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Hemorrhoidal disease is one ofthe most common pathologies ofthe anorectal region, its specific weight in the structure of diseases ofthe colon is about 40%. Hemorrhoids are a socially significant disease, most often found in the able-bodied population. The reason for the development of hemorrhoids, on the one hand, is a violation of blood circulation in the cavernous corpuscles, due to which they increase and nodes form, and on the other hand, dystrophic changes in the ligamentous apparatus of hemorrhoids, in connection with which they gradually shift down and begin to fall out of the anal canal. One of the factors provoking the development of hemorrhoidal disease may be the presence of dissinergia of the pelvic floor muscles, which, in accordance with the Roman criteria IV, is part of the functional constipation syndrome. Not only dissinergia, but also high basal pressure in the anal canal (increased tone of the internal anal sphincter) can lead to stool retention. High rates of basal anal pressure can occur as a result of damage to the mucous membrane of the anal canal during straining, which leads to reflex spasm of the anal sphincter (anal continuity reflex). Thus, a vicious circle can form and thereby exacerbate constipation and the course of hemorrhoidal disease. Also, the relationship between dysenergic defecation and hemorrhoidal disease can be justified by the fact that physiotherapy aimed at correcting the work of the pelvic floor muscles contributes to better control over the manifestations of hemorrhoidal disease in complex therapy. The return of symptoms or, in other words, the recurrence of the disease in patients after surgery for hemorrhoids more often occurs with concomitant constipation. In accordance with clinical recommendations for the treatment of hemorrhoids, the use of an adequate amount of fluid and the intake of dietary fiber (fiber preparations) is indicated to normalize the activity of the gastrointestinal tract and eliminate constipation as part of complex therapy. If it is impossible to take dietary fiber, laxatives come to the fore of constipation therapy. This article presents clinical examples of the efficacy and safety of using sodium picosulfate.

Background. Metabolic disorders, often detected in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, indicate the severity of the infection process and play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Changes in muscle metabolism lead to weakness and reduced mobility of the diaphragm, which exacerbates the progression of respiratory failure. Aim. To evaluate the effect of a meglumine sodium succinate 1.5% solution on the dynamics of metabolic blood parameters and respiratory function of the lungs in patients with COVID-19. Material and methods. The observational prospective study included 105 patients with severe COVID-19 treated in the intensive care unit. As an infusion therapy, patients in the control group (n=54) received Ringer's solution, in the main group (n=51) 1.5% solution of meglumine sodium succinate. Infusion therapy was carried out for 11 days. All patients underwent standard laboratory tests. Diaphragm mobility was assessed using an ultrasound scanner. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the MannWhitney test, and intragroup dynamics were assessed using the KruskalWallis test. Results. Upon admission to the intensive care unit, in 36.2% of patients, the development of respiratory failure was accompanied by a decrease in the excursion of the right dome of the diaphragm to less than 1.7 cm, in 92.4% of patients the development of hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia. By the 11th day of ongoing treatment, hyperglycemia persisted in 16.7% of patients in the control group and 3.9% of patients in the main group, hyperlactatemia in 53.7 and 9.8% of patients, respectively. Maintenance and then gradual restoration of diaphragm excursion in patients of the main group, a decrease in hypercapnia and a gradual increase in the pO2/FiO2 index were registered. Therapy with a solution of meglumine sodium succinate significantly reduced the duration of hospital treatment after transfer from the intensive care unit (p=0.007). Conclusion. The inclusion of a 1.5% solution of meglumine sodium succinate in the therapy of patients with severe COVID-19 can reduce the duration of metabolic disorders, which has a positive effect on the degree of respiratory dysfunction, diaphragmatic excursion depression and the treatment duration after transfer from the intensive care unit.

The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of predicting the need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19 disease using ultrasound assessment of diaphragm function.Material and methods. An open prospective pilot study included 60 patients diagnosed with the novel coronavirus infection, who, at the time of admission to the intensive care unit (NEWS score > 6), underwent ultrasound assessment of diaphragm excursion, thickness and the diaphragm thickening fraction. Group 1 (n=30) included patients who did not require mechanical ventilation, and group 2 (n=30) consisted of patients who were subsequently transferred to mechanical ventilation.Results. Patients in group 2 had significantly lower diaphragm function parameters (left excursion value (PPP=0.043), and thickening fraction (PConclusion. Decreased diaphragm excursion of less than 17.1 mm on the right side is a predictor of initiation of mechanical ventilation in patients with the COVID-19 infection (sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 76.7%). Morphological examination in deceased patients of group 2 revealed pericellular and perivascular edema, venular thrombosis, endoneurial edema, and sludge in the lumen of arterioles.

Aim. Current clinical recommendations accentuate current methods for the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).Key points. IBS is a functional bowel disorder manifested with recurrent, at least weekly, abdominal pain with the following attributes (any two leastwise): link to defecation, its frequency or stool shape. The symptoms are expected to persist for at minimum three months in a total six-month follow-up. Similar to other functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, IBS can be diagnosed basing on the patient symptoms compliance with Rome IV criteria, provided the absence of potentially symptom-causative organic GI diseases. Due to challenging differential diagnosis, IBS can be appropriately established per exclusionem, with pre-examination as follows: general and biochemical blood tests; tissue transglutaminase IgA/IgG antibody tests; thyroid hormones test; faecal occult blood test; hydrogen glucose/ lactulose breath test for bacterial overgrowth; stool test for enteric bacterial pathogens and Clostridium difficile A/B toxins; stool calprotectin test; abdominal ultrasound; OGDS, with biopsy as appropriate; colonoscopy with biopsy. The IBS sequence is typically wavelike, with alternating remissions and exacerbations often triggered by psychoemotional stress. Treatment of IBS patients includes dietary and lifestyle adjustments, various-class drug agents prescription and psychotherapeutic measures.Conclusion. Adherence to clinical recommendations can facilitate timely diagnosis and improve medical aid quality in patients with different clinical IBS variants.

Introduction. Inflammatory bowel diseases are a group of chronic, immune-mediated diseases of unknown etiology. Etiotropic therapy of IBD does not exist, all drugs used to treat IBD have a pathogenetic effect. In the treatment of IBD biologic therapy is used. The most previously registered group of biologics are anti-TNF-α. But, after the expiration of the relevant patents, biosimilars appeared on the market (analogs, comparable in quality to the already approved reference product).Materials and methods. A retrospective study was conducted on the basis of the Ryzhikh Natianal Medical Research Centre for Coloproctology of the Ministry of Health of the Russia, which included 46 patients who switched from therapy with the original infliximab or adalimumab to biosimilar therapy.Discussion. This study showed that when switching therapy with the original drugs infliximab and adalimumab to biosimilars, the effectiveness of therapy does not significantly decrease with the use of biosimilars Infliximab BIOCAD and Dalibra. However, a statistically significant decrease in efficacy was revealed when switching from therapy with the original Infliximab to Flammegis. Considering that the use of biosimilars can reduce the cost of treatment and reduce the burden on the health budget, it is necessary to continue this study in order to obtain longer-term results.

Melanosis coli is characteristic of patients with a long history of constipation and the use of laxatives – anthraquinone derivatives, which are quite prescribed by doctors and patients independently. As a rule, melanosis develops after 4–9 months of taking drugs from this group and is most common in women in the older age group. Pathogenetically, melanosis is characterized by the deposition of pigment in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane, manifested by a pronounced dark coloration of the mucosa, depending on the degree of pigmentation of the colon, melanosis is divided into three degrees. The most common localization is in the right colon, but cases with the spread of pigmentation to the left colon and other parts have been described. Diagnosis does not cause difficulties, melanosis coli is detected during routine endoscopic examination, and is confirmed by pathomorphological examination. Melanosis is an actual problem in terms of the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). There are already convincing data proving that the frequency of detection of adenomas increases not only due to the absence of pigment accumulation by them, but also the pathogenetic aspects of the influence of melanosis on the occurrence and development of adenomas have been described. Proteomic analysis allows to determine the expression of various proteins, which confirms the role of melanosis in the development of colorectal cancer. It is also interesting to note that sometimes there are some difficulties in the differential diagnosis of melanosis, for example, with ischemic lesions of the colon. Patients with melanosis coli require close attention, timely diagnosis and treatment.

The purpose of our research was to study the effectiveness of correcting experimental critical ischemia (CI) of the lower extremities with a combination of udenafil, simvastatin, and autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (ABMMC). Methods and Results: The experiments were carried out on 24-month-old Wistar rats, weighing 220–250g. The animals were randomized by sex and weight. Groups were formed according to the manipulations carried out during the operations. The animals were divided into 7 groups, each with 20 animals: Group 1 included intact animals; Group 2 - falsely operated animals; Group 3 (control group) - animals with simulated CI without treatment; Group 4- animals with CI and monotherapy with udenafil (daily oral administration of 8.6mg/kg for 28 days); Group 5 - animals with CI and simvastatin monotherapy (daily oral administration of 1.71mg/kg for 28 days); Group 6 - animals with CI and monotherapy with ABMMC (parenterally, once on Day 7 after modeling CI, 50μl at 4 points and, paravasally, above the inguinal ligament in the area where the lateral artery leaves the artery enveloping the femur from the internal iliac artery; in the area of the superficial artery that bends around the iliac bone under the inguinal ligament; into the area of origin of the muscular branch of the femoral artery r. muscularis, the place of attachment of the comb and long adductor muscles of the thigh; in the upper third of the gastrocnemius muscle]); Group 7 - animals with CI and combination therapy (udenafil and simvastatin drugs were administered intragastrically 0.86 mg/kg, once a day, for 7 days) and one-time parenteral administration of ABMMC, according to the same scheme as in Group 6. On Days 21 and 28 of the experiment, the level of blood microcirculation was determined in the muscles of the rat leg; for this, laser Doppler flowmetry was used. For further morphometric assessment of the leg muscles, they were removed. Preparations for morphometric analysis were prepared according to the standard technique with Van Gieson staining, as well as H&E. Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of combination therapy with udenafil, simvastatin, and ABMMC to correct critical lower limb ischemia in rats. The severity of morphological changes on the background of this combination was minimal, compared to the findings of other study groups, and the level of blood microcirculation in the ischemic zone on Day 28 was, significantly, 1.9 times higher than in animals of the control group. The results obtained allow us to recommend the use of the investigated combination (udenafil+simvastatin+ABMMC) for the treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia, both in outpatient and inpatient practice.

Epiphytes and endophytes of the brown alga Punctaria plantaginea from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan have been studied. A total of 57 species of fouling macroalgae from the phyla Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanobacteria have been identified. Five species of epiphytes were not reported for the flora of Peter the Great Bay previously and four species are new records for the flora of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. The fouling species are dominated by red algae (35%); the leading species were dominated by brown algae, which account for 50% of all the species found. Facultative holoepiphytes prevail in the list. The seasonal dynamics of the species composition of epiphyton on P. plantaginea is shown for a period from February to November. The abundance of fouling algae increases from October to July. The changes in species of the fouling communities on P. plantaginea are assumed to be caused by seasonal variations in light and temperature conditions.

Objective. So far, no experimental model of the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical limb ischemia has been created. Aim. Development of a method for modeling the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical lower limb ischemia.Materials and methods. The experimental study was carried out on 120 rats - males of the "Wistar" line, divided into 4 groups of 30 animals each. In the first group (intact), the level of microcirculation in the muscles of the hind limb was determined. In the second (sham-operated) group, ischemia was not simulated, but the neurovascular bundle of the thigh was isolated and the wound was sutured. In the third group (comparison), the modeling of chronic ischemia of the leg muscles was performed by removing the femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries. In the fourth (experimental) group, to simulate chronic critical ischemia of the leg muscles, the femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries and veins were removed, and the peripheral nerve was damaged.In the postoperative period, the dynamics of symptoms of limb ischemia was monitored. Animals were taken out of the experiment, 10 animals in each group by an overdose of anesthesia on the 10th, 21st and 28th days. Before hatching, the level of microcirculation was determined using laser Doppler flowmetry. To study the morphological picture at the same time in the third and fourth groups, the ischemic gastrocnemius muscle of the leg was excised and a standard histological examination was performed.Results. Trophic disorders in animals of the third group developed in 13.3%, and in the experimental group - in 100%. In the experimental group, the level of microcirculation at all periods was significantly less than in the comparison group: on the 10th and 21st by 1.3 times, on the 28th day by 1.2 times, and the area of ​​muscle necrosis was greater by the same days by 21.2%, by 8.2% and by 6.8%.Conclusion. The developed experimental model corresponds to the necrotic ulcerative stage of critical ischemia in humans.

Descriptions of ten new and little-known species of macroalgae found during a revision of herbarium and live material collected by the authors from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan, in 2001, 2018, and 2019 are provided in the present report. Of these, seven species are new to the Russian coast of the Sea of Japan, five species are new to the flora of the Far Eastern seas, and three species were previously recorded from Peter the Great Bay without description.

We did a comparative analysis of tea and raw tea materials. There is an increase in the content of carotenoids and flavonoids (thearubigins and theaflavins) in June, a decline in July, and August, and consequently a slight increase again in other months. The increase is due to unfavorable conditions – drought during these periods. In raw new variety forms No. 855 and No. 582, as well as in black tea variety form No. 582 (0.09 mg.g-1), we determined the high value of theaflavins (0.10; 0.11 and 0.09 mg.g-1, respectively). The highest content of thearubigins was found in variety forms No. 582 and No. 3823 (1.33 mg.g-1 and 1.17 mg.g-1). Ascorbic acid is significantly disintegrated (on average 96 – 97%) in the production of black tea. In green tea, ascorbic acid disintegrates to a lesser extent, leaving about 13% of its initial amount in the raw material. The dynamics of GPOD activity in a 3-leaf sprout are variety-specific. At the beginning of the growing season (May), the activity of the enzyme was low – in the range of 0.363 to 0.607 g-unit in sec. In June, there is a decrease in activity, which, however, is not significant (p

The benthic flora off the Luhuitou Peninsula (Sanya Bay) was studied, for the first time, in areas located opposite a wastewater outlet from fish farm ponds and, thus, heavily polluted with nutrients (dissolved organic nitrogen (DIN), on average 30 μM; orthophosphates, 5.0 μM). Changes in the benthic flora were recorded before and after the farm stopped operation. It was shown that with a decrease in the concentration of nutrients in seawater (DIN, to 3 μM; orthophosphates, to 0.2 μM) the species diversity of macroalgae and cyanobacteria increased significantly over a year and a half, while the population density and biomass of macrophytes decreased. The values of all parameters of the studied flora in the previously heavily polluted areas became close to the average level for Sanya Bay.

The paper shows a comparative assessment of the effect of udenafil (Zidena®, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Korea) on the perfusion of healthy and ischemic tissues in critical ischemia of the lower extremities simulated in rats. Formed 4 experimental groups: 1 - intact; 2 - healthy animals with the introduction of udenafil (orally 8,6 mg/kg for 28 days); 3 - animals with ischemia without treatment; 4 - animals with ischemia and monotherapy with udenafil (similar to group 2). On the 21st and 28th days in all groups, the level of blood microcirculation in the leg muscles was recorded. At the same time, 10 animals were withdrawn from the experiment by anesthesia overdose and histological preparations of the leg muscles were prepared. The results obtained showed that udenafil increases regional blood flow both in non-ischemic tissues and in critical ischemia of the lower extremities.

Intensive algal sampling was conducted from 2017 to 2019 in coastal waters of Wuzhizhou Island (South China Sea, China). In total, 183 species of marine macrophytes, 9 species of Cyanobacteria and 2 species of seagrasses were found. The collection of benthic macroalgae was comprised of 63% of Rhodophyta, 12% of Phaeophyceae, and 25% of Chlorophyta. Among macrophytes, the largest number of species was found on hard substrates (123 species), 83 species were epiphytes, and 16 species grew on artificial substrates. In addition, 4 species of red algae were found on mollusk shells. The largest number of macroalgal species (150 species or 82% of all collections) was found at the end of the dry seasons. Species compositions of macroalgae during both the dry and rainy seasons were not significantly different. Over 50% of the species of macroalgae were common during both seasons. There were more algae found only in the dry season than those found only in the rainy season. In the upper and middle intertidal zone, macrophytes formed mono- and bidominant communities of algal turf and crust algae; in the low intertidal and upper subtidal zones, mosaic polydominant algal turf communities were observed.

The species composition of macrophytic algae in Troitsa Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) was studied from June to September in 2004–2018. A total of 111 macrophytes were found, of which 28 were epiphytes. The phylum Rhodophyta was the most diverse group represented by 58 species (or 54% of the total number of identified species); the phylum Ochrophyta (class Phaeophyceae) was represented by 35 species (32%); the phylum Chlorophyta, by 15 species (14%); 3 species of sea grasses (3%) were also recorded. The species diversity increased from the intertidal to subtidal zones. There were 23 plant communities identified in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones of Troitsa Bay.

Introduction. The present research featured the antioxidant complex of Russian tea varieties. The research objective was to study the formation patterns of the components responsible for the quality characteristics of tea as a raw material and finished product. The paper describes the changes that the biochemical composition of tea undergoes during the growing season and during processing. The study focused on pigments, vitamins, caffeine, and amino acids. Study objects and methods. The research featured the following varieties of tea grown in the Krasnodar region of Russia: “Kolkhida” (control) and “Sochi”; forms – No. 582, 3823, 855, and 2264. The research was performed on the foundation plantation of collection tea in the village of Uch-Dere (Lazarevsky district of Sochi, Krasnodar region, Russia) and in the laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry. The study involved traditional and advanced research methods. Results and discussion. The paper introduces some results of a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical composition of various tea sorts. Shoots No. 2264, 3823, and the “Sochi” variety demonstrated high values of ascorbic acid. Form No. 3823 and the “Sochi” variety proved to have a relatively stable content of ascorbic acid. All experimental plants had the highest caffeine synthesis in July (from 24.633 to 28.614 μg/100 g). Processing destroyed caffeine and reduced its amount. The experimental samples of raw materials had eleven amino acids, the largest number being synthesized in May. Processing triggered both general changes in their quantity and varietal differences in the metabolic reactions of amino acid conversion. Conclusion. The tea flushes and finished products differed in all biologically active substances, which is associated with both varietal characteristics and the effect of weather conditions during vegetation.

Modern conditions for remote communication and learning have entailed the spread of digital technologies, when teachers are actively involved in the process of searching for new knowledge and mastering effective digitalization tools. Responding to modern challenges, the authors propose to create on the basis of KazNPU named after Abai «Student digital SRW-club», the purpose of which is to stimulate research and educational activities of students, cultivate students’ enthusiasm, form critical thinking and leadership skills, skills of creative activity, work in a team. The project «Student digital research club» is based on remote scientific activities and gamification elements that will allow students to instill interest in research work. The novelty of the project is that for the first time at a qualitatively new level, an attempt is made to modernize the process of the research process for university students. The work is promising, since through the creation of innovative methods, the competitiveness of the training of domestic teaching staff is increased.

An inventory of macrophytic algae on the Con Dao Islands (Vietnam) in the South China Sea (8°38′ N, 106°41′ E) was carried out for the first time by Vietnamese and Russian phycologists from 1986 to 2008. Algae were collected in different years of this period. The first collections of marine algae from the Con Dao Islands were obtained in 1986 in the framework of the Soviet–Vietnamese expedition aboard the R/V Akademik Nesmeyanov. The following samplings were conducted during the expedition of the Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, in March and April 1996. In 2003, marine algae were collected around Con Son Island by Vietnamese and Japanese phycologists. In 2008, marine algae were collected along the coast of Con Son Island by the authors of the present article. In all collections (1986–2008), a total of 201 species of algae were found on the Con Dao Islands, of which 54% were red, 18% were brown, and 28% were green algae. A comparison of the collections sampled in 1986–2008 has shown significant changes in species composition of the marine flora during the period: in each taxonomic group of macrophytes, there was a proportional replacement of some species by others. It is suggested that the revealed decadal changes in the flora do not depend on climatic or anthropogenic changes in the environment, but these changes are natural, possibly periodic, fluctuations in the population density of individual algal species, regulated by internal factors of the ecosystem.

The benthic flora of Central and Southern Vietnam and its historical changes between 1950 and 2020 were studied. Three collections were compared: collection A (1950–1970), collection B (1980–2000) and collection С (2000–2020). In all collections (1950–2020), a total of 702 macroalgal taxa and their forms have been found, including 386 red (55%), 142 brown (20%) and 174 green (25%) algal taxa. A comparison of the collections has shown significant changes in species compositions of the marine flora during the period (the maximum similarity of the benthic flora of the three compared collections was about 63%). In each taxonomic group of macrophytes, there was a proportional replacement of some species by others. It is suggested that the revealed decadal changes in the marine flora of Central and Southern Vietnam are natural, periodic (seasonal, annual or perennial) and regulated by internal factors of the ecosystem.

The profiles of bacterial O-glycoside hydrolases and alginate lyases associated with the red alga Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis are described for the first time. A role of these enzymes in the trophic relationships of the host organism and bacteria is discussed.

The authors of the article make linguistic analysis of students’ legal competence and try to reveal the ways of linguistic implementation of the legal competence corresponding to its components. Such methods include: construction of statements in the legal sphere, analysis of legal information, interpretation of legal information, interpretation and commenting on legal norms, drafting and editing of documents in the legal sphere (legal, official business), drafting legal requests, search for legal information. These methods are characterized in terms of form of speech and type of speech activity. The sections of linguistics and related disciplines are defined, the knowledge of which will allow students to demonstrate a high level of language training. Linguistic indicators of the formation of legal competence are established. Variants of tasks and exercises are proposed to visualize and record the presence / absence / degree of use of language indicators in students’ speech. The study of the ways of linguistic implementation of students’ legal competence will allow developing an effective method of defining the level of its formation.

The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae is commonly acknowledged as a serious biological threat to global poultry breeding. This is mostly because of the inefficiency of acaricidal treatments of poultry houses, which does not eliminate the mite population, only constrains it. However, the impact of D. gallinae on poultry welfare is poorly characterized. The biochemical and cytological characteristics of infection are limited mainly to anaemia, decreased levels of triglycerides in the blood and eosinophilia. For the first time, we report the adverse effects of D. gallinae infestation of industrial poultry houses on the functional state of poultry livers. Treatment of poultry houses with acaricidal powder preparation, Wooran-dust 0.7%, containing synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, S-fenvalerate and tetramethrin), led to the elimination of the mite population and resulted in normalization of most of the haematological and biochemical blood parameters (haemoglobin, erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils, lymphocytes and AST). Increased eosinophils and ALT were the only indicators of infection in the blood of laying hens, and they remained above normal range until the 22nd day after the beginning of treatment with the acaricidal agent.

An increase in the spread of antibiotic-resistant opportunistic microorganisms causes serious problems in the treatment of purulent infections, burns, and trophic ulcers. We tested the antimicrobial activity in vivo of three polyphenols, Resveratrol, Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin), and Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin) from Norway spruce bark to promote the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans from wounds. Purulent infection was modelled on wounds in rats infected with suspensions containing 109 CFU (colony-forming unit)/mL of pathogens. The wound area was treated daily with solutions of the polyphenols or placebo for 14 days after the beginning of the treatment. The animals were examined daily, and each stage of the wound healing (inflammation, granulation, and maturation (marginal epithelialisation) was documented. The planimetric analysis of the wound recovery percentage was performed on the 3rd, 10th, and 14th day after the start of curing. Then, one echelon (three or four animals from each subgroup) was withdrawn from the experiment on days 3 (three animals), 10 (three animals), and 14 (four animals) for microscopy analysis of cytological composition of their wound defects by microscopy and microbiological analysis of their contamination with pathogens. Our results show that they are also able to suppress mast cell infiltration and stimulate lymphocyte and macrophage (monocyte) infiltration into the wound. Resveratrol stimulated the replacement of the scar with normal tissue (with a clear boundary between the dermis and epidermis) and the restoration of hair follicles. Resveratrol turned out to be significantly better than some commercial antimicrobial (Levomecol) and antifungal (Clotrimazole) ointments and can be proposed as a promising drug for topical use for the treatment of trophic ulcers and burns.

An increase in the spread of antibiotic-resistant opportunistic microorganisms causes serious problems in the treatment of purulent infections, burns, and trophic ulcers. We tested the antimicrobial activity in vivo of three polyphenols, Resveratrol, Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin), and Dihydromyricetin (Ampelopsin) from Norway spruce bark to promote the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans from wounds. Purulent infection was modelled on wounds in rats infected with suspensions containing 109 CFU (colony-forming unit)/mL of pathogens. The wound area was treated daily with solutions of the polyphenols or placebo for 14 days after the beginning of the treatment. The animals were examined daily, and each stage of the wound healing (inflammation, granulation, and maturation (marginal epithelialisation) was documented. The planimetric analysis of the wound recovery percentage was performed on the 3rd, 10th, and 14th day after the start of curing. Then, one echelon (three or four animals from each subgroup) was withdrawn from the experiment on days 3 (three animals), 10 (three animals), and 14 (four animals) for microscopy analysis of cytological composition of their wound defects by microscopy and microbiological analysis of their contamination with pathogens. Our results show that they are also able to suppress mast cell infiltration and stimulate lymphocyte and macrophage (monocyte) infiltration into the wound. Resveratrol stimulated the replacement of the scar with normal tissue (with a clear boundary between the dermis and epidermis) and the restoration of hair follicles. Resveratrol turned out to be significantly better than some commercial antimicrobial (Levomecol) and antifungal (Clotrimazole) ointments and can be proposed as a promising drug for topical use for the treatment of trophic ulcers and burns.

The purpose of the study is to assess in vitro the effect of colloidal blood substitutes on fat globules in the blood of patients with severe polytrauma.Materials and methods. Perftoran, 5% albumin solution, dextran-40, dextran-60, modified gelatin, hydroxyethyl starches 200/0.5 and 130/0.42 were added to the blood of 19 patients with severe polytrauma at ratios 1:20, 1:10, 1:5 and 1:3, respectively, which corresponded to the addition of 0.015 ml, 0.03 ml, 0.06 ml, 0.1 ml of the blood substitute under test to 0.3 ml of blood in a tube. Microscopy of the samples with assessment of the number and area of fat globules was carried out using a transmitted-light medical microvisor mVizo-101 (LOMO, Russia) 30 minutes after the blood and blood substitute exposure and subsequent staining with Sudan IV. The findings were processed using JMicroVision 1.2.7 software.Results. Dextran-60, hydroxyethyl starch 200/0.5 and 130/0.42 in vitro lead to a decrease in fat globules in the blood of patients with severe polytrauma in proportion to the dilution degree. Modified gelatin, dextran-40, 5% albumin solution and Perftoran have a significant additional emulsifying effect on the fat globules. The maximum emulsifying effect was obtained after addition of Perftoran to the blood.Conclusion. The experimental data on the effect of 5% albumin solution, modified gelatin, dextran-40, and Perftoran on fat globules justify the prospect for their further clinical application for prevention and treatment of fat embolism in an extended clinical trials.

The study of the water status and activity of catalase in Chinese tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) and hazelnut (Corylus pontica C. Koch.). The indicators, which not only describe the physiological state of plants in the stressful period, but also allow it to identify more adaptive varieties within a given area was determined. Analysis of catalase activity data in Chinese tea and hazelnut revealed the presence of similar patterns: there is a change in enzymatic activity in response to hydrothermal factors. It is established that the stable varieties Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze and Corylus pontica C. Koch. characterized by a more active catalase, which is of particular importance during droughts. The water regime parameters variance scale for Camellia sinensis was developed, which allows differentiating varieties into groups of varying degrees of stability. It is shown that all methods that are used to estimate stability of plant species to extreme environmental conditions are based on several basic principles connected with peculiarities of adaptation mechanisms. The result was a selection of diagnostic indicators proposed for assessing adaptability: the water content of the leaf tissue, water-holding capacity of leaves, and concentration of cellular juice sprouts and activity of catalase.

This chapter examines the basics of current US macroeconomic policy. It provides several issues involving the US economy into the context of a global economy. The chapter concludes with recent research conducted by the National Planning Association on the growth of regional trading blocs in the international economy. Many segments of the US business community have lost faith in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In general, US business leaders seem to believe that the international economy is shifting in the direction of regional trading blocs. Many US employers have tied their compensation policies to firm-specific productivity and profitability and have based them less on norms, traditions, and industry patterns. US public policymakers and their economic advisers have generally been unable to create "mild" recessions in the post-World War II era. Recessions often have been deeper and longer than "intended" by political and economic decision makers.

The article presents the haematological and biochemical blood parameters studies data obtained during the production test of the microencapsulated probiotic preparation Enzimsporin with an enzyme (crystalline trypsin) on Genesus genetics pigs in the fattening process. Data from three groups were analyzed: experimental group (microencapsulated Enzimsporin with enzyme), control group No. 1 (commercial non-encapsulated Enzimsporin) and control group No. 2 (without adding Enzimsporin to the feed). A general blood test showed that in animals receiving microencapsulated Enzimsporin with an enzyme, the erythrocytes and haemoglobin content reaches the upper physiological limit, which is significantly higher than in the control groups. When determining the blood biochemical parameters, a significant increase in the total protein and albumin amount in experimental animals was revealed by the 148th day of life. Reliably high glucose levels, within the physiological norm, were observed in animals receiving Enzimsporin, while in animals receiving the microencapsulated drug, the glucose level was significantly higher than in those receiving its unencapsulated form. The change in the trace elements level in the experimental animals’ blood showed regularities associated with an increase in the calcium amount and a decrease in phosphorus and magnesium. At the same time, an increase in the level of AST and ALT in the animals’ blood receiving Enzimsporin with an enzyme was noted by the 148th day of life. The observed immunoglobulins reliably high level throughout the experiment in experimental animals in comparison with control indicates a high resistance and pigs immune status.

Management of purulent wounds is a problem that requires particular attention: wounds are a common injury type for which suppurative complications are frequent, mortality rates are high and antimicrobial therapy may be ineffective due to the presence of drug-resistant bacteria in the wound. In this work we have studied the effectiveness of wound treatment with the leaf extract of transgenic Kalanchoe pinnata modified to produce antimicrobial peptide cecropin P1. Purulent wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were modeled in Wistar rats. Four groups of animals were formed, with 10 animals in each group. In all groups, the wounds were cleansed with 3 % hydrogen peroxide solution once a day; all groups except the controls received additional treatment. Group 2 received 10 % cefazolin solution, group 3 received kalanchoe juice, group 4 received the juice of cecropin P1-producing kalanchoe. Histologic stains of biopsy samples were performed after rats were sacrificed by anesthetic overdose on days 3, 10 and 14 after treatment onset. On day 3, wound dynamics was the same in all groups. On day 10 exudate was still observed in the controls; in group two exudation was almost finished and regeneration was about to begin; in groups 3 and 4 the wound defect was filled with granulation tissue. In spite of epidermal repair along the wound edges in groups 2 and 3, there still was some sloughing and granulation tissue was less mature than in group 4. We recommend conducting more extensive clinical research of the leaf extract of cecropin P1-containing transgenic Kalanchoe pinnata., Проблема лечения гнойных ран актуальна в хирургии в связи с распространенностью ран различной этиологии, частотой гнойных осложнений, высокой летальностью, появлением антибиотикорезистентных штаммов бактерий. В работе исследована эффективность фармакотерапии раневого процесса экстрактом листьев трансгенного каланхоэ перистого с антимикробным пептидом цекропином P1. Гнойную рану моделировали на крысах линии Wistar с внесением в рану культуры Staphylococcus aureus. Сформировали 4 группы по 10 животных в каждой. Во всех группах раны обрабатывали ежедневно однократно 3 % раствором перекиси водорода и дополнительным препаратом, кроме группы 1 (контрольной). В группе 2 использовали 10 % раствор цефазолина, в группе 3 — сок каланхоэ, в группе 4 — сок каланхоэ с цекропином P1. Гистологическое исследование раневых биоптатов производили на 3, 10 и 14 сутки с начала лечения после выведения крыс из эксперимента путем передозировки наркоза. Результаты лечения через 3 сут были схожими во всех группах. Через 10 сут для ран крыс контрольной группы была отмечена незавершенность фазы экссудации, группы 2 — переход фазы экссудации в фазу регенерации, а групп 3 и 4 — покрытие грануляционной тканью. Несмотря на восстановление эпидермиса по краям ран в группах 2 и 3, кое-где сохранялся струп, а грануляционная ткань была менее зрелой, чем в группе 4. Результаты позволяют рекомендовать экстракт листьев трансгенного каланхоэ перистого с цекропином P1 для широкого клинического изучения.

The efficiency of the probiotic product Enzymesporine manufactured by Fermlab LLC was increased by the creation of its microencapsulated form with 5% crystalline trypsin, which surpassed its analogues in biological properties. In the microencapsulated probiotic product (MPP), the viability of the microorganisms was maintained at the level of the initial product by using 40% acetone as a precipitant. During in vitro experiments simulating gastric digestion, microcapsules were not destroyed for 120 minutes, which indicated their resistance to the acidic medium of the stomach and the possibility of passing it without loss of viability of the probiotic microflora. Tests in laboratory animals showed that the product did not have mutagenic activity and toxicity. During the use of this product from 48 days of life, reliable results were achieved in the increase of live weight and average daily gain in pigs of Genesus genetics at 98 and 148 days of life. By means of a qualitative caprological analysis, it was found that the product enhances the digesting ability in the intestines of pigs more intensively than its unencapsulated form without a proteolytic enzyme. It is recommended to use this product as a biologically active additive in the diet when feeding pigs of large industrial pig breeding.

The microencapsulation method developed for the Enzyme-enriched Enzymesporine probiotic additive (crystalline trypsin) belongs to the sphere of biotechnology and veterinary medicine. The method is used to produce an additive with a high bioaccessibility value. It maintains the viability of the probiotic microorganisms without the loss of the primary CFU value of 5.5*109 by changing the precipitator (acetone) concentration to 40%. The results, acquired in the in vitro simulation of the digestive process in the stomach, demonstrated the acid-resistance of the microencapsulated additive exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin for 120 minutes under pH from 1.5 to 5.5. The introduction of crystalline trypsin at the amount of 5% of the active pharmaceutical ingredient mass caused qualitative improvement in the digestive activity in the pigs’ intestines. The experiments carried out with the pigs of Genesus genetics provided reliable results of the live weight increment and average daily gain within the period from the 49th to 148th days of life to prove the advantage of the encapsulated Enzyme-enriched Enzymesporine probiotic additive compared to the non-encapsulated analogues or the analogues without enzyme.

This study aims to compare of study of blood plasma for the presence of fat globules using the method of V.A. Cherkasov and the method what we developed in 60 patients with severe combined trauma. The use of the developed method increases the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis by reducing the emulsifying action of the ethyl alcohol of Sudan IV, preventing uneven coloring and destruction of the preparation within 3 minutes after preparation. A classification of fat globules has been developed, capillary-hazardous globules of ≥ 8 μm in size and arterioles-hazardous globules ≥ 50 μm.

Methylated analogs of L-arginine - asymmetric dimetilarginin (ADMA) and monometilarginin (L-NMMA) - are endogenous inhibitors of endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS). ADMA level in maternal plasma is increased in women with preeclampsia. The high level of ADMA is one of the predictors of preeclampsia. L-arginine increases the activity of eNOS and production of nitric oxide in the ADMA-similar model of L-NAME-induced endothelial dysfunction. ENOS activator (resveratrol), antioxidants, potentiated polyclonal antibodies to eNOS and others agents have been effective in this model. Studies of endotelioprotective activity in other «ADMA-eNOS-associated" experimental models of metabolic syndrome and homocysteine-induced, gipoestrogen-induced sepsis-induced endothelial dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction in postvaccinal vasculitis have been developed.

In article research about introduction of information materials in the form of the computer program is given to pedagogical process of students pediatricians. The concept of the program consists in systematization of medicines in a multilevel format for the purpose of a multilateral choice of medicines in the conditions of modern pharmacotherapy.

The first complete checklist of the intertidal and subtidal marine algae (Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta and Ochrophyta) of Nha Trang Bay (Vietnam) is presented. A brief history of the species records in the bay between 1953 and 2010 is documented. A total of 481 macroalgal taxa and their forms have been found, including 275 red (57%), 121 green (25%) and 85 brown (18%) algal taxa. The data, analyzed in terms of time period, revealed shifts in the number of species in most of the taxonomic families. However, the most interesting differences between the time periods occurred in the overall algal species diversity and in the floristic ratios (red: brown: green algae). The collections sampled in 1953–1968 and those in 1982–1987 did not change significantly in either species diversity or floristic composition, but a comparison of the collections from 1953 to 1987 and from 2002 to 2010 revealed substantial differences. In 2002–2010, the absolute and relative numbers of green algal species increased while those of red and brown algal species decreased. Our background data indicate that this change is likely due to increasing seawater pollution caused by dissolved organic and inorganic substances. The increase in the number of green algal species is due primarily to the greater number of species in the Caulerpaceae, Ulvaceae and Cladophoraceae, all families that thrive in polluted water.

It is important to create varieties with unique quality characteristics. However, a complete study of the processes of accumulation and transformation of the antioxidant complex in raw materials and finished (black and green) tea in humid condition of Russian has not been conducted. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the extractive substances of new selection forms of Krasnodar tea, breeding by scientists of the Subtropical Scientific Center. Comparison of tea by the content of components of the catechin complex showed that the new forms of tea selection Center is characterized by a high level of accumulation of various groups of catechins and the largest amount is epigallocatechingallate (from 42 to 66 %). The presence of active dynamics of caffeine, flavonoids and Ruthin in the raw material (3-leaf sprout), green and black tea. The variation of extractive substances in sprouts and ready-made tea is related to the weather conditions of vegetation, varietal characteristics of plants and processing conditions. All samples of the Center’s selection have a rich phenolic complex, which is of interest as sources of resistance to the action of abiogenic stressors. They can be used for selecting plants with a highly effective antioxidant system.

Sanya Bay lies at the southern part of Hainan Island, 18°15′N 109°28′E. The seawater in the bay has been catastrophically polluted during the past two decades with urban sewage from the rapidly developing Sanya City. The marine flora research in Sanya Bay was started at the beginning of the 1930s and the most detailed studies were performed by two German-Chinese expeditions in 1990 (October–December) and in 1992 (March–April). In April, October, November and December 2008–2010 the marine flora of Sanya Bay was studied by the authors at three localities: Luhuitou Peninsula, Xiaodong Hai and Dadong Hai. Marine algae were sampled in the intertidal and upper subtidal zones (to 4–5 m depth). The list of species (including varieties and forms) of the marine algae for Sanya Bay sampled during the period from 2008 to 2010 is compared with those collected at the same localities in 1990/1992. Comparative analysis of the floristic composition of the marine red, brown and green algae (found during different time periods) revealed that considerable changes have taken place between 1990/1992 and 2008–2010 at Sanya Bay. There was an increase in filamentous, tubular and fine blade-like green and red algae (mainly epiphytes with a high surface to volume ratio) and a displacement of upright-growing fleshy, foliose and other large green, brown and red algae with a low surface to volume ratio. It is assumed that the changes reflect mainly increased pollution by urban sewage and mariculture pond wastes and probably by coral bleaching events of 1998.