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Conventional methods for exposure assessment cannot provide comprehensive and continuous monitoring. A crowdsourcing-based approach relying on the signal strength measurements of common smartphones could be a potential solution. This paper deals with the evaluation of measurement data collected with smartphones under conditions similar to crowdsourcing. Kriging is used to interpolate and smooth the noisy measurement data. The smartphone measurement data is analyzed for three LTE cells and compared with codeselective measurements of a field strength meter. It is shown that areas with high and low exposure can be distinguished and that local hot spots can also be detected. Furthermore, it becomes clear that at least a rough estimate of the electric field strength can be derived from the signal strength measurements, provided that enough smartphone readings are available for this area.

Current extrapolation procedures for the assessment of theoretical maximum RF-EMF exposure to 5G massive MIMO base stations consider the antenna gain difference between SSB and traffic beams. The procedure strongly relies on the provided antenna patterns obtained under ideal conditions, but being distorted and smoothed in practice. In this paper, we investigate the impact of ground reflections (for different ground materials) as well as the vertical sweeping of the measurement antenna (in order to find the local maximum exposure) on the effective base station antenna pattern. It shows that for base station antenna heights ≥30 m, ground reflection dominates the impact and leads to an increase of null levels in the normalized antenna pattern to around -30 dB in case of concrete ground and furthermore, to a slight increase of side lobe levels. Both ground reflection and vertical antenna sweeping additionally lead to a broadening of the side lobes.

The monitoring of the exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile radio networks is necessary for a responsible operation of these networks. A possible alternative to classical exposure assessment methods for the realization of a time-continuous and area-wide exposure monitoring is a crowdsourcing-based approach that relies on the use of ordinary smartphones. This paper discusses the interpretation of the signal strength indicators measured by mobile phones in LTE networks when connected to the base station and explains how the instantaneous or maximum exposure is related to them. Longterm measurements of a smartphone and a field strength meter are presented in comparison, which show the time-dependent variation of the utilization of the radio cell during the day. In addition, it is demonstrated how the measurement data of the smartphone have to be adjusted due to the measurement characteristics resulting from the considered signal components in order to correspond correctly with the exposure. The results show that RSSI is suitable for tracing variations in exposure over the day.

Objective: Patients suffering from Glioblastoma (GBM) usually present with perilesional edema which is the major contributor of neurologic deficit. Dexamethasone (Dex) has become the corticoid of choice due to its fast and effective alleviation of perilesional edema. The impact of concomitant Dex treatment on TTFields efficacy is unexplored to date. Methods: Human GBM cell lines MZ54 and U251 were treated with TTF in combination with Dex and the effects on cell counts and cell death were determined via flow cytometry. We furthermore investigated the influence of Dex on the cell cycle distribution/cell cycle arrest with and without double thymidine block for synchronisation via flow cytometry in both cell lines. Results: TTF treatment (200 kHz/250 kHz) for 72 h was able to induce massive cell death (70 %) in the cultures of both cell lines. Cell cycle analysis performed after synchronization showed that Dex treatment (65 µM/165 µM) evoked an accumulation of both cell lines in the G0/G1 phase. Concurrent Dex treatment had no significant influence on the extent of apoptosis induced by TTFields. Conclusions: Despite the partial G0/G1 arrest induced by Dex, our results show no interference of Dex with the antitumorous capacity of TTF in vitro. These data support the hypothesis that concomitant therapy with Dex does not negatively interfere with TTF efficacy in primary GBM. Citation Format: Abigail Schiesl, Benedikt Linder, Franz Rödel, Stephanie Hehlgans, Ömer Güllülü, Volker Seifert, Donat Koegel, Christian Senft, Daniel Dubinski. Concomitant dexamethasone treatment and tumor treating fields induced cell death in glioblastoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1065.

Safety assessment of exposure caused by cellular base stations based on calculation methods is often performed using free space propagation in order to include the worst case. For prospective technologies (e.g. small cells in the vicinity of people), this approach might lead to a high exploitation of exposure limits. This paper investigates the overestimation of downlink exposure being predicted with a free space propagation model in comparison to a deterministic 2D knife edge diffraction model in an exemplary urban environment for a rooftop mounted base station. The results show that overestimation is quite low in the vicinity of the base station, particularly in LOS regions. In a distance between 100 and 200 m the overestimation is constantly rising, whereas for distances larger than 200 m it stays nearly constant.

Despite the availability of currently approved medications and various psychosocial therapies, alcohol abuse and dependence are increasingly prevalent in the United States, and carry a significant socioeconomic burden. Recently, the novel anti-epileptic topiramate has shown great promise as a new treatment for this disorder. The objective of this review is to discuss the limitations of the currently available options for treating alcohol dependence, to review the results of clinical trials assessing the efficacy of topiramate in treating alcohol dependence, and to describe the pharmacological characteristics and mechanisms of action of topiramate as related to this indication. We systematically reviewed Medline, EMBASE, Cochran Reviews and PsycINFO search terms included combinations of the terms "pharmacotherapy" "topiramate", "alcoholism" and "alcohol dependence." Searches were last updated 24 October 2008. Currently approved treatments include disulfiram, naltrexone tablets and injection, and acamprosate. Of these, naltrexone has shown the most benefit, however the effect size is small and may reach its most promising potential when combined with medical management. Alternatively, through multiple mechanisms of action, topiramate in clinical trials has demonstrated safety and efficacy in decreasing both craving and withdrawal symptoms and increasing quality of life measures among alcohol-dependent individuals. The findings of this review suggest that topiramate is a promising new option for the treatment of alcohol dependence, and may offer substantial benefits over currently approved medications. While the manufacturer will not pursue approval of an indication for the treatment of alcohol dependence, the drug will soon be available generically, making it more affordable for a greater proportion of the public.

Die Dissertation zum Thema „Privatstiftung und Scheidung“ soll die Frage klären, ob und wenn ja, wie Vermögen, das in eine Privatstiftung eingebracht wurde, bei Scheidung des Stifters in Bezug auf die Unterhaltsbemessung zugunsten des berechtigten Ehegatten bzw hinsichtlich der Aufteilung des ehelichen Gebrauchsvermögens und der ehelichen Ersparnisse gem § 81 ff EheG Berücksichtigung findet. Zu diesem Zweck werden die wichtigsten Lehrmeinungen dargestellt und einer Gegenüberstellung unterzogen. Einschlägige Judikatur zu diesem brisanten Thema gibt es noch nicht zahllos, umso interessante ist die bisher ergangene Rechtsprechung, welche unter einem beleuchtet und diskutiert wird. Insbesondere ist die Anwendung des § 91 EheG bei Scheidung des Stifters zu beleuchten, vor allem, ob dessen Abs 1 oder Abs 2 auf Privatstiftungen Anwendung findet. Letztendlich ist dieses Thema meines Erachtens höchst interessant und auch in der Praxis beachtenswert, um Vermögensverschleierungen in Richtung einer Privatstiftung bei Abzeichnen eines Scheidungsverfahrens hintanzuhalten.

In numerous cases the technique of Fiberoptic Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy (FEWS) offers great advantages over regular IR spectroscopic methods. It provides an easy way for measuring the absorption spectra of highly absorbing or highly scattering samples. With FEWS one can perform measurements in situ and in real time and this is potentially useful for measurements on biological samples or for the monitoring of chemical reactions. Several types of IR spectroscopy systems: a Fourier Transform IR (FTIR) system, tunable lead salt lasers (TDL) which were operated continuously (CW) and a tunable CO 2 laser are discussed as FEWS system.

This paper describes the ecotoxicological tests on water samples during the biodegradation of lubricants

Tehnička analiza rješava problem identifikacije cjenovnih uzoraka i trendova na financijskim tržištima uz analizu i pokušaj definiranja istih uzoraka.Aplikacija za tehničku analizu dionica mora analitičaru ponuditi kvalitetnu reprezentaciju velike količine podataka kako bi se na temelju istih mogla izvesti kvalitetna analiza vrijednosnica. Posebnu pažnju treba posvetiti i mrežnom okruženju u kojem aplikacija radi. Klijentska aplikacija je dio server-klijent arhitekture te je važno optimizirati iskorištenje mrežnih resursa kako bi se dobilo minimalno opterećenje na serverskoj strani.U radu su prikazani zahtjevi i specifikacije uspješno izrađene aplikacije za tehničku analizu podataka.

The US FDA has approved a limited number of treatments for alcohol, nicotine and opioid dependence; however, no treatments for other abused drugs such as marijuana, cocaine or methamphetamine are approved. This review focuses on research into drug pharmacotherapies, particularly single-drug therapies, for substance abuse and dependence contributing to the most important dual substance use disorders (SUDs). Given the implications of poly-substance abuse, it is essential that clinicians and researchers be aware of potential pharmacotherapies for the treatment of dual SUDs. A substantial number of patients abuse more than one drug concurrently, complicating the treatment of SUD and leaving clinicians with few FDA-approved drug options for their patients. In this era of evidence-based medicine, such patients are typically treated with therapeutically proven medications, but in ways that are outside the scope of a drug’s original indication by the FDA. Such ‘off-label’ prescribing has become an important therapeutic strategy for practitioners seeking treatments for other diseases in subpopulations such as paediatrics and gerontology or for medical conditions such as oncology or mental illness. Similarly, the information that most clinicians use to make their decisions for treating patients abusing multiple drugs stems from trials treating a single SUD, anecdotal experiences from their own practice or that of their colleagues, or single-case studies reported in the literature. The existing evidence suggests there are few treatments for SUDs that confer significant reductions in substance use across a broad patient population. Moreover, even fewer clinical efficacy trials have been conducted that provide evidence of therapeutic benefit for these drugs. Recognising the difficulty in making the proper drug choice for facilitating maximum treatment success, this review highlights the single drugs or drug combinations that show some potential for treating dual SUDs. This review finds strongest support for the use of disulfiram for treatment of alcohol and cocaine dependence (with or without concomitant methadone maintenance), baclofen for alcohol and cocaine dependence (but not opioid-dependent cocaine users), tiagabine for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained patients, and topiramate for alcohol, nicotine and cocaine dependence. While ondansetron and olanzapine show some efficacy in treating alcohol and cocaine dependence, more research is needed to better delineate the subpopulation in which these drugs may provide their maximum effect.

The article gives an overview of methods for biodegradation

Rad opisuje metode biološke razgradnje

Sažetak Ekološki prihvatljiva maziva su ona, koja će u kontaktu s okolišem uzrokovati minimum štetnog djelovanja, i kod proizvodnje i primjene i kod zbrinjavanja otpada. Jedan od uvjeta ekološke prihvatljivosti je biološka razgradljivost maziva. Pored biološke razgradljivosti potrebna su i ekotoksikološka ispitivanja na bakterije, alge i ribe te određivanje bioakumulacije maziva., Ecologically acceptable lubricants are those that when in contact with the environment cause minimal detrimental effects, both in the process of production and application as well as in the phase of waste disposal. The biodegradability of lubricants is one of the conditions of their ecological acceptability. Along with the biodegradability condition, an ecotoxicological testing on bacterias, sea weeds (algae) and fish is necessary to determine the bioaccumulation of lubricants.

Sažetak Metode za određivanje toksičnosti kemijskih tvari na vodene organizme, propisane organizacijama kao što su OECD, EU ili ISO odnose se na kemijske supstancije s točnim generičkim opisom, tj. propisuju ispitivanje vodotopljivih, kemijski stabilnih i nehlapljivih tvari. Međutim, ako se te metode primjenjuju za tvari koje ne podliježu navedenim svojstvima (tvari koje su samo djelomično ili slabo topljive u vodi, nestabilne, hlapljive ili kompleksnog sastava), mogu se očekivati teškoće u procjeni toksičnosti. Prema sadašnjim saznanjima najbolja raspoloživa metoda za ispitivanje toksičnosti u vodi slabo topljivih kemijskih tvari je WAF metodologija (Water Accommodated Fraction). WAF predstavlja vodeni medij koji sadrži frakciju supstancije zaostale u vodenom mediju nakon miješanja i odvajanja faza. Predmet naših ispitivanja su maziva teško topljiva u vodi od kojih neka imaju svojstvo intenzivnog prijanjanja uz podlogu i maziva ulja koja s vodom stvaraju emulziju. Prema svom sastavu to su maziva na osnovi sintetičkih estera i biljnih ulja različito ugušćeni sa sapunima ili organofilnim bentonitima. Ispitivana maziva miješana su s deioniziranom vodom i mineralnim medijem pomoću elektromagnetske mješalice i u vremenskom razdoblju od 24-96 sati miješanja praćeni su određeni parametri (koncentracija lipofilnih tvari, totalni organski ugljik i prisutnost organskih kiselina eventualno nastalih hidrolizom estera)., Test methods for assessment toxicity chemical substances to aquatic organisms have been described by various organizations including the OECD, EU or ISO. Those test methods are typically designed for substances with precise generic description and substances, which are readily water soluble, chemically stable and non-volatile. When test methods are applied to substances with different chemical properties (sparingly soluble, unstable or volatile substances or those of a complex composition) it is possible to expect some difficulties in toxicity evaluation. According to present knowledge the best test method for toxicity examination of water-resistant substances is WAF methodology (Water Accommodated Fraction). WAF is an aqueous medium containing only that fraction of a substance which remains in the aqueous phase after mixing and phase separation. The subjects for our examination were water-resistant greases (some of them have very strong adhesive characteristics) and lubricant oils which form emulsion with water. According to their chemical composition there are synthetic based esters and plant oils thickned with soaps and organophylic bentonits. The greases were mixed with deionised water and mineral media on magnetic stirrer and during the time period of 24-96 hours some parameters were defined (concentration of lipophylic substances, total organic carbon and organic acids eventually made by ester hydrolyzis).