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New “climate change reality” is transforming the goals that were the most important two or three years ago. During the last few years, the EU, U.S., China, Japan and many other countries established new plans to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050–2060s. These new goals and plans towards achieving carbon neutrality and greening national economies require a fundamental change in consumption patterns. The growth in demand leads to an increase in consumption, which, in turn, stimulates an increase in production and the volume of resources involved (energy, minerals, land, water, etc.). One of the most important indicators of the global consumption model is decoupling, which means the growth of the economy without corresponding rise of environmental pressure and resource consumption. Although there were some signs of the decoupling effect in the developed countries during the previous two decades, it was not achieved on the global scale during that period. Moreover, by 2060s, the resource consumption of the world economy may escalate significantly. At the global level, the growth of consumption in developed countries can lead to an overall increase in the impact on the planet’s biosphere. This impact relates to the “export” of environmental costs from developed countries to developing ones, which can be clearly observed on the example of the greenhouse gas emissions indicator. The same pattern manifests itself as an increase in the UN Planetary pressures–adjusted Human Development Index. The general trend is: the higher the level of human development – the greater the index of the planetary pressure. Finally, the transition of mankind to sustainable development requires a profound transformation of consumption patterns due to the impossibility to maintain high environmentally intensive consumption standards for the next generations, based on the accomplished technological level, traditional economic model and established institutions.

The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the ancient Greeks and the Middle Eastern tribe of the Lydians in the 7–5th centuries BCE. The evidence of ancient authors analyzed in the article helps to understand the evolution of the Greeks' ideas about the Lydians and highlights the changes in the Hellenes' relationship to the Middle Eastern neighbors. The central question of the work is the analysis of the period in which the Hellenes begin to perceive the Lydians as barbarians, and what was associated with this attitude to the people. The article raises the question of what role Greco-Persian wars have played in the relationship between the Greeks and the Lydians.

Supramolecular coordination self-assembly on the solid surface offers great possibilities for creating nanostructures and thin films with unique physicochemical properties. In this work, we present...

In this paper, a simple lattice model of the metal-organic adsorption layer of 1,3,5- tris(pyridyl)benzene and copper on the surface of Ti2CO2 was proposed. In this model, the selfassembly of the organometallic layer is considered as a one-component system that implicitly includes metal adatoms. The ground state phase diagram is calculated. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed using the Metropolis algorithm and the parallel temperature technique. The isotherm of the metal-organic is calculated at T = 300 K. All the results indicate the possibility of the formation of stable metal-organic phases on the Ti2CO2 surface.

The work is devoted to the study of the reforms of the Athenian policy Solon, which relate to property issues in the field of marriage and family. The information of ancient authors is analyzed in close connection with the historical features of the development of Athens of the archaic era. The paper concludes that after Solon’s transformations, property relations within the family and the genus are fixed in legal form, and cases of marriage because of money are suppressed. In addition, the transformation of Solon leads to the emergence of a will, a document that allows to transfer property outside the genus in case of its suppression. The aim of this work is to review and analyze antique evidence of the reforms of Solon, which affected property issues in the field of family and marriage as well as reforms of Solon which regulate the funeral rite of the archaic Athens. The study provides an overview of the socio-economic and political situation of the Athenian society of the time of Solon. We study the testimonies of Aristotle, Demosthenes, Plutarch, Diogenes of Laertes, which transmit to us information on the reforms of the Athenian family and marriage policy. The author comes to the following conclusions: 1) Solon's reforms led to the legal registration of property relations within the clan and in the event of its suppression; 2) The legal provisions of the Athenian politician were directed against marriage because of economic goals; 3)The laws of Solon limited the magnificent funeral cult, testifying to the elitist position of aristocrats; 4) Reforms of Solon combined both elements of aristocratic conservatism and at the same time innovative principles that contributed to the preservation of property, money of the family within it, but in the absence of heirs, they allowed to transfer property by will to representatives of other families.

A series of models for reversible filling of a triangular lattice with equilateral triangles has been developed and investigated. There are eight distinct models that vary in the set of prohibitions. In zeroth approximation, these models allow one to estimate the influence of the particles' shape and complementarity of their pair configurations on the self-assembly of dense monolayers formed by reversible filling. The most symmetrical models were found to be equivalent to hard-disk models on the hexagonal lattice. When any contact of hard triangles by vertices is prohibited, the dense monolayers are disordered, and their entropy tends to the constant. If only one pair configuration is prohibited, the close-packed layer appears through the continuous phase transition. In other cases, the weak first-order transition resulting in the self-assembly of close-packed layers is observed.

Introduction The incidence of compression spine injuries account for 0.49 % to 0.9 % of total pediatric trauma victims. Spine fractures constitute 7.5 % to 14.6 % of all inpatient hospital admissions and require conservative treatment. The aim of the study is to analyze the system of outpatient rehabilitation of pediatric compression vertebral fractures at follow-up care provided in St. Petersburg. Material and methods Medical records of 1230 children and adolescents who sustained compression fractures of the vertebral bodies and were followed up by orthopaedic surgeons in St. Petersburg between 2011 and 2017 have been reviewed. Results and discussion Pediatric bone fractures constituted 24.8 % of total injuries registered in St. Petersburg in 2017. From pediatric vertebral body victims, 53 % were boys and 47 % were girls. Vertebral fractures were most common in children aged nine, ten and eleven years (range, 13% - 14 %). A system of consistent non-operative treatment performed for the patients at trauma departments of children's hospitals, through inpatient and outpatient services of rehabilitation and restorative treatments, follow-up care in the outpatient setting is presented. Conclusion The incidence of pediatric bone injury and vertebral body compression fractures is higher in St. Petersburg than the average incidence reported in the Russian Federation. Questions of overdiagnosis of vertebral body compression fractures in pediatric population are considered to be important and relevant. An overview of treatment options and strategies, utilization of braces, follow-up term required for children with compression vertebral body fractures suggests revised approaches to treatment methods, length of inpatient management and follow-up care.

Nanostructured drugs are being approved for clinical use, although there is a serious deficit of systematic studies of these materials. Data on toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) can vary due to different methods of preparation, size, and shape. We investigated the toxicity against cultured human cells, the acute toxicity in mice, and the influence on conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes of clinically relevant NPs such as TiO

This article is devoted to the organization of developmental education of students of higher educational institutions. Based on works by I.A. Zimniaia, T.I. Iliin, V.V. Kraevskii, G.M. Kodzhaspirova, I.Ia. Lerner, I.F. Kharlamov and other researchers, the authors clarified the concept of “developmental education of university students", analyzed its components, systematized domestic and foreign experience in organizing developmental education in a higher educational institution. The article also presents the author’s set of pedagogical conditions, which contributes to the organization of developmental education for university students. This set includes the following components: correction of students' value orientations in the educational process of the university; the development of cognitive activity of students and the construction of the educational process at the university, subject to the requirements of a person-centered approach.

Introduction A scientifically-based knowledge on the incidence, dynamics of detection and structure of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system (CMMS) has both practical and scientific significance. For many years, the Turner Institute has close scientific and practical ties with the state public health institution "Diagnostic Medical and Genetic Center" of St. Petersburg which carries out a regional monitoring of congenital disorders in St.Petersburg. Our objective was to present regional statistical data on the CMMS detection and structure in newborns and children of the first and second years of life, morbidity and disability in children aged 0-17 years in connection with congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system, to study the proportion of CMMS patients in the orthopedic clinic and their need for surgical, including high-tech, treatment, and dispensary follow-ups in outpatient orthopaedic settings. Material and methods Regional statistics of St. Petersburg on prevalence, dynamics and structure of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system in children born in St. Petersburg in 2001–2015 were analyzed. The statistical data on the prevalence of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system in children aged 0–17 years in St. Petersburg were studied. Based on the studies conducted at the Turner Institute in 2014–2016, the proportion of patients treated for congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system was revealed as well as their need for surgical treatment. Peculiarities of dispensary follow-ups of CMMS patients at orthopedic consultations of children's clinics of St. Petersburg were analyzed. Results and discussion The prevalence and structure of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system in 783,000 children born in St. Petersburg in the period of 2001–2015 are presented in accordance with blocks Q65–Q79 of ICD-10. Diagnostic results of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system in newborns (2.70 ‰) and in children of the same group until they reached three years of age (4.21 ‰) were studied in dynamics. Infacnts and children up to 17 years old with congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system are under regular supervision of orthopedic surgeons. Disability due to congenital anomalies and malformations takes the third place among all the diseases detected in patients aged 0-17 years, established by pediatric medical and social expert boards of St. Petersburg. At the clinic of the Turner Institute, the proportion of patients with CMMS among all admitted patients was 38.6 %. Among them, 78 % of patients with CMMS received surgical treatment, of which 80 % of operations were performed using high technologies. Conclusions Statistics on congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system in newborns and children under 3 years old and a high level of their disability shows the need in a specialized care for these children, including high-tech surgical treatment.

Perfluoroisobutylene a is pulmonotoxic chemical generated during pyrolysis of perfluoro-nalkanes (polytetrafluoroethylene). The mechanisms of acute pulmonary toxicity induced by perfluoroisobutylene have not been studied yet. The analysis of tissues of brown frogs showed that the products of polytetrafluoroethylene pyrolysis induce typical inflammatory response in the lungs (fluid accumulation, erythrocyte stasis, desquamation of the epithelium, and capillary plethora in lung septa) and oropharyngeal cavity (degeneration of ciliated epithelium, hyperemia of underlying vessels with plasmatic imbibition of the connective tissue, and margination of segmented leukocytes and monocytes). The absence of surfactant is a specific feature of the blood-air barrier of the oropharyngeal cavity in frogs compared to the lungs. It can be hypothesized that toxic effects of perfluoroisobutylene are determined by its influence on epithelial (pneumocytes and cells of nonkeratinized stratified ciliated epithelium) and endothelial cells. Even though the effects of the agent on surfactant cannot be excluded, they do not determine the probability of development of inflammatory response.

Differences in the functional structure of streptomycete complexes isolated from ecotopes with varying degrees of contamination by heavy metals (HMs) have been revealed using data on the growth kinetics of representatives of the genus Streptomyces in the presence of lead, zinc, and copper ions. Streptomycete complexes isolated from moderately polluted soils (residential areas and garden plots in the city) and highly polluted soils (transport and industrial areas) are enriched in representatives reacting to metal ions (3 mg/L) by an increase in radial growth relative to the complex isolated from the soil of the control site, while the accumulation of biomass in a liquid medium containing 10 mg/L Pb2+ is less intensive in the former complexes than in the latter.

To study the distribution of chemical elements in the placenta of pregnant women at 24-35 and 39-40 weeks of gestation, and to assess the possibility of using data on the levels of principle chemicals for predicting clinical manifestation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).The study examined 375 placenta tissue fragments of pregnant women for levels of the following chemical elements: carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and phosphorus (P). Subjects were divided into 3 groups: 1st group consisted of 41 pregnant females (205 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would not develop ROP; 2nd group included 14 mothers (70 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 39-40 of gestation; 3rd group - 20 pregnant (100 fragments of placenta tissue) at weeks 24-35 of gestation, whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Examination of the eye fundi of children from ROP risk group was done by digital retinoscopy and indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy. Chemical composition of placenta was studied using energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis based on scanning electron microscopy.Descriptive statistical values of chemical elements were obtained for the three study groups. Statistically significant percentile differences were detected in the levels of C, N and O in the samples (p2.2·10-16). Differences in the levels of N, O, K, and Na in the placenta of pregnant women of the three study groups were determined.Comparative chemical analysis of the placentas of pregnant women at different gestation periods showed higher levels of N, K, Na, and lower levels of O in the group of mothers whose children would be diagnosed with ROP. Normalized nitrogen content in the placenta of women whose children would develop ROP was 12.9%. Thus, nitrogen content may serve as a pre-clinical marker of retinopathy of prematurity.Цель исследования - изучить распределение химических элементов в плаценте родильниц на сроках беременности 24-35 и 39-40 нед и оценить возможность использования данных о содержании главных элементов для прогнозирования развития клинических проявлений ретинопатии недоношенных. Материал и методы. На 375 фрагментах ткани плаценты родильниц изучали содержание химических элементов: углерода, азота, кислорода, кальция, хлора, калия, натрия, фосфора. Родильницы были разделены на три группы: 1-я группа - 41 родильница (205 фрагментов ткани плаценты) со сроком беременности 24-35 нед, у детей которых не возникло ретинопатии недоношенных; 2-я группа - 14 матерей (70 фрагментов ткани плаценты) на сроках беременности 39-40 нед; 3-я группа - 20 родильниц (100 фрагментов ткани плаценты) со сроком беременности 24-35 нед, у детей которых выявлена ретинопатия недоношенных. Осмотр глазного дна у недоношенных детей группы риска развития ретинопатии осуществляли методом цифровой ретиноскопии и методом непрямой бинокулярной офтальмоскопии. Изучение элементного состава плаценты проводили с помощью энергодисперсионного рентгеновского микроанализа на базе сканирующего электронного микроскопа. Результаты. Получены значения описательных статистик химических элементов для трех групп. Выявлены статистически значимые различия процентного содержания углерода (С), азота (N), кислорода (O) в пробах (p2,2·10–16). Определены различия значений азота, кислорода, калия и натрия в плаценте матерей в трех группах. Заключение. Сравнительный химический анализ плацент матерей на разных сроках беременности показал более высокий уровень содержания азота, калия, натрия и более низкий уровень кислорода в группе с выявленной ретинопатией недоношенных. Нормализованное содержание азота в плаценте матерей, у детей которых впоследствии была выявлена ретинопатия недоношенных, составило 12,9%. Таким образом, содержание азота может быть маркером в развития ретинопатии недоношенных на доклинической стадии.