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Carl Schorlemmer (1834-1892), the first professor of organic chemistry in the Owens College, Manchester (and in England), was the prominent Anglo-German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He studied the constitution of paraffinic hydrocarbons. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Schorlemmer and his research activities and writing, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications.

Edgar Fahs Smith (1854-1928) was one of the great American chemists. He has done a lot of experimental studies. He carried out researches in the fields of organic, inorganic, and analytical chemistry, elektrochemistry and mineralogy. He developed the rotating anode. He wrote many works in the field of history of American chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Smith. In addition, his participation in the preparation of the first visit of Marie Curie (1867-1934) to the USA in 1921 is described and literature on his selected articles and books is presented

Adolf von Baeyer (1835-1917) was the most prominent chemists of the second half of the 19th century and the early part of the twentieth century. He is known for his many works in the field of organic chemistry. He was the first to synthesize indigo. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1905. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Baeyer and his research activities, in particular with selected results of his experimental studies as well as with his selected publications. In addition, literature on his correspondence is given

Sir Thomas Edward Thorpe (1845-1925) was one of the most prominent chemists of the second half of the 19th century. He studied phosphorus oxides and fluorine compounds. He is known for his works on the determination of the atomic weights of chemical elements and for his books on chemistry and the history of chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Thorpe and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications

Richard Anschütz (1852-1937) was an important German chemist in the second half of the XIX century and the first quarter of the XX century. He carried out experimental studies in the field of organic chemistry. He proposed a new method for the synthesis of anthracene. He developed vacuum distillation. He prepared pure chloroform. He rescued the names of Archibald Scott Couper (1831-1892) and Joseph Loschmidt (1821-1895) from oblivion. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Anschütz. In addition, literature on his selected articles and books is presented.

Ernst Julius Cohen (1869-1944) was an outstanding Dutch chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century. He contributed to the fields of polymorphism, thermochemistry, electrochemistry and piezochemistry. He also studied physical isomerism. His experimental studies on allotropy has been published in a large number of publication. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Cohen and his research activities, in particular with his selected publications as well as with his writing activities, in particular with his books

Paul-Émile (François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1838-1912) was an important French chemist in the second half of the XIX century and the first decade of the XX century. He was one of the founders of spectroscopy. He discovered gallium (1875), samarium (1879), and dysprosium (1886) and improved methods for the separation of rare earths elements. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Lecoq de Boisbaudran and his great discoveries. In addition, literature on his selected papers and books, as well as literature on his chapters in books is presented

Frederick Soddy (1877-1956) was the most prominent chemists of the first half of the 20th century. He is known for his numerous papers in the field of radiochemistry. He was the laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1921. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Soddy and his research activities, in particular with selected results of his experimental studies as well as with his selected publications. In addition, his writing activity was described, in particular his books, well known in various countries, were presented.

Ira Remsen (1846-1927) was one of the great American chemists. He carried out his experimental studies in the field of organic chemistry. In 1879, he became a co-discoverer of saccharin. He was the first professor of chemistry (1876-1901) and the second president (1901-1913) of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Remsen and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks, well-known in various countries. In addition, literature on his selected articles is presented

Victor Meyer (1848-1897) was one of the most outstanding chemist of the second half of the 19th century. He is known for his numerous papers in the field of organic chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Meyer. In addition, his research activities is briefly described, and especially the chemical reaction named after him

Clemens Alexander Winkler (1838-1904) was one of the prominent chemists of the second half of the XIX century. He was the founder of technical gas-analysis. He made major contributions both to pure and applied chemistry. He also developed a contact method for the production of sulfuric anhydride (sulfur trioxide) and discovered Germanium. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Winkler and his research activities, in particular with his selected publications as well as with his writing activities, in particular with his books. In addition, literature on his correspondence with some great chemists is given

Jean Antoine Chaptal (1756-1832) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the 18th century and the first half of 19th century. He wrote a number of works dealing with various branches of applied chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Chaptal and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks and books on applied chemistry, well-known in different countries. In addition, his research activities is briefly described

Sophus Mads Jørgensen (1837-1914) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the XIX century and the first decade of the XX century. He was one of the founders of the chemistry of complex compounds. He also made major contributions to the chemistry of platinum, cobalt, chromium and rhodium compounds. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Jørgensen and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry books. In addition, his research activities are briefly described

Thomas Edward Thorpe (1845-1925) was one of the most prominent chemists of the second half of the 19th century. He studied phosphorus oxides and fluorine compounds. He is known for his works on the determination of the atomic weights of chemical elements and for his books on chemistry and the history of chemistry. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Thorpe and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications

Victor von Richter (1841-1891) was one of the important chemists of the second half of the 19th century. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Richter and his writing activities, in particular with his chemistry textbooks for higher education, well-known in different countries. In addition, his research activities is briefly described, and especially the chemical reactions named after him.

Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) was an outstanding French chemist of the second half of the the XIX century. He was one of the founders of of modern organic chemistry. He discovered many organic compounds. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with important events in the life of Wurtz and his writing activities, in particular with the literature on his books in the field of chemistry and biochemistry. In addition, the literature on selected works is presented and the chemical reactions named after him are described.

Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) was an outstanding German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He ascertained the formula of ozone as O3 and proposed a triangular prism structure for the molecule of benzene. He studied the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds of silicon and tin, and devoted his work to explaining the structure of alkaloids and their synthesis. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Ladenburg and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications.

This study investigated differences between students' perceptions of their best teachers in primary and higher education in Poland. Teacher behavior was conceptualized in terms of the teacher-student interpersonal relationship and described in terms of eight behavioral sectors ? leadership, helpful/friendly, understanding, student responsibility/freedom, uncertain, dissatisfied, admonishing and strict ? and two independent dimensions called Influence (teacher dominance vs. submission) and Proximity (teacher cooperation vs. opposition). Data were gathered from 199 higher education students, 173 students from a higher vocational institute and 26 students from one university, and 105 primary education students. Results indicate that while preferred teaching in Poland is perceived in a similar fashion as in other countries, differences can be found across the educational contexts of interest.

It is a survey of literature concerning both life and scientific activity of Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin. Special attention is paid to his epoch-making discovery made by him in 1842 and his chemical works published in 1839-1880. This survey is supplemented with: 1) names of the authors of Zinin’s biographies, biographical notes, and references to him, 2) information about Zinin’s works bibliography, 3) description of the selected facts of his life.

The purpose of this article was to familiarize readers with burning lenses, which were used by 18th century by some English and French chemists as a means of reaching high temperatures. However, not all experiments have given satisfactory results. The failures in the melting platinum using various burning lenses led Lavoisier to develop a new method of melting platinum using oxygen. In addition, in this article a literature was reviewed, including books on chemistry and the history of chemistry published in various countries to discuss the problem of oxygen discovery by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) and Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794).

Friedrich Konrad Beilstein (1838-1906) was one of the most prominent chemists of the second half of the nineteenth century. His life and scientific achievements were described in the literature published between the 19th and 21st centuries in different countries. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Beilstein and his research activities, in particular some of his experimental research results, as well as his selected publications. In addition, the names of authors of biographies or biographical notes about Beilstein, published in 1890-2018 are presented.

Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822) was one of the greatest French chemists of the eighteenth and the first 20 years of the nineteenth century. His life and scientific achievements were described in the literature published between the 19th and 21st centuries in different countries. The purpose of this article was to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of C.-L. Berthollet and his research activities, in particular some of his experimental research results, as well as his selected publications. In addition, the names of authors of biographies or biographical notes about Claude-Louis Berthollet, published in 1823-2018 were presented.

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki z badania, którego celem było rozpoznanieopinii studentów wychowania fizycznego wobec form rasizmu i dyskryminacjirasowej, przejawianych przez kibiców. Dla jego realizacji, na podstawieanalizy literatury przedmiotu, opracowano kwestionariusz „Rasizm stadionowy”,który pozwolił, w miarę całościowo, opisać poglądy studentów, przyszłych nauczycieli,o znanych z praktyki formach rasizmu i dyskryminacji rasowej, przejawianychprzez kibiców na stadionach. Wśród nich były powszechnie uważane za obelżyweprzyśpiewki, piosenki, okrzyki, skandowania, naklejki, napisy oraz symbole eksponowanena transparentach i flagach. Starano się rozpoznać psychologiczne wartościstudentów w kategoriach obraźliwe/nieobraźliwe, przynoszące wstyd Polsce/klubowipiłkarskiemu oraz akceptację przez nich mowy nienawiści, przyjmując eksponowanieróżnych form rasizmu i dyskryminacji rasowej przez kibiców jako pomysłowe.Analiza zebranych danych ukazała sprzeciw większości studentów, przyszłych nauczycieliwychowania fizycznego, wobec przejawów ksenofobii, rasizmu i dyskrymi-nacji na polskich stadionach. Przejawianie takich zachowań dla około 60% badanychjest niedopuszczalne, albowiem przynoszą one wstyd Polsce i klubom piłkarskim.Zaobserwowane różnice w opiniach studentów i studentek były zauważalne (na niekorzyśćstudentów), aczkolwiek nieistotne statystycznie. Uzyskane wyniki mogą byćwykorzystane w praktyce kształcenia przyszłych nauczycieli nie tylko wychowaniafizycznego, w realizacji zadań, dotyczących przygotowania ucznia do roli kibica,i manifestowania akceptowanych społecznie zachowań podczas imprez sportowych.

Vladimir Nikolayevich Ipatieff (1867–1952) was one of the most prominent chemists of the first half of the 20th century. He studied catalytic processes in organic chemistry. His discoveries include, among others, the explanation of the structure of isoprene, the method of obtaining butadiene from ethanol, dehydrogenation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, dehydration of alcohols to alkenes, including ethanol to ethylene, hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane, polymerization of ethylene in the presence of various catalysts. Much of his experimental studies were carried out at high pressure in a rotating autoclave, the so-called “Ipatieff bomb”. The purpose of this article was to familiarize readers with important events in the life of V. N. Ipatieff and his research activities, in particular with selected results of his experimental studies. In addition, the statements by American and Russian chemists about V. N. Ipatieff and his research were presented.

This is a survey of the literature concerning the empiric rule developed by Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov in 1869 and its various, unauthentic versions, which are available in the organic chemistry textbooks published in the XX and XXI centuries. This survey is supplemented with: 1) information about Markovnikov’s chemical research, 2) selected facts of his life.