More generally, our results suggest that inbreeding depression may play an important role in the evolution of partially asexual life cycles because clonal reproduction maintains inbreeding levels, and hence the negative effects of inbreeding accumulate across subsequent asexual generations.

Sexual reproduction is almost ubiquitous among extant eukaryotes. As most asexual lineages are short-lived, abandoning sex is commonly regarded as an evolutionary dead end. Still, putative anciently asexual lineages challenge this view. One of the most striking examples are bdelloid rotifers, microscopic freshwater invertebrates believed to have completely abandoned sexual reproduction tens of Myr ago. Here, we compare whole genomes of 11 wild-caught individuals of the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga and present evidence that some patterns in its genetic variation are incompatible with strict clonality and lack of genetic exchange. These patterns include genotype proportions close to Hardy-Weinberg expectations within loci, lack of linkage disequilibrium between distant loci, incongruent haplotype phylogenies across the genome, and evidence for hybridization between divergent lineages. Analysis of triallelic sites independently corroborates these findings. Our results provide evidence for interindividual genetic exchange and recombination in A. vaga, a species previously thought to be anciently asexual., Ancient, asexual lineages are rare as a lack of recombination is usually an evolutionary dead end. Here, authors compare complete genomes of 11 individual bdelloid rotifers that suggest evidence of regular genetic exchange between individuals in a species that was previously thought to be asexual.

The relevance of the study of this problem is due to the fact that the accuracy of concepts has always played an important role in cognition. The study of chemistry and materials science, like any other science and / or academic discipline, also needs to start with its terminology. In this regard, this article is aimed at studying the metalanguage of chemical disciplines and materials science in the context of bilingual training of chemistry teachers and materials scientists in the era of globalization, revealing the causes of problems and ways to solve them.The leading methods in the study of this problem are theoretical methods, analysis and synthesis of the subject of research based on the study of literature on psycholinguistics, linguistics, pedagogy and chemical disciplines, linguistic text analysis, content analysis. As empirical methods used "linguistic experiment", observation, measurement and comparison.The article revealed that at present a great deal of attention is paid to terminological activity, both theoretically and in practical terms, but there are no terminological databases on materials science containing a unified, structured and internationally approved terminology system for metalanguage of materials science.The materials presented in the article allow us to propose an approach for the development of terminological databases of metalanguages of chemistry and materials science.

The article represents the formal-dynamic personality traits of a military institute cadets as the basis of the psychological stability formation. The study of stability factors is especially important for groups of people whose future profession is associated with frequent stress, challenges and non-standard situations. The relevance of the study is due to the absence of unambiguous interpretation of the concept "psychological stability" in modern psychology. Rusalov’s questionnaire was used as the main empirical method of defining of the formal-dynamic personality traits level, which was correlated with the key concept. A study of the formal-dynamic characteristic of the of cadets’ personalities made it possible to determine the formation of stability in the communicative, psychomotor and intellectual fields and to identify prospects for the organization of professional and educational activities of cadets. The psychological stability requires an adequate response to external stress, selectivity in social contacts, strict adherence to one's own attitudes and principles. Further work in organizing the professional and educational activities of the cadets of a military institute can be reorganized on the basis of the results obtained in this study. In particular, the corrective work with cadets who showed a low level of the psychological stability may be done.

Flotation processing of copper-pyrite ores is accompanied by the formation of flotation tailings containing 0.2-0.7 % wt Cu and 0.6-1.4 g/t Au. Deeper extraction of these components into commercial products is of practical interest. The possibility of additional recovery of copper and gold using the example of tailings from the current processing of PJSC “Gaysky GOK” was studied. It was shown that thin emulsion impregnation of chalcopyrite (less than 10 μ) in pyrite prevented the copper and gold from being extracted from the tailings by ore dressing methods. A scheme for the deep extraction of valuable components, based on the preliminary concentration of gold and copper by pyrite flotation, was proposed. About 84.5% of gold and 60.9% of copper were extracted into pyrite concentrate, while the gold content in the chamber product was 0.25 g/t. The increase in the extraction of copper was impossible due to nature of copper phase in chamber product that consisted mainly of copper oxides. Further processing of the pyrite concentrate can be accomplished by the way based on oxidative roasting (550-600 °C), with subsequent sulfuric acid leaching of copper from the calcine, washing and cyanidation of washed cake. Acid leaching is recommended to be done without external heating with solutions of 10-20 g/l of sulfuric acid. Copper was precipitated from leachates by cementation with iron powder in the form of copper concentrate (22-32 % wt Cu), then the gold-containing solution is processed to produce ligature gold. The optimal conditions for the cyanidation of the calcine were determined as follows, L:S = 2, the initial concentration of NaCN was 2 g/l, the duration of cyanidation was 2 hours The possibility of achieving end-to-end extraction of 66% of gold, and 45% of copper in commercial products is shown. The proposed scheme makes it possible to reduce the specific consumption of NaCN during cyanidation from 2.5-2.8 to 0.8 kg/t of tailings. It is assumed to gain sulfuric acid from the burning gases.

The article presents systematic analysis of the possibilities of forensic medical histology under examinations of defects of provided medical care and recommendations based on application of mentioned method. The analyzed data related to criminal and civil cases of defects of provided medical care which used conclusion of non-state forensic experts and forensic medicine experts. The following methods of investigation were applied: microscopic, logical-analytical, logical-synthetic, comparative, systematic and analytical. The proposed histological optimal strategy allows to determine the failure of which body functions was became crucial in the event of death and which of several pathological processes played major role in tanatogenesis. This information is indispensable for establishing causal relationships of defects of provided medical care with unfavorable outcomes. The defects of organization of forensic-histological examinations were established. For the first time, the proposed means of increasing informativeness of forensic-histological findings in cases of defects of provided medical care with involvement of non-state forensic experts. The number of concrete scientific and organizational approaches to improve the actual situation was proposed.

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, loss of function of many genes leads to increases in lifespan, sometimes of a very large magnitude. Could this reflect the occurrence of programmed death that, like apoptosis of cells, promotes fitness? The notion that programmed death evolves as a mechanism to remove worn out, old individuals in order to increase food availability for kin is not supported by classic evolutionary theory for most species. However, it may apply in organisms with colonies of closely related individuals such as C. elegans in which largely clonal populations subsist on spatially limited food patches. Here, we ask whether food competition between nonreproductive adults and their clonal progeny could favor programmed death by using an in silico model of C. elegans. Colony fitness was estimated as yield of dauer larva propagules from a limited food patch. Simulations showed that not only shorter lifespan but also shorter reproductive span and reduced adult feeding rate can increase colony fitness, potentially by reducing futile food consumption. Early adult death was particularly beneficial when adult food consumption rate was high. These results imply that programmed, adaptive death could promote colony fitness in C. elegans through a consumer sacrifice mechanism. Thus, C. elegans lifespan may be limited not by aging in the usual sense but rather by apoptosis‐like programmed death., Caenorhabditis elegans fitness can be viewed at the level of individual animals or of viscous, clonal populations of worms (or colonies). Behavior of an in silico model of C. elegans predicts that early death of postreproductive adults can increase colony fitness (measured as yield of dauer propagules) by reducing futile food consumption. This supports the occurrence of apoptosis‐like programmed organismal death in C. elegans, of the consumer sacrifice type, which limits lifespan.

Phylogeography places population genetics in an explicitly spatial context, and in doing so attempts to reconstruct the historical and contemporary evolutionary processes acting across a species range through space and time. Here we present the phylogeographical structure of Daphnia magna as determined for full mitochondrial genomes from samples of 60 populations throughout much of the species known range, including Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. Contrary to previous analyses, the present analysis of the mitochondrial genome reveals coarse-grained (continental scale) evidence for spatial structure, and in particular a deep split between Western Eurasia and East Asian D. magna lineages. In contrast to previous analyses with nuclear genetic markers, our mitogenomic analysis reveals much less structure within lineages. We quantify divergence between species using the full mitochondrial genome sequence of a closely related species, D. similis. The distribution of European and Middle Eastern genetic diversity is consistent with a rapid demographic expansion following the end of the most recent ice age about 10,000 years before present. By estimating species wide distributions of dN/dS in mtDNA, we provide evidence that the effectiveness of purifying selection on protein coding genes in the mitochondrial genome of coastal rock pool populations, which have pronounced extinction-colonization dynamics, is reduced compared to larger and more stable non-rock pool populations. The present study adds important insights into the evolutionary history of a widely used model organism in ecology, evolution and ecotoxicology, and highlights the utility of phylogeographic analysis of organellar genomes to understand evolutionary processes.

This paper presents the progress of development of the NICA project vacuum system. The main vacuum requirements in the chain of accelerators and the current status of work are described. Special attention is paid to the problems of achieving ultra-high vacuum in the booster. The test bench for the study of most efficient pumping tools for the beam chamber of the superconducting fast cycling synchrotron has been designed and built for this purpose in cooperation with the VakuumPraha Company (Prague, Czech Republic). The vacuum distribution in the superconducting accelerators with “warm” chamber parts at room temperature was simulated using specialized software. The simulation showed that it is necessary to install additional pumping equipment along the booster perimeter. To solve this problem, the original design of a titanium sublimation pump operating at cryogenic temperatures is under development in collaboration with the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Novosibirsk, Russia).

One of the main trends shaping the industry today is the development of application methods for various special coatings. Among a large number of coatings, retro-reflective coatings stand out: they are used in a variety of applications throughout the industry. The processes of retro-reflective surface forming have been studied rather thoroughly. The retro-reflective performance depends mainly on structural and optical properties, as well as properties of the radiation source itself. A method was developed to synthesize retro-reflective coatings with specified optical properties using the reflectors in the form of glass microspheres. Retro-reflective performance of the coatings was studied. The paper uses different approaches to microsphere packaging in the bonding layer. It was demonstrated that the half-widths of the scattering patterns of retro-reflective coatings with different structures were quite close, and the reflection maximum of the designed coatings approached the reflection maximum of the commercial “3M” film at the same allowable viewing angles.

Syntactic carbon foams represent a new class of advanced composite materials with the ordered structure. They have unique heat transfer, stress-strain, electophysical and other performance properties. Syntactic foams feature a regular structure based on a ratio of solid and gaseous volumes. The paper specifies the area of application for syntactic carbon foams in the various manufacturing sectors. Another promising area for application of carbon foams is related to continuously increasing complexity and improvement of electronic systems for defense and aerospace industries. Electrical resistivity is known as a main electrophysical property of materials, including syntactic carbon foams. The theoretical formulae were derived to calculate the influence of physical chemical properties of initial materials, composition and ratio of mixture components, the method for synthesis of syntactic carbon foams on their conductivity was used. The electrical resistivity of materials can also change significantly according to the operating conditions: ambient temperature, humidity, pollution, mechanical loads, radiation and other factors. That’s why the research that aims at the theoretical description of syntactic carbon foams depending on the above factors is extremely relevant.

The international project “NICA” (Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility) is an accelerator complex which is under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia). Basing on the NICA project demands NRC “Kurchatov Institute” (Moscow, Russia) designed and manufactured two trial 12 kA 1G current leads (CLs) intended for powering of the JINR superconducting magnets test bench. The main requirements for the CLs were: a reliable and robust design, usage of liquid nitrogen from the NICA cooling circuits as a resistive section coolant, low resistance joints, current ramp rates up to 10 kA/s and the total heat load to the 5 K end not exceeding 0.4 W/kA per one CL. An in-situ cold test of the trial 12 kA CLs held at JINR in 2015 demonstrated the operational reliability of our technological approaches. Following the successful test results the serial production of 20 pairs of 10.5 kA HTS CLs with very few design updates for the accelerator powering started. The first 10 pairs were fabricated, tested and shipped to JINR as a part of the NICA commissioning framework in June 2017. All the CLs fulfilled the acceptance test requirements. The production of the remaining 10 pairs is to be finished in 2018. The paper gives an overview of the 12 kA and 10.5 kA HTS CLs’ design, discusses their thermal, magnetic and electrical characteristics and presents the acceptance tests results. We also compare our CLs with earlier works by other groups in the context of HTS stack-and-soldering technique, joints’ resistances, relative heat loads into the cryogenic environment etc.

An experience of designing integrated hardware and software solutions for highperformance computing in solving modern geophysical problems on the basis of full-wave inversion is described. Problems of designingmass high-performance software systems intended for extensive use in industry are discussed.

An experience of designing integrated hardware and software solutions for high-performance computing in solving modern geophysical problems on the basis of full-wave inversion is described. Problems of designing mass high-performance software systems intended for extensive use in industry are discussed.

In this work we calculated the forage harvester required power to provide the smooth operation of transport which are responsible for the green mass transportation. Effectiveness assessment of the enterprise, harvesting forage crops through the positioning and monitoring of transport. Methods are proposed to optimize the harvesting process in order to reduce downtime of forage harvesters and increase economic efficiency.

The concept of phenoptosis (or programmed organismal death) is problematic with respect to most species (including humans) since it implies that dying of old age is an adaptation, which contradicts the established evolutionary theory. But can dying ever be a strategy to promote fitness? Given recent developments in our understanding of the evolution of altruism, particularly kin and multilevel selection theories, it is timely to revisit the possible existence of adaptive death. Here, we discuss how programmed death could be an adaptive trait under certain conditions found in organisms capable of clonal colonial existence, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and, perhaps, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The concept of phenoptosis is only tenable if consistent with the evolutionary theory; this accepted, phenoptosis may only occur under special conditions that do not apply to most animal groups (including mammals).

[Image: see text] Caenorhabditis elegans has become a key model organism within biology. In particular, the transparent gut, rapid growing time, and ability to create a defined gut microbiota make it an ideal candidate organism for understanding and engineering the host microbiota. Here we present the development of an experimental model that can be used to characterize whole-cell bacterial biosensors in vivo. A dual-plasmid sensor system responding to isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside was developed and fully characterized in vitro. Subsequently, we show that the sensor was capable of detecting and reporting on changes in the intestinal environment of C. elegans after introducing an exogenous inducer into the environment. The protocols presented here may be used to aid the rational design of engineered bacterial circuits, primarily for diagnostic applications. In addition, the model system may serve to reduce the use of current animal models and aid in the exploration of complex questions within general nematode and host–microbe biology.