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The peer-reviewed collective monograph “The Image of Peter the Great in the Countries of East Asia” was prepared by scholars from St. Petersburg State University and the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This book examines the features of the perception of the image of the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great (1672–1725) in China, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam. The main content of ideas about this Russian Tsar in these countries is revealed, the sources and ways of disseminating these ideas are considered. The study covers the chronological framework from the reign of Peter the Great to the 21st century. Archival texts of the 18th century, works of the 18th – 19th centuries, articles by publicists of the 19th – 20th centuries, works of modern historians of the considered countries, publications of various genres on the Internet, translations of Russian works about Peter the Great, educational and children's literature, documentaries and other materials have been studied. The specificity of interpretation in different ethno-cultural environments of facts about the life and work of the Tsar is explained.

Aim:to study risk factors of development of the post-COVID syndrome (PCS).Material and methods.210 patients with a history of new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) (47 men, 163 women aged 18–85 years) were examined by doctors of various specialties. Patients were divided into several groups depending on the presence of PCS, as well as the severity of the disease.Results.The risk factors of the PCS development are moderate and severe course of the pathological process in acute period of COVID-19 disease (p< 0.001). In women, PCS is seen more often than in men (30 / 135vs. 17 / 28,p< 0 / 001), other risk factors are age over 50 years (p< 0.05), polymorbidity (p< 0.01), treatment with glucocorticoids in acute disease period (76 / 165vs. 4 / 45,p< 0.001). In cases of mild COVID-19 course, neither age nor polymorbidity increased the risk of PCS development (p> 0.05), however a dysfunction of cellular immunity was significant, specifically the proliferative activity of lymphocytes in response to mitogen: 50.6 ± 10.4 %vs. 54.0 ± 5.1 %,p< 0.05). In cases of severe COVID-19 course, the gender differences and dysfunction of the cellular immune system are not the determinants for the PCS development (p> 0.05), however the age (56.7 ± 13.1 yearsvs. 42.1 ± 15.4 years,p< 0.01) its linkage to somatic pathology (a cardiovascular disease) besides glucocorticoids threatment (64 / 89vs. 3 / 9,p< 0.05) are important risk factors for PCS.Conclusions.The main risk factor for PCS development is the moderate and severe course of the pathological process in the acute period of COVID-19 infection, female gender, age over 50 years, polymorbidity, treatment with glucocorticoids in the disease acute period. In case of mild COVID-19 course, neither age nor the polymorbidity increased the risk of PCS development, but the dysfunction of cellular immunity is significant. In case of severe COVID-19, the gender differences and dysfunction of the cellular immune system are not the determinants for the PCS development, however age, concomitant somatic pathology (a cardiovascular disease) and glucocorticoids treatment in acute period are important risk factors for the PCS development. The titer of protective IgG class antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is not linked to risk of the PCS development.

The proposed review deals with the problem of the Three Great Reforms in the second half of the Edo period in Japan. All Three Reforms were named after the era, when each began (Kyoho, Kansei, and Tempo). The general slogan of the reforms was «back to the golden age», which meant the time of the founder of the Tokugawa dynasty. The real reason for the reforms was the need to reconcile some bourgeois changes in society with the formal feudal structure of the State organization. The content of each reform, its results, initiators and the socio-political situation are presented here in full, comprehensive form with basic details. The list of references is absent for the reason that the review itself is based on the materials of a doctoral dissertation, written by the author of the article previously, in Russian. The complete list of several hundred publications on the topic can be obtained by referring to the full text of the dissertation (Philippov A. V. «Three Great Reforms» and evolution process of the Japanese society, in the second half of the Edo period. Dissertation of Doctor in History. St. Petersburg, 2003. 503 p. URL: https://www.dissercat.com/content/tri-bolshie-reformy-i-protsessy-evolyutsii-yaponskogo-obshchestva-vtoroi-poloviny-epokhi-edo). The author suggests that the experience of reforms in Tokugawa Japan was very useful for the formation of national character, ethnic stereotypes of behaviour, psychology and way of thinking of the Japanese. The content of all Three Great Re-forms combined has never been presented in English or Japanese before.

The objectives and scientific tasks of the planned space experiment “Solntse-Terahertz” to be performed onboard the ISS Russian Segment are briefly described in the paper. In particular, the aim of the experiment is to study uninvestigated solar electromagnetic emission in the terahertz domain, in ~ 1012 – 1013 Hz (300-30 µm) frequency range. It is expected to obtain new data on solar active region emission including solar flare emission. These data are necessary to clarify the nature of solar activity and construct physical model of charged particle acceleration in active regions during solar flares and other astrophysical objects. We focus on the telescope optical system design and evaluation of main characteristics of this system. Results of simulations and comparison with the experimental verification of obtained characteristics are presented. A close correlation of the estimations and experimental results was obtained. As a result, main parameters of the telescope optical system of experimental hardware “Solntse-Terahertz” were determined. Key words: Sun, solar flares, terahertz emission, optical system.

Aim To study features of diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Russian hospitals, results of the treatment, and early and late outcomes (6 and 12 months after AMI diagnosis); to evaluate the consistence of the treatment with clinical guidelines; and to evaluate patients’ compliance with the treatment.Material and methods The program was designed for 3 years, including 24 months for recruitment of patients to the study. The study will include 10, 000 patients hospitalized with a confirmed diagnosis (I21 according to ICD-10) of ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (MI) (STEMI) or non-ST segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) based on criteria of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on Forth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). The follow-up period was divided into three stages: observation during the stay in the hospital and at 6 and 12 months following inclusion into the registry. The primary endpoint included cardiac death, nonfatal MI during the hospitalization and after one-year follow-up. Secondary endpoints were 6-months and one-year incidence of repeated MI, heart failure, ischemic stroke, clinically significant hemorrhage, unscheduled revascularization after discharge from the hospital, and the proportion of patients who continue on statins, antiplatelet drugs, and drugs of other groups for 6 months and 1 year.Results The inclusion of patients into the registry started in 2020 and will continue for 24 months. By the time of the article publication (June, 2021), more than 2,000 patients will be included.Conclusion REGION-MI (Russian rEGIstry Of acute myocardial iNfarction) is a multicenter, retrospective and prospective observational cohort study that excludes any interference with the clinical practice. Results of the registry will help to analyze a real picture of medical care provided to patients with myocardial infarction and to schedule ways to improve the situation.

The description and technical characteristics of the gamma-spectrometer installation for the detection of cosmic rays, as designed at the Dolgoprudny scientific station of the Lebedev Physical Institute in cooperation with the Mackenzie University (Sao Paulo, Brazil), are presented. This installation has operated continuously in the CASLEO astronomical complex since 2015. The detector modules of the setup are based on the NaJ (Tl) scintillator, which is 76.2 mm × 76.2 mm high, a Hamamatsu R1307 photomultiplier tube, a high voltage power supply, and a preamplifier. The technique of the experimental calibration of the spectrometer is also presented.

The results of the first run (December 2020) for the commissioning of the new superconducting synchrotron Booster at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research are presented. Vacuum conditions and measurements of the lifetime of the single-charged helium ion beam at injection energy of 3.2 MeV per nucleon have been analyzed and the acceleration of ions up to energy of 100 MeV per nucleon has been demonstrated. The measured lifetime of the beam $${{\tau }_{{\exp}}} = (1.32 \pm 0.06)$$ s is compared to the theoretical value $${{\tau }_{{{\text{theor}}}}} = (1.74 \pm 0.50)$$ s calculated with original program code. The results of the first switching-on of the electron cooling system are presented.

A study of the long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays in positive and negative phases of the 22-year solar magnetic cycle, including a period of anomalously low solar activity between 2008 and 2020 is performed. Solar magnetic field lines reconnect with galactic ones in the negative phases. In the positive phases, there is a magnetic barrier between these fields that must be considered when describing the modulation of galactic cosmic rays.

The T(1H, γ)4He reaction has been studied for the first time in the energy range Elab = 12–34 keV in the laboratory coordinate system (E = 7.8–20.1 keV in the center-of-mass system). The study of this reaction is of interest because it is involved in the primary nucleosynthesis of 4He and is important for the theory of few-nucleon systems. The reported experiment improves the accuracy of the experimental determination of the S-factor of the T(1H, γ)4He reaction by several times. The theoretical calculations of the S-factor of the T(1H, γ)4He reaction still differ from the experimental values by a factor of about 2.

This paper provides a brief description individual elements that can be included in the Solntse–Terahertz scientific apparatus that was designed for the first time to carry out an extra-atmospheric experiment onboard the International Space Station. Its purpose is to measure terahertz electromagnetic radiation both from the quiet Sun and during active processes on the Sun (solar flares, coronal mass ejections, etc.), which is necessary to establish the physical nature of solar activity and solar flares. The possibility is discussed of using optoacoustic converters (Golay cells) as receivers of terahertz radiation, the sensitivity, stability, and response time of which were determined in the course of preliminary laboratory studies under terrestrial conditions.

Cosmic rays are the main factor in atmospheric ionization; they affect the formation of clouds and determine the properties of the global electrical circuit. The mechanisms of atmospheric processes involving cosmic rays are very complex and are far from understanding. Their research requires experimental installations distributed around the world. In this context a cosmophysical complex consisting of the CARPET installation, a neutron detector, and an EFM-100 electric field monitor was created in 2015 at Eurasian National University in collaboration with the Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This paper presents a brief summary of the characteristics of the CARPET facility and experimental data obtained in the period 2016–2019. Some results of the analysis of the characteristics of cosmic-ray flux variations recorded by this complex and the accompanying conditions in the Earth’s magnetosphere and in the interplanetary medium are presented.

The Neutron Detector facility for detecting the neutral component of cosmic rays has been developed by the Dolgoprudny Scientific Station of the Lebedev Physical Institute. The description and performance characteristics of the facility are presented. Each module of the facility is based on SNM-18 counters. Unlike standard neutron monitors, this facility is sensitive to thermal neutrons. The integration time of the counters is 1 ms. The function of continuous monitoring of meteorological data and data on the state of the supply voltages of the facility has been created. The results of the barometric-coefficient determination for the Neutron Detector facility and the analysis of the first experimental data are also presented.

The NICA accelerator complex will consist of two injector chains, a new 600 MeV/u superconducting booster synchrotron, the existing superconducting synchrotron—Nuclotron, and the new superconducting collider that has two storage rings each of about 503 m in circumference. The influence of the fringe fields and misalignments of the structure magnets, the field imperfections and natural chromaticity should be corrected by the correction system. The main parameters, arrangements and the field calculations of the corrector magnets are presented.

The optimization of the optical structure of the NICA Collider is presented. The Collider optics settings are given for a working point of 9.44/9.44 and a bare gold nuclei beam with energies of 1, 3, and 4.5 GeV/u. The dynamic aperture simulation and optimization results are given. The tolerance of the magnetic field errors for the Collider structural elements and the closed orbit adjustment precision are discussed.

—This paper presents a description of the new CARPET facility for detecting the charged component of cosmic rays, as well as its technical characteristics; it was designed and installed at the Dolgoprudny Scientific Station of the Lebedev Physical Institute (DNS of the Lebedev Physical Institute). The detecting base of the CARPET facility consists of STS-6 gas-discharge counters combined in 12 units with ten counters in each. The upper counter layer is separated from the lower counter layer by an aluminum filter with a thickness of 7 mm. The integration time of these counters is 1 ms. Continuous monitoring of meteorological data and data on the state of the supply voltage of the facility occur. The results of determining the barometric coefficient for the CARPET and analysis of the first experimental data are also presented.

A list of authors and their affiliations appears at the end of the paper New-particle formation is a major contributor to urban smog1,2, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling3. If the growth rates of urban particles are similar to those found in cleaner environments (1–10 nanometres per hour), then existing understanding suggests that new urban particles should be rapidly scavenged by the high concentration of pre-existing particles. Here we show, through experiments performed under atmospheric conditions in the CLOUD chamber at CERN, that below about +5 degrees Celsius, nitric acid and ammonia vapours can condense onto freshly nucleated particles as small as a few nanometres in diameter. Moreover, when it is cold enough (below −15 degrees Celsius), nitric acid and ammonia can nucleate directly through an acid–base stabilization mechanism to form ammonium nitrate particles. Given that these vapours are often one thousand times more abundant than sulfuric acid, the resulting particle growth rates can be extremely high, reaching well above 100 nanometres per hour. However, these high growth rates require the gas-particle ammonium nitrate system to be out of equilibrium in order to sustain gas-phase supersaturations. In view of the strong temperature dependence that we measure for the gas-phase supersaturations, we expect such transient conditions to occur in inhomogeneous urban settings, especially in wintertime, driven by vertical mixing and by strong local sources such as traffic. Even though rapid growth from nitric acid and ammonia condensation may last for only a few minutes, it is nonetheless fast enough to shepherd freshly nucleated particles through the smallest size range where they are most vulnerable to scavenging loss, thus greatly increasing their survival probability. We also expect nitric acid and ammonia nucleation and rapid growth to be important in the relatively clean and cold upper free troposphere, where ammonia can be convected from the continental boundary layer and nitric acid is abundant from electrical storms4,5., Measurements in the CLOUD chamber at CERN show that the rapid condensation of ammonia and nitric acid vapours could be important for the formation and survival of new particles in wintertime urban conditions, contributing to urban smog.

The proposed review analyzes the recently released four volumes of the Russian translation of the mysterious medieval Chinese novel “Chin Ping Mei” (in Russian, “The Plum in the Golden Vase”). The lengthy story written as a semi-erotic romance, can be compared with the best editions of “Arabian Nights” (in Russian, “A Book of A Thousand and One Nights”). The impressive edition depicts the life story of a lustful Chinese merchant who has devoted himself to spending his days among his wives, concubines and other “divas of amusement”. The profound publication includes a great amount of comments, remarks, scientific articles and original engravings. The new, impressively expanded (compared with the first 1977 edition in 2 volumes) scientific publication was prepared by several generations of Russian scholars in the field of Chinese studies. The editor-in-chief and supervisor of the project Artyom Kobzev (Moscow Institute for Oriental Studies) has provided a brilliant edition, having created an opportunity for a wider audience to become acquainted with a unique and educational history of ancient China.

This article commemorates the 100th year anniversary since the birth of the prominent Soviet scholar and professor of Japanese and Korean History – L. V. Zenina (1920–2018). The article describes the landmarks of her lifetime activities and academic career. The significance of the traditions and its continuity in Russian oriental studies is depicted by Zenina’s tutorial talents and by means of the human factor.

The article is devoted to the study of digital image quality at different levels of daylight. The quality of the digital image was evaluated by the resolution and contrast of the image in three spectral zones: blue, green and red. The test object for photographing was a white sheet of 594X841mm format with line targets, color scales and an image of an optical step wedge located on it. Line targets were located over the entire area of the sheet, which made it possible to study the image quality over all its area. Digital photography was performed by a NIKON SLR camera and was accompanied by measurements of illumination in the plane of the test object with the measurement of the height of the sun by theodolite. The resolution of the digital camera was measured during the day interval from 3:00 to 22:00. For each hour of shooting resolution was determined by 9 line targets, 8 of which were located on the perimeter of the sheet and one in the center. Spectral profiles on color scales were also obtained for each ur, and the value of contrast on the image of the optical wedge was determined. As a result of the study, an effective daily interval was determined to perform digital shooting from unmanned aircraft for the Moscow region (55°45′07″ W).

—The results of a statistical and harmonic analysis of the magnetic measurement data of structural elements (dipole magnets) of the Nuclotron Booster at an injection and extraction current are presented.

The article is devoted to study of the D(3He, p)4He reaction in the 3He+ ion energy range EHe = 16÷34 keV (E= 6.41÷13.61 keV in the center-of-mass system) with a step of 2 keV. The goal of this paper was to determine experimentally the electron screening potential U e and the enhancement factor of the D(3He, p)4He reaction using the deuterated metal targets ZrD with different crystal textures. In this work we present results of measuring the D(3He, p)4He reaction enhancement factor using the targets ZrD with Miller indices [111] and [100]. The ZrD targets was deposited on the stainless steel foil 50 μm thick. The protons of energy 14.7 MeV from the D(3He, p)4He reaction were detected by a scintillation detector based on the BC-404 scintillator 115 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick, which was placed in optical contact with the XP-2040 PMT. The measured enhancement factors of the D(3He, p)4He reaction much higher than for gas targets and energy behavior is not described by the classical exponential formula. The effect of the crystal structure of the targets is evident. The measured enhancement factors of the D(3He, p)4He reaction are higher for the ZrD target with a crystal structure characterized by the Miller index [100] than for the target with index [111], which probably indicates the contribution of channeling. A non-proportional increase of the enhancement factors for the D(3He, p)4He reaction in energy range 16÷22 keV probably indicates a low-lying resonance effect in 5Li.

The results are presented from an analysis of data on solar activity and cosmic ray variations observed in September 2017. This period is characterized by a sharp increase in the solar flare activity in the active region AR 12673 during the late descending phase of the 24th solar activity cycle. Solar protons are recorded by the particle instruments aboard the GOES-13 satellite, in the atmosphere, and by the ground-based neutron monitor network. A moderate Forbush decrease in the cosmic ray flux during September 6–10 is also recorded by a number of neutron monitors. Several solar proton energy spectra during September 10, 2017, (GLE72 event) are evaluated using the results from satellite measurements, balloon observations, and neutron monitor records.

The article discusses the main environmental problems of the Azov Sea. It is worth highlighting such problems as changes in salinity, temperature and general water pollution. It is shown that the main role in the deterioration of the situation is played by changes in the volume and quality of the waters of the rivers feeding the Azov Sea. The largest rivers are the Don and Kuban. These rivers are actively involved in the economic activities of the population of 15 subjects of the Russian Federation, which makes solving the problem of improving their hydrological and ecological condition an extremely difficult task. The article provides information about the adopted large-scale federal programs under which it is assumed to reduce the volume of water consumption, modernization of treatment facilities of industrial enterprises and settlements located near rivers with the use of the best available technologies, the prospects for the implementation of these programs are also outlined.

One of the processes leading to the vacuum conditions degradation when working with a gold bare nuclei beam in the NICA Collider can be the electron clouds effect. Influence of electron cloud densities on the coherent tune shift of ion betatron oscillation in the Collider ring was investigated for different bare gold nuclei beam intensity, its energies and electron secondary emission yields from the Collider vacuum chamber. The pressure rise due to additional gas load and heat load caused by electron clouds are estimated.

The thyroid cancer is the most prevalent oncologic disease of endocrine organs, characterized by multi factorial risk of development. The purpose of the study was to analyze dynamics of indices of thyroid cancer morbidity of population of the Russian Federation, considering gender and age differences in 2008-2018. The increase of "rough" indicator of thyroid cancer morbidity of male population made up to 56.6%, and of female population - 48.3%. The dynamics of standardized indicator in gender contingents was characterized by increasing up to 48.7% in males and up to 43.9% in females. There is an increasing of thyroid cancer morbidity with age and prevalence of the morbidity in females as compared with males in all age categories. The highest morbidity was established in male population aged 65-69 years (8.3 per 100,000 population) and in females aged 55-64 years (27.3 per 100,000 population). In the territories of the Russian Federation, in the gender aspect, variations in thyroid cancer morbidity were established. both in male and female populations, maximal thyroid cancer morbidity was established in the North Western and Siberian Federal Okrugs, and morbidity below national level was registered in the Privolzhskiy and North Caucasian Federal Okrugs. It is necessary to take into account differentiation of the territories of the Russian Federation in terms of the thyroid cancer morbidity in different gender and age groups for development of rational measures of early identification of risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of patients.

The study of fusion reactions $$\hbox {D}(\hbox {d}, \hbox {p})^{3}\hbox {H}$$, $$\hbox {D}(\hbox {d}, \hbox {n})^{3}\hbox {He}$$, $$\hbox {T}(\hbox {d}, \hbox {n})^{3}\hbox {He}$$, $$^{3}\hbox {He}(\hbox {d}, \hbox {p})^{4}\hbox {He}$$, and $$\hbox {D}(^{3}\hbox {He}, \hbox {p})^{4}\hbox {He}$$ at astrophysical energies is of interest for both basic and applied physics. These studied provide information on electron screening of nuclear reactions that provide important information on the role of electrons in reactions induced by deuterons, tritons, and nuclei of helium isotopes that proceed in reactors. The $$\hbox {D}(^{3}\hbox {He}, \hbox {p})^{4}\hbox {He}$$ reaction was investigated at the pulsed plasma Hall accelerator (Tomsk) in the $$^{{3}}\hbox {He}^{{+}}$$ ion energy range $$E_{\mathrm{He}} =16\div 34$$ keV (laboratory reference frame) with a step of 2 keV. The goal of this work was to determine experimentally the enhancement factor of the $$\hbox {D}(^{{3}}\hbox {He}, \hbox {p})^{{4}}\hbox {He}$$ reaction and the electron screening potential $$U_{\mathrm {e}}$$ using a TiD targets with Miller indices [111] and [100]. A strong impact of the target crystal structure on reaction enhancement factor was discovered. We believe that solid-state effects make the largest contribution to the behavior of the enhancement factor $$\hbox {D}(^{{3}}\hbox {He, p})^{{4}}\hbox {He}$$ of the reaction as a function of energy. One of these effects is the particle channeling in crystal structures. An unexpected increase of the enhancement factors for the $$\hbox {D}(^{{3}}\hbox {He, p})^{{4}}\hbox {He}$$ reaction in the energy range $$16\div 22$$ keV probably indicates the emergence of some new mechanism that increases the yield of the reaction with lowering energy.

The D(3He, p)4He reaction is first investigated in a solid target of deuterated zirconium (ZrD) in the 3He+ ion energy range EHe = 18–30 (E = 7.2−12.0keV keV in the center-of-mass system) with a step of 2 keV. The electron screening potential Ue = (617.8 ± 154.7) eV and the D(3He, p)4He reaction enhancement factors are experimentally determined in the given energy range. The measured electron screening potential is six times higher than in gaseous targets. This can be due to the ZrD lattice effects, which have not been studied either theoretically or experimentally so far. The D(3He, p)4He reaction has been investigated at the pulsed plasma Hall accelerator (Tomsk).

A hardware and software system created at the Lebedev Physical Institute and featuring neutron detectors based on SNM-18 neutron counters is described. Its characteristics and the results from a preliminary analysis of data obtained in terrestrial measurements of neutron fluxes in the period 2015–2018 are presented.

Local and integral characteristics of heat transfer are obtained at varying the Reynolds number Re = 5500, 11000, the distance between the jets y/D = 1.8, and the distance from the jets to the surface z/D = 0.5-10 for the system of two identical impinging jets. It is found in experiments that the effect of an adjacent jet leads to enhancement of local heat transfer at large distances between the nozzles and the barrier. It is also shown that an increase in the Re number increases integral heat transfer, and, at the same time, weakens the inter-jet interaction. The paper analyzes the scenarios of the behavior of local and integral heat transfer depending on the geometric and flow parameters of the system of two circular turbulent jets.

The work is aimed at creating a technique for reconstructing the three-dimensional structure of turbulent flows using data of a two-component laser-Doppler anemometer at the example of a flow in flat coplanar channels. Data of paired measurements by a two-component LDA at two different angles relative to the measurement point are used to obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of the flow. Further, all three components of the velocity vector were calculated using transformations. The developed method is used to measure the velocity field in a coplanar channel.

The article presents an experimental study of the turbulent flow in matrix channels. Using the modern optical contactless laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) method, an idea of the turbulent three-dimensional flow inside the cells of matrix channels is developed. The results of the study of the matrix channel show that the so-called vortex matrix effect is not formed. The most important factor that causes a high degree of heat transfer from the walls is the intense spiral motion between the matrix cells. The measurements also show that the effects associated with the lateral boundaries of the channel play a significant role. Based on the assumption of the decisive role of the spiral flow between the cells of the matrix channel, a formula for the integral pressure loss is proposed.

This work presents an experimental study of a turbulent flow and heat transfer of an annular impinging jet for organizing effective surface cooling. Heat and mass transfer of the impinging annular jet was studied at Re = 5500. At that, a distance from the nozzle to the wall was varied. The focus was made on configurations with small nozzle-to-wall distances. It is shown that, depending on the indicated distance, fundamentally different flow regimes with characteristic features of heat transfer distribution are observed.

The study of thermonuclear reactions such as D(d, p)3H, D(d, n)3He, T(d, n)3He, 3He(d, p)4He, and D(3He, p)4He is of great interest in the field of astrophysics, as it affects the primordial nucleosynthesis, as well as issues of stellar dynamics. These reactions are also of interest in thermonuclear power engineering, in connection with the increased interest in the possibility of practical application of thermonuclear fusion. In this work, the analysis of the results obtained in the course of studying the reaction D(3He, p)4He was carried out. The results were obtained by us in previous works on deuterated metal targets ZrD and TiD with Miller indices [111] and [100]. There is a need to more precise study of the effects accompanying thermonuclear reactions at low astrophysical energies. The purpose of this work is to study the behavior of the screening potential [Formula: see text] and the reaction enhancement factor [Formula: see text], depending on the crystal structure of targets and the interaction energy. The studies were carried out on a Hall accelerator (Tomsk, TPU) in the energy range [Formula: see text]([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]keV in lab reference frame with a step of 2[Formula: see text]keV. Experiments have shown that in reactions using metal deuterated targets a similar effect as in reactions using gas targets was observed. Specifically, an electron screening effect was observed, which leads to an increase in the reaction cross-section with decreasing energy, and in case of metal target this effect becomes stronger.

The nature of background processes accompanying astrophysical nuclear reactions induced by hydrogen, helium, and neon ions in deuterated targets with small cross sections has been studied in calculations and experiments. The experiments have been performed at a Hall pulsed plasma accelerator in the ion energy range of 26–32 keV. The yield of background neutrons and γ-quanta with energies below 4 MeV in the proton-induced D(p, γ)3He reaction is primarily due to the presence of a natural impurity of gaseous deuterium in gaseous hydrogen and the chain of D(D, 3He)n → (n, γ) or (n, n'γ) reactions. A small contribution comes from the chain of D(1H, 1H)D → D(D, 3He)n → (n, γ) or (n, n'γ) reactions. It has been shown that background neutrons and γ-quanta from the D(4He, γ)6Li reaction are entirely due to the chain of D(4He, 4He)D → D(D, 3He)n → (n, γ) or (n, n'γ) reactions. It has been shown that the yield of neutrons and γ-ray photons detected at the interaction of neon ions with deuterated targets is also entirely due to the chain of elastic- scattering reactions of neon ions on deuterons in the target and to subsequent inelastic processes of interaction of deuterons accelerated at elastic scattering with other deuterons of the target. The main contribution to the yields of background neutrons and γ-quanta comes from doubly charged neon ions. The main conclusion is that the explanation of the yield of neutrons and γ-quanta at the interaction of hydrogen, helium, and neon ions with deuterated targets does not require “exotic” theoretical models.

The astrophysical S-factor of the reaction T(4He, γ)7Li is measured for the first time at the center of mass energy E cm = 15.7 keV, lower than the energy range of the Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (SBBN) model. The experiment is performed on a Hall pulsed accelerator (TPU, Tomsk). An acceleration pulse length of 10 μs allows one to suppress the background of cosmic radiation and the ambient medium by five orders of magnitude. A beam intensity of ~ 5 × 1014 4He+ ions per pulse allows one to measure an extremely low reaction yield. The yield of γ-quanta with the energies E γ 0 = 2483.7 keV and E γ 1 = 2006.1 keV is registered by NaI(Tl) detectors with the efficiency e = 0.331 ± 0.026. A method for direct measurement of the background from the chain of reactions T(4He, 4He)T→T(T, 2n)X→(n, γ) and/or (n, n′γ) which ends by neutron activation of materials surrounding the target is proposed and implemented in this study. The value of the astrophysical S-factor of the reaction T(4He, γ)7Li S αt (E cm = 15.7 keV) = 0.091 ± 0.032 keV b provides the choice from the set of experimental data for the astrophysical S αt -factor in favor of experimental data [4] with S αt (E cm = 0) = 0.1067 ± 0.0064 keV b.