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Os bisfosfonatos são drogas frequentemente empregadas para o tratamento de osteoporose, osteogênese imperfeita e doenças malignas. No ano de 2003 foi estabelecida pela primeira vez a relação entre o consumo desses medicamentos e a aparição de exposições ósseas nos maxilares, lesão denominada como osteonecrose dos maxilares induzida por bisfosfonatos. Por este motivo, torna-se oportuno para o profissional na área da saúde o conhecimento sobre os tipos de bisfosfonatos e seus mecanismos de ação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a osteonecrose dos maxilares associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos. Os autores selecionaram estudos sobre o assunto, coletados a partir das bases de dados EBSCO, ScienceDirect e PUBMED, e pesquisaram as características clínicas e radiográficas da patologia, sendo identificados os fatores de risco e estágios de desenvolvimento associados a esta doença. A discussão foca-se nas medidas preventivas para pacientes suscetíveis na abordagem clínica recomendada por expertos e nas melhores alternativas de tratamento para a osteonecrose dos maxilares em pacientes sob tratamento com bisfosfonatos. O odontólogo é o profissional responsável pelo diagnóstico correto e o tratamento desta doença, que deve ser escolhido com base nas condições particulares de cada paciente e sob o alicerce científico pertinente.

el proyecto de grado se direcciona principalmente en resaltar los múltiples procesos llevados a cabo en el periodo de práctica laboral en las empresas Agora Public Affairs y Manufacturas Reymon realizados por las estudiantes Gabriela Rivera y Catalina Peña para identificar también el uso de los conocimientos adquiridos a lo largo de la formación académica universitaria en un ambiente laboral. En este, se identificó el manejo del diseño gráfico desde la realización de medios impresos por parte de Manufacturas Reymon y de medios digitales en Agora Public Affairs, vistos como el componente electo en cada empresa para generar vínculos y relaciones con sus clientes. Se expuso de manera pertinente el trayecto integral de los medios análogos que mantienen sin cambios su forma de ejecución y las metodologías digitales, teniendo como punto de partida el diseño gráfico y su vínculo establecido en las dos empresas. Además, esto permitió realizar una comparación entre los procesos anteriormente mencionados destacando así mismo, de forma detallada, el proceso que las empresas han tenido que afrontar para redefinir estrategias según la evolución de la tecnología. Los resultados del proyecto se lograron obtener a través de la identificación detallada del proceso llevado a cabo para la creación de piezas gráficas, teniendo en cuenta el paso a paso y los efectos de estos en los clientes objetivos. Finalmente se espera que este documento y los conocimientos plasmados sirvan de herramienta para los futuros estudiantes interesados en la temática y así proporcionar datos e información contundente que esté relacionada con las diferentes metodologías y procesos de desarrollo para la realización de un proyecto gráfico y modelos de eficacia en las empresas, además, que pueda ser de utilidad para las mejoras continuas de los procesos internos en las compañías o de otros estudiantes que deseen complementar su paso académico. the degree project is mainly focused on highlighting the multiple processes carried out during the internship period in the companies Agora Public Affairs and Manufacturas Reymon by the students Gabriela Rivera and Catalina Peña to also identify the use of the knowledge acquired throughout the university academic training in a work environment. In this, the management of graphic design was identified from the realization of print media by Manufacturas Reymon and digital media in Agora Public Affairs, seen as the chosen component in each company to generate links and relationships with their customers. It was exposed in a relevant way the integral path of analog media that maintain unchanged its form of execution and digital methodologies, taking as a starting point the graphic design and its link established in the two companies. In addition, this allowed a comparison between the aforementioned processes, highlighting also, in detail, the process that companies have had to face to redefine strategies according to the evolution of technology. The results of the project were obtained through the detailed identification of the process carried out for the creation of graphic pieces, taking into account the step by step and the effects of these on the target customers. Finally, it is expected that this document and the knowledge captured will serve as a tool for future students interested in the subject and thus provide data and conclusive information that is related to the different methodologies and development processes for the realization of a graphic project and models of effectiveness in companies, in addition, it may be useful for continuous improvements of internal processes in companies or other students who wish to complement their academic step. Diseñador gráfico Pregrado

En este trabajo se presenta un plan de mantenimiento automotriz basado en un diagnóstico tribológico del aceite lubricante de origen mineral grado SAE 20W50 multigrado, utilizado en la lubricación de un motor de combustión interna de cuatro cilindros, 1800 cm3, motor en posición diagonal, enfriado por anticongelante, con un sistema de lubricación por bomba mecánica. Las muestras se obtuvieron bajo diferentes condiciones de uso: 0km, 1000km, 5000km y 8500km; mismas que se sometieron a diversos ensayos, tales como: Viscosidad cinemática a 40°C y 100°C (Norma ASTM-D445), Desgaste (Norma ASTM G99-05), Timken (Norma ASTM-D-2782-17) y Análisis de Aceite; esto con la finalidad de diagnosticar la degradación del aceite lubricante y el desgaste generado, considerando estos resultados, se formuló un plan de mantenimiento automotriz basado en un diagnostico tribológico del aceite lubricante del motor en estudio.

Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum induced the disease known as zebra chip, manifested as an internal brown discoloration of potato tuber. This bacterium causes the vascular tissue of the tuber to turn brown, which shows up on potato chips after they have been fried, and which causes economic losses. There are no quantitative scales for determining the disease severity on potato chips and it is usually estimated using qualitative criteria. In this research, the percentage area and intensity of internal brown discoloration was quantitatively determined using two image segmentation methods of pixels: a single threshold of grayscale images and a classifier with artificial neural networks of color images. The one threshold method and the classifier with neural networks presented 98 and 99% of overall accuracy, respectively. The use of this method made it possible to distinguish cultivars that are resistant from those that are susceptible to Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum.

In the health sector, it is very important to have adequate control over the allocation of resources; this becomes much more relevant in the case of high-cost diseases, HIV is one example of this. The use of analytical intelligence allows the transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information to make decisions. To support the management of resources in the health sector an analytical intelligence model based on survival analysis of patients under antiretroviral treatment in the Ministry of Health of Mexico is proposed. A survival model was carried out using a cohort of people with HIV under antiretroviral treatment attended by the Ministry of Health for the period 2007–2015. Sociodemographic variables, viral load, dates of treatment initiation and death were used. Kaplan–Meier method and the logarithmic rank test, as well as the Cox proportional-hazard model, were used. The proposed model can serve as a strategic information management tool for decision-making about the care and financing of high-cost diseases in the health sector. The results show that the probability of survival in people with HIV is higher for currently preferred treatments for treatment initiation and recently incorporated. Increasing the level of CD4 for the start of treatment generates greater probabilities of survival for patients. It is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the prescription and initiation of treatment policies according to CD4 levels to guarantee the financial sustainability of antiretroviral treatment in the Ministry of Health since these measures imply greater use of resources. It would be helpful to implement this type of analytical intelligence model for the monitoring and management of resources in the health sector.

Hispanics/Latinos, Black Americans, and poor Non-Latino Whites in the United States are at higher risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The incidence of HNSCC in Puerto Rico is 2.5 higher than for Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States. These health disparities are a serious public health concern due to HNSCC high mortality and morbidity rates, higher treatment costs, and significant quality of life burden. We hypothesized that the discovery of actionable targets for HNSCC early detection, diagnosis, prognostication. Differentially Methylated Regions (DMRs) can be used as HNSCC diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in precision medicine workflows. DNA from 23 HNSCC samples and 10 healthy oral tissue samples from patients in Puerto Rico were hybridized to a genome-wide tiling array to identify DMRs in a discovery cohort. Downstream analyses identified differences in promoter DNA methylation patterns in oral, laryngeal, and oropharyngeal anatomical regions associated with tumor differentiation, nodal involvement, and survival. Genome-wide DMR analysis showed 2,565 DMRs common to the three subsites. We identified 738 DMRs unique to laryngeal cancer (n=7), 889 DMRs unique to oral cavity cancer (n=10), and 363 DMRs unique to pharyngeal cancer (n=6). Based on the genome-wide analysis, and a gene ontology analysis, we selected 10 candidate genes to test for prognostic value and association with clinicopathological features. TIMP3 was associated with tumor differentiation in oral cavity cancer (p =0.039), DAPK1 was associated with nodal involvement in pharyngeal cancer (p = 0.017), and PAX1 was associated with tumor differentiation in laryngeal cancer (p = 0.040). We selected 5 candidate genes, DAPK1, CDH1, PAX1, CALCA, and TIMP3, for a prevalence study in a larger validation cohort: 42 oral cavity; 25 pharyngeal; and 52 laryngeal cancer samples. PAX1 hypermethylation differed across HNSCC anatomic sub-sites (p= 0.029), and predominantly detected in laryngeal cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p=0.043) and Cox regression analysis of overall survival (p=0.001) showed that DAPK1 methylation is associated with better prognosis in HNSCC. Our findings show that HNSCC sub-sites (oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx) display substantial differences in aberrant DNA methylation patterns among Hispanic/Latinos HNSCC patients in the US. These data suggest further research may lead to the development of diagnostic medical devices, prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets that may lead to a reduction in HNSCC disparities among Hispanic/Latinos in the US. Citation Format: BIanca Rivera-Peña, Oluwasina Folawiyo, Nitesh Turaga, Rosa J. Rodríguez-Benítez, Marco E. Felici, Jaime A. Aponte-Ortiz, Francesca Pirini, Sebastián Rodríguez-Torres, Roger Vázquez, Ricardo López, David Sidransky, Rafael E. Guerrero-Preston, Adriana Báez. Promoter DNA methylation patterns in oral, laryngeal, and oropharyngeal anatomical regions are associated with tumor differentiation, nodal involvement, and survival in Latinos. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 5765.

Las variedades de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) producidas en México son susceptibles a Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso), causante de la enfermedad conocida como ‘manchado interno de la pulpa’, por lo que se requiere conocer la respuesta de genotipos experimentales a la bacteria. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la infección de los haplotipos LsoA + LsoB de CaLso en el follaje, la biomasa seca y la calidad de tubérculo de papa, variedad Fianna, una colecta de Solanum demissum y los clones experimentales T90-1-63 y T05-13-21 de Solanum spp. El manchado interno de la pulpa del tubérculo se determinó mediante análisis de imágenes de tubérculos. Las plantas de Fianna mostraron la mayor severidad de daño foliar; en cambio, los clones experimentales presentaron 17 % menos daño foliar que Fianna y 8 % más daño foliar que S. demissum. Este último fue el genotipo con la mayor biomasa seca de hoja y produjo tubérculos de un tamaño pequeño; las plantas infectadas de S. demissum presentaron mayor número de tubérculos y mayor rendimiento de tubérculo fresco que las plantas sin inoculación, aunque tuvieron la menor proporción de superficie sana del tubérculo. El clon T90-1-63 presentó los porcentajes más altos de superficie sana de tubérculo (> 79 %) y las menores intensidades del manchado interno de la pulpa del tubérculo.

In order to optimize the use of public resources, a model of ensemble learning was proposed to measure the perception of quality in the medical care granted to the people affiliated to the social protection in health system of Mexico. Which allows a more efficient allocation of resources based on the main areas of opportunity identified in the measurement of service quality. Identify the effect of the main factors that are directly related to the satisfaction level and perception of quality of health services. A satisfaction index was built using an ensemble model using principal component analysis, logistic model and bagging meta-estimator, to identify the effect of a group of factors in the perception of quality of health services and monitor the perceived quality of users in real time. The survey data collected for the “Social Protection System in Health-SPSS 2014” was used, considering a sample of 28,290 users. The proposed index shows, in general, the positive perception of quality of health services, the national average index was of 0.0756, 95% CI [− 9.714 to 2.027]. There are factors statistically significant (P

El nuevo cultivo de papa “Enrica” es adecuado para la industria de las hojuelas, fue desarrollado en la estación de investigación del INIFAP en la sierra de Arteaga, como resultado de una cruza entre “Atlantic” e “Ireri” en 1991. Este nuevo cultivo tiene un ciclo de crecimiento de 100 a 110 días después de germinación, con diez días más tardía que el cvAtlantic. Enrica tiene tubérculos con yemas superficiales, con piel de color amarillo, de tipo áspera; la pulpa es de color blanco con un 20 a 22% de sólidos solubles y de un 98 a 100% de hojuelas de alta aptitud para la industria. Enrica es de excelente calidad de hojuelas y ha demostrado tener altosnivelesdeproducciónenlasierradeArteaga,Coahuila; Valle de Navidad, Nuevo León; y León, Guanajuato.

El fenómeno de la violencia de género en inmigrantes en Puerto Rico, al igual que los procesos de formación en investigación en este campo, ha sido poco estudiado. En este escrito exponemos las narrativas y los procesos de reflexión de un grupo de investigadoras en formación y su mentora sobre las realidades de vida de las mujeres inmigrantes sobrevivientes de violencia en la isla. Utilizando técnicas de investigación cualitativa desde el feminismo interseccional, las investigadoras en formación recopilaron reflexiones luego de trabajar desde el espacio de campo. Las narrativas expuestas parten de su análisis crítico del contexto desde donde se manifiesta la violencia contra las mujeres. Las mismas fueron codificadas utilizando el programa Atlas.ti. Entre los temas destacados se encuentran: las múltiples violencias, las historias compartidas entre participantes, trabajadoras e investigadoras y los diversos aprendizajes en temas de investigación. Además, se develan experiencias en el proceso de investigar a partir de su trabajo investigando este tema. De allí surgen recomendaciones para fortalecer la formación en investigación feminista e interseccional

The disease zebra chip (ZC) caused by the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ causes important economic losses in potato in New Zealand, the United States, Mexico and Central America; in Mexico, haplotypes LsoA and LsoB of the bacterium have been found in chili and potato. The pathogen is transmitted by the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, and the presence of internal marking in the form of necrotic striation in the medulla of the tubers is considered a typical diagnostic symptom. The potato cultivars currently grown in Mexico are susceptible to this bacterium. The present study evaluates the responses of potato cultivars Atlantic (highly susceptible control), Milagros, one new entry, Real 14, and the experimental clones Bajio 143 and T05–20-11 to inoculation with two haplotypes of the bacterium over two production cycles. The plants inoculated with the mixture of LsoA and LsoB haplotypes, compared with inoculation with only LsoB, showed greater severity of foliar damage and area below the curve of progress of the disease, but not of necrosis in tubers (with exception of cv. Milagros). The cv. Real 14 showed a lower percentage of tuber discolouration than three other tested cultivars after inoculation with the mixture of haplotypes, and less than cvs Atlantic and Bajio 143, after inoculation with LsoB. The same cultivar expressed significantly less severe plant symptoms than cv. Atlantic. The clone T05–20-11 showed significantly less severe tuber symptoms than cv. Atlantic, after inoculation with mixed haplotypes and less severe symptoms than cvs Atlantic and Bajio 143 after, inoculation with LsoB.

Tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray, is tolerant to drought and high temperatures but has low genetic diversity in its cultivated forms. To increase this diversity, a research program on mutation induction was initiated. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of different agro-morpho-physiological parameters on pollen viability and quantity in 123 mutant lines M5 of P. acutifolius and parental genotypes, by processing micrographs of pollen stained with acetocarmine. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions and the experimental design was a split-split plot with three replicates; in addition, the factors evaluated were as follows: soil moisture conditions, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. or Rhizobium tropici, and the evaluated lines (6 mutants and 2 non-mutants). The experiment was carried out maintaining night temperature above 25°C. There were no significant differences among treatments, and there was a positive correlation of pollen viability with other variables. El fríjol tépari, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray destaca por su tolerancia al estrés por sequía y altas temperaturas, sin embargo, presenta baja diversidad genética en sus formas cultivadas. Por lo que se inició un programa de inducción de mutaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer el efecto de diferentes parámetros agro-morfofisiológicos asociados sobre la viabilidad y cantidad del polen en 123 líneas mutantes de la quinta generación M5 de P. acutifolius y genotipos parentales, por medio del procesamiento de microfotografías de preparaciones de polen con tinción de acetocarmin. El experimento se realizó en condiciones de invernadero y el diseño experimental fue de subparcelas divididas con 3 repeticiones; adicionalmente, los factores evaluados fueron: condiciones de humedad del suelo, inoculación con cepas de Bradyrhizobium sp. o Rhizobium tropici, y las líneas o accesiones evaluadas (6 mutantes y 2 no mutantes). El experimento fue realizado manteniendo la temperatura nocturna superior a 25°C. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos, se encontraron correlaciones positivas de la viabilidad de polen con otras variables.

La nota de investigación indaga sobre las diversas formas de asociación y organización que adoptan los campesinos que trabajan en torno al café. Se debate sobre las diferencias entre la asociación y la organización y se presenta un estudio de caso para identificar estos conceptos. Se parte de la concepción de hombre como ser eminentemente social, y transitando hacia las características y la constitución de los sujetos colectivos a partir de la conciencia colectiva que se forma al interactuar cada individuo dentro de este sujeto social. Los conceptos de asociación y organización se abren a discusión partiendo de la premisa básica que la asociación permite a los individuos participar tomando decisiones que les afecten en sus vidas cotidianas. Y en el caso de la organización las personas que detentan el poder organizan el trabajo de otros es decir de los trabajadores o empleados con la finalidad de alcanzar sus propios objetivos y en el caso de la asociación, los socios se unen o juntan sus poderes económicos individuales, para formar un poder mayor y utilizarlo en la consecución de sus fines. Por lo anterior, una sociedad debe ser entendida como una asociación, mientras que una organización se debe entender como una empresa. Entendido aquel como un “instrumento para establecer finalidades, para constituirse como sujeto colectivo y para juntar fuerzas o poderes individuales para formar un poder mayor, suficiente para relacionarse positiva y exitosamente con otros sujetos en el camino hacia la realización de las finalidades establecidas por los campesinos mismos.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la importancia que tienen los productos forestales no maderables (PFNM), para los habitantes de la comunidad Pensamiento Liberal Mexicano, municipio de San Miguel Peras, Oaxaca. Se aplicó una encuesta a 56 comuneros, se entrevistó a informantes clave, se realizaron recorridos y se participó en actividades inherentes a la comunidad. Los resultados muestran que de 80% recolectó PFNM en el bosque durante el año 2015. Las familias tienen amplios conocimientos y saberes diversos PFNM que crecen o se reproducen en el bosque. Los PFNM son valorados por las familias porque los usan como fuentes de alimentos, condimento o por sus propiedades medicinales, como de ornato o abono para la producción de hortalizas. Estos recursos tienen importancia económica, cultural y medicinal para las familias de la comunidad, y acceden a ellos a través de la recolección o caza de especies silvestres en diferentes épocas del año. Por ello, los habitantes de la comunidad han emprendido acciones comunes de gobernanza que regulan el acceso a los PFNM y al cuidado de su hábitat (el bosque).

Inspirada por un movimiento de liberalización económica, la Constitución colombiana de 1991 estableció un nuevo modelo constitucional y regulatorio para los servicios públicos. En este modelo, el papel del Estado colombiano se redefine como un Estado regulador y ya no como un prestador directo de servicios públicos. Sin embargo, las garantías sociales vinculadas a estos servicios públicos están constitucionalizadas y bajo la responsabilidad directa del Estado. Tradicionalmente, el servicio público de acueducto ocupa un lugar esencial en una sociedad y, según la teoría francesa, permite una "interdependencia social". En este sentido, parece indispensable cuestionar y evaluar el nuevo modelo constitucional de servicios públicos a través del caso específico del servicio público de acueducto en Colombia. Inspired by a movement of economic liberalization, the Colombian Constitution of 1991 established a new constitutional and regulatory model for public service. In this model, the role of the Colombian State is redefined as a regulatory State and no longer as a direct provider of public services. However, the social guarantees attached to these public services are constitutionalized and under the direct responsibility of the State. Traditionally, the public aqueduct service has an essential place in a society and, according to the French theory, permit a "social interdependence". In this sense, it seems essential to question and evaluate the new constitutional model of public services through the specific case of the public aqueduct service in Colombia. Magister en Derecho Público http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Maestría

Muscles contribute to the movement, in addition to providing protection to the bones, veins, arte-ries and organs, besides they shape the body. In this article, we describe a non-invasive method to evaluate the functional status of muscles based on muscle temperature, used to track the performance of athletes. The study was developed with different groups of subjects, each with a different sport activity (runners and physicist-constructivists) and, in turn, often with different training frequency (intense and moderate), to which a non-invasive muscle test was applied; with the statistical analysis of the obtained data it was possible to characterize, in a differential way, the muscular behavior in terms of heat released, corresponding to each experimental group. Los músculos contribuyen al movimiento, además de proporcionar protección a los huesos, venas, arterias y órganos, además dan forma al cuerpo. En el presente artículo, se describe un método no invasivo para evaluar el estado funcional de los músculos con base en la tempe-ratura muscular, usada para dar seguimiento al desempeño de atletas. El estudio se desarrolló con diferentes grupos de sujetos, cada uno con una actividad deportiva distinta (corredores y físico-constructivistas) y, a su vez, con frecuencia de entrenamiento distinto (intensa y mode-rada), a los que se aplicó una prueba muscular no invasiva; con el análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos fue posible caracterizar, de manera diferencial, el comportamiento muscular en términos de calor liberado, correspondientes a cada grupo experimental. Os músculos contribuem para o movimento, além de fornecer proteção aos ossos, veias, arté-rias e órgãos, além de moldarem o corpo. Neste artigo, descrevemos um método não invasivo para avaliar o estado funcional dos músculos baseado na temperatura muscular, usado para rastrear o desempenho de atletas. O estudo foi desenvolvido com diferentes grupos de sujeitos, cada um com uma atividade esportiva diferente (corredores e físico-construtivistas) e, por sua vez, muitas vezes com treinamento diferente (intenso e moderado), aos quais foram aplicados um teste muscular não invasivo; com a análise estatística dos dados obtidos foi possível carac-terizar, de forma diferencial, o comportamento muscular em termos de calor liberado, corres-pondendo a cada grupo experimental.

To evaluate the influence of novel ultrasonic tips as an auxiliary method for the rotary preparation of flattened/oval-shaped canals. Forty-five mandibular incisors were selected and divided into one of three experimental groups (n = 15): Group PFCP – ProDesign Logic 25/.05 + Flatsonic + Clearsonic + Prodesign Logic 40/.01; Group FCP – Flatsonic + Clearsonic + ProDesign Logic 40/.01; and Group PP – Prodesign Logic 25/.05 + Prodesign Logic 40/.05. The teeth were scanned preoperatively and postoperatively using microcomputed tomography. The percentage values for increase in volume, non-instrumented surface area, dentin removal, degree of canal transportation, and centering ratio between the experimental groups were examined. Data were analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s tests (p < 0.05). Group PFCP showed the greatest volume increase in the total portion of the root canal and the lowest percentage of non-instrumented surface area. Regarding the degree of transportation in the buccolingual direction, statistically significant differences between groups PFCP and PP were observed at the coronal third of the canal. In the mesiodistal direction, no statistically significant differences were observed at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. As for the centering ratio, statistically significant differences were found in the buccolingual direction. In the mesiodistal direction, no statistically significant differences were observed at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. The use of novel ultrasonic tips combined with rotary instruments in group PFCP provided a significant increase in volume and reduced the percentage of non-instrumented areas during the preparation of flattened/oval-shaped canals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a novel ultrasonic tip as an auxiliary method for removing filling material from flattened/oval-shaped canals. The null hypothesis tested was that this method does not influence removing the filling material in flattened/oval-shaped canals. Forty-five mandibular incisors were selected and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n = 15) according to different protocols for removing root canal filling material. Group R: Reciproc R25/.08, Group RC: Reciproc R25/.08 + Clearsonic tip, and Group CR: Clearsonic tip + Reciproc R25/.08. The teeth were scanned pre and post-operatively by means of a micro-computed tomography system. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (p < 0.05). The percentage of residual root canal filling material between the experimental groups was examined. Statistically significant differences between the experimental groups were found in the root canal. Group R had the highest percentage of residual root canal filling material when compared with Groups RC and CR. The lowest percentage of residual root canal filling material was observed in Group CR. In the apical third of the root canal, statistically significant differences were found between the different protocols. The use of the ClearSonic tip followed by the Reciproc 25/.08 file to remove filling material resulted in the lowest percentage of residuals in the whole root canal and in the apical third.