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The National Registry of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in the Russian Federation was established to study the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients and evaluate the actual clinical practice of medical and surgical treatment.AIM: to analyze the data of patients with IBD in the Russian Federation including clinical and demographic characteristics, medical status of patients, the frequency of use of various classes of drugs and response to treatment, the survival rates of advanced therapy drugs and the reasons for their cancellation.METHODS: from May 2017 to August 2021, depersonalized data of 3827 adult patients with IBD (ulcerative colitis (UC) – 2358 pts, Crohn's disease (CD) - 1469 pts) from 80 regions of the Russian Federation were included in the registry, both with previously and newly diagnosed UCor CD, who are in inpatient or outpatient care.RESULTS: in our population, the ratio of UC: CD was 1.6:1. The distribution of patients by sex was the same. The average age of patients in the registry was 40.6±13.1 (13-83 years) for UC and 38.5±14.3 (15-75 years) for CD, the half of patients were in the age range of 21-40 years for both diseases. The average age of disease onset did not differ for UC and CD and was 35.3 year (12-75 years) and 31.2 year (14-72 years) respectively. The duration between the onset of symptoms and the establishment of a diagnosis was 13.2 months in UC, and statistically significantly longer in CD - 34.8 months (PCONCLUSION: The difficulties of differential, often untimely diagnosis of CD and UC, the predominance of complicated and severe forms against the background of an increase in morbidity and prevalence, and at the same time the lack of adequate statistical accounting of CD and UC, make it necessary to create a unified clinical register of patients with IBD. The register of IBD patients will provide a holistic picture of the IBD situation in the country, including optimizing the use of budget funds for the treatment of patients with CD and UC, ensuring their rational planning.

The article describes the main achievements in the study of Crohn's disease, first described as a disease of the terminal ileum, affecting mainly young people, characterized by subacute or chronic necrotizing and scarring inflammation. In subsequent years, the inflammatory disease was also detected in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. This disease affects the entire intestine and can involve every part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. The history of the study of Crohn's disease for 90 years has made it possible to delve deeply into the pathogenesis of inflammation, but has not yet come closer to revealing its etiology. Therefore, it is impossible to talk about the possibility of recovery from CD.В статье собраны основные достижения в изучении болезни Крона, впервые описанной как заболевание терминального отдела подвздошной кишки, поражающее в основном молодых людей, характеризующееся подострым или хроническим некротизирующим и рубцующимся воспалением. В последующие годы воспалительное заболевание выявляли и в других отделах желудочно-кишечного тракта. Это заболевание, поражающее весь кишечник, может вовлекать каждую часть желудочно-кишечного тракта - от рта до ануса. История изучения болезни Крона на протяжении 90 лет дала возможность глубоко вникнуть в патогенез воспаления, но пока не приблизила к раскрытию её этиологии. Поэтому говорить о возможности выздоровления от болезни Крона нельзя.

Pseudoamblystegium subtile (Hedw.) Vanderp. & Hedenäs. CONTRIBUTORS: R. Gabriel, M. Kubová, C. Sérgio and I. Soares Albergaria. PORTUGAL, AZORES: Terceira Island, Angra do Heroísmo, municipal garden ‘Jardim Duque da Terceira’, 38° 39′ 24.0′′N, 27°13′ 05.99′′W, 31 m a.s.l, on the base of a shrub, in acidic conditions, 7 April 2017, leg. Michaela Kubová s.n. (AZU). A new understanding of the pleurocarpous moss species Pseudoamblystegium subtile was proposed by Vanderpoorten and Hedenäs (2009). The new genus is separated from the other Amblystegiaceae primarily due to its phylogenetic consistency and is characterised by the possession of leaves with a very short nerve, and erect capsules (Vanderpoorten and Hedenäs 2009). (excerpt) info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Aim.To work out the unified model for description of coloproctological service at the level of federal district.Material and methods.The study is the summary analysis of data from the annual statistical observation “The Report of the Chief Coloproctologist of the Russian Federal District” in 2016–2018. The analysis included the following stages: the estimation of staff situation; the assessment of the main parameters of out- and inpatient coloproctological care in 2018 in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) and in its federal subjects.Results.Staff number of doctors in federal subjects of the FEFD did not change significantly in 2016-2018, it was 0.7 per 100 thousand population. An extremely low availability of outpatient consultation of coloproctologist in all federal subjects of FEFD was found (550.2 per 100 thousand population vs 3000 per 100 thousand population in Russian Federation). The incidence of colonoscopy is the lowest among all Federal Districts of Russia as well – 5.5%. A mean number of endoscopists is above 7.0 per 100 thousand population, which can be considered as the minimal threshold parameter. The total average staffing of endoscopists in the far Eastern Federal district was 86.0% in 2016, 87.3% – in 2017, 85.8% – in 2018. The staffing situation improved in Khabarovsk Territory and in Sakhalin Region while other federal subjects showed negative trend.Conclusion.The analyzed parameters can be considered as an objective tool for the assessment of coloproctological care efficacy. In the FEFD it needs further development.

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The diversity of the moss genus Glyphomitrium Brid. is concentrated in East Asia. Its range extends to the southern part of the Russian Far East, where its species are rather widespread in hemiboreal coniferous forests. However, the species to which Russian specimens should be assigned remains unclear. A morphological survey was conducted, along with a molecular phylogenetic study based on the plastid trnS–trnF and nuclear ITS regions. Of the three lineages identified, two were investigated using species distribution modelling. For two of three revealed lineages, the use of the names Glyphomitrium crispifolium Nog. (previously considered to be a rare Japanese endemiс) and G. humillimum (Mitt.) Card. are suggested, whereas the third one, which combines excurrent costae of stem leaves and subulate acumina of the perichaetial leaves, is described as a new species, G. ambiguum Fedosov. In Russia, G. crispifolium is mostly associated with the cooler and more humid climate of hemiboreal forests, whereas G. ambiguum occurs in drier conditions in broadleaved forests. Although the niches of G. crispifolium and G. ambiguum were assessed as being rather similar, their ranges overlap weakly. Our results suggest the presence of three species of Glyphomitrium at the northern limit of its distribution in Asia. Results of niche distribution modelling show that the two species’ distributions depend on different predictors, and thus this tool appeared helpful for integrative taxonomic purposes. By contrast, the results of the niche similarity/divergence test were inconclusive.

We present an integrative molecular and morphological study of subaquatic representatives of the genus

The article describes the main achievements in the study of ulcerative colitis (UC) - a disease known since ancient times. «Bloody» non-epidemic diarrhea was described by Hippocrates. The first detailed description was made by K. Rokitansky in 1842. In 1875, S. Wilks and W. Mason first studied the pathomorphology of the colon in UC. The term «non-specific ulcerative colitis» was proposed by the Russian surgeon A. S. Kazachenko in 1913 at the 13th Congress of Russian surgeons. The historical excursion presents the main stages and achievements of surgical treatment of UC.

The monitoring results on earthquake loads from blasting in the Shakhtau open-pit mine in 2016–2017 are presented. The integrated model of influence exerted by the parameters of drilling-and-blasting and the environment on the surface earthquake loading is developed, which allows high-precision prediction of the seismic effect value at any point of a study area. The estimates of the short-blasting initiation errors are given. It is concluded on the promising nature of continuous blasting monitoring in difficult geotechnical conditions when reliability of standard seismic effect valuation procedures is insufficient.

Aim: to estimate the quality and availability of medical care for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), to assess the impact of the economic burden of these diseases on the healthcare budget of Russia and to systematize the main problems in the organization of medical care and drug supply for patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).Regional IBD databases (2016-2018), official statistical databases, costs of treatment and results of expert interviews with specialists in IBD were used in the study.The analyzed databases showed 104,668 patients with UC in Russia in 2018 (prevalence rate 71 per 100,000 people) and 66,647 patients with CD (prevalence rate of 45 per 100,000 people). The economic burden including agents for biologic therapy (ABT) for the UC was 39.54 billion rubles a year (495 rubles per capita), and CD - 32.98 billion rubles a year (378 rubles per capita). It requires an additional 9.87 billion rubles annually for UC and 9.20 billion rubles annually for CD patients to provide the complete supply with ABT.The annual burden of IBD is 72.52 billion rubles, which is comparable to the costs of other socially significant diseases, including malignant tumors. It shows the high social and economic value of IBD for the country. The main problems of medical care and drug supply for IBD patients are the mismatch of official statistical data and real IBD prevalence in Russia due to absence of comprehensive register and the insufficient supply with ABT due to limited funding. A federal center for IBD should be founded for better quality of registration, for the precise monitoring and for the active management of personal drug supply.

Erkul, Karaman ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Bucklandiella subsecunda (Harv.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra Contributor. R. Ochyra Madagascar. Diana Region, Tsaratanana Massif, 14° 01′ S, 48°56′ W, 1200–2400 m a.s.l., April 1924, leg. Perrier de la Bathe s.n. (H-Brotherus, JE-Herzog, PCP.de la Varde 0707821, PC-Thériot 0708099). Racomitrium Brid., in its traditional circumscription is poorly represented in the moss flora of Madagascar and hitherto only one specimen of this genus has been discovered on this fourth largest island in the world. It was collected in 1924 by Perrier de la Bathie on the Tsaratanana Massif, and Thériot (1926) reported it as an unnamed form of Racomitrium lepervanchei Besch., a species endemic to Réunion Island. As Racomitrium proved to be heterogeneous, it was split into six segregates (Ochyra, Żarnowiec et al. 2003; Bednarek-Ochyra, Ochyra, Sawicki et al. 2014; Bednarek-Ochyra, Sawicki, Ochyra, et al. 2015; Sawicki et al. 2015), R. lepervanchei was placed in the genus Bucklandiella Roiv. Nevertheless, the voucher specimen was not studied by De Sloover (1977) in his survey of African Racomitrium and this material was assigned either to R. crispulum (Hook.f. & Wilson) Wilson (Crosby et al. 1983) or Bucklandiella membranacea (Mitt.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra (Marline et al. 2012), as R. lepervanchei was considered to be conspecific with these species (Clifford 1955; Lawton 1973). The specimen from the Tsaratanana Massif has distinct auricles and broad, flattened costa with 6–8 enlarged ventral guide cells, which are typical of Bucklandiella subsecunda. This is a pantropical oreophyte, widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia (Frisvoll 1988), subSaharan Africa (Bednarek-Ochyra and Ochyra 2012a, 2013; Ochyra and van Rooy 2013), Central and South America (Bednarek-Ochyra et al. 1999; Bednarek-Ochyra and Ochyra 2012b; Ellis, Bakalin et al. 2013) and the maritime Antarctic (Ochyra, Lewis Smith et al. 2008).

Theoretical and practical investigations of the effect of combustible gas parameters on the thermodynamic characteristics of a two-phase jet have been carried out. The influence of the thermal parameters of combustion of alkanes on the quantity of air supplied to cool the metallizer combustion chamber has been studied. The influence of the combustible mixture composition on the properties of steel coatings formed has been estimated.

In this article the authors consider the phenomenon of stigmatization as one of the unfavorable socio-psychological results of emergency situations raising the level of personality vulnerability though not studied enough so far. A study was made to reveal stigmatization with relation to persons who had suffered from emergency situations, among the inhabitants of the two regions exposed to terroristic attacks: that of North Ossetiya (the town of Beslan and the city of Vladikavkaz) and the Central Region (the city of Moscow). Analysis of the obtained data permitted one to make a conclusion of the presence of signs of stigmatization in both groups of respondents, of insufficient awareness in society of the specificities of individual forms of response to stress, of manifestations of post-stress mental disorders, as well as a transfer of social stereotypes related to persons with mental disorders to the victims. Socio-demographic factors causing outward stigmatization have been defined. A degree of expression of stigmatization tendencies depends on a respondent’s social status as well as on the past traumatic experience.

People use social categories to perceive and interact with the social world. Different categorizations often share similar cognitive, affective and behavioral features. This leads to a hypothesis of the common representational forms of social categorization. Studies in social categorization often use the terms “ingroup” and “outgroup” without clear conceptualization of the terms. I argue that the ingroup/outgroup distinction should be treated as an elementary relational ego-centric form of social categorization based on specific cognitive mechanisms. Such an abstract relational form should produce specific effects irrespective of the nature of a particular social category. The article discusses theoretical grounds for this hypothesis as well as empirical evidence from behavioral and brain research. It is argued that what is commonly termed as “ingroup” and “outgroup” can be produced by distinct cognitive operations based on similarity assessment and coalitional computation.

Two regimes of the development of laser-emission discharge (high-current and low-current) have been revealed. This effect has been investigated for different materials of a plasma-forming target at residual gas pressures of 10−3 and 1 Pa.

The relationship between the geometry of a plasma-forming target and the parameters of a laser-emission discharge is investigated. It is shown that by selecting the corresponding geometry of an irradiated sample it is possible to change the coefficient of laser radiation energy conversion into the energy of unidirectional quasistationary electric current.

The effect of load resistance on the characteristics of a laser-emission discharge is studied for two pressures of residual gas in a vacuum chamber in a wide range of atomic masses of plasma-forming obstacle material. It is shown that converter efficiency depends substantially on the magnitude of the load resistance and the conditions of the development of the laser-emission discharge.

The role of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in acute non-A-E hepatitis was investigated in adults with viral hepatitis. HGV RNA was present in 1 of 28 patients with non-A-E hepatitis but 9 of 22 with hepatitis C (P < .003). HGV RNA-positive patients (HGV-infected and HGV-hepatitis C virus [HCV]-coinfected) developed light-to-moderate jaundice. Clinical and biochemical features of HGV-positive and HCV-positive patients and patients with non-A, non-G hepatitis were similar. Three patients with HGV-HCV coinfection, tested within 18 months after disease onset, have remained HGV RNA-positive but have become HCV RNA-negative. Only 1 non-A-E hepatitis patient was confirmed as being infected with HGV alone, suggesting that HGV is not the main etiologic agent of non-A-E hepatitis. Although HGV RNA was significantly associated with hepatitis C, patients with mixed HCV-HGV infections did not demonstrate a more severe course of disease than did patients with HCV infection.

A study has been made of the influence of the atomic mass of the material of a plasma‐forming target on the characteristics of a laser‐emission discharge developing under the action of Nd‐laser radiation on the target. It has been shown that the atomic mass substantially affects the efficiency of conversion of the energy of laser radiation to the energy of a quasistationary electric current; the behavior of the dependences of the load power on the atomic mass of the target substance is different for high vacuum and for resonance pressure and it is not related to the regime of development of the discharge.

Social categorization is known to be an important part of social cognition. The categorizations we use, despite their multitude, frequently take the form of the general ingroup/outgroup distinction. A meta-analysis of 33 fMRI studies, reporting selective activations to various social groups, was used to identify common neural structures responsible for relational representation of social structure. Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) analysis revealed areas in bilateral amygdala, cingulate gyrus, fusiform gyrus, right TPJ and right insula as implementing various aspects of social categorization. Activation of amygdala can be associated with modulation of behavioral response to subjectively significant stimuli. A more ventral part of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) can be associated with self-referential reasoning about ingroup members while a more dorsal part of ACC is involved in the regulation of emotions toward outgroup members. Right insula can be engaged in the modulation of outgroup avoidance behavior. Fusiform gyrus (FG) appears to be directly involved in social categorization process via top-down modulation of social perception. Yet it is difficult to associate any of the revealed clusters with the relational ingroup/outgroup structure.

The aim of the study was to develop a sensitive and specific method for revealing the direct marker of hepatitis C virus (HCV)--core protein in the serum and to test it in the laboratory setting. Experiments were made on plasma and serum samples from asymptomatic HCV-seropositive blood donors (n=65), patients with acute (AHC) and chronic (CHC) hepatitis C (n=295), and HCV-seronegative blood donors (n=20). The processing protocol for serum included their concentration by means of polyethylene glycol and subsequent treatments of pellets to detect core protein in free virions, nonenveloped nucleocapsids, and immune complexes. This allowed an assay to be developed for the detection of core protein, by using a sandwich ELISA. Inclusion of a combination of three original monoclonal antibodies into the sandwich could reveal in the samples core proteins of at least 3 genotypes of HCV (1, 2, and 3) with a sensitivity of 20 pg/ml in the majority of HCV-infected subjects. The results of determination of core protein and HCV RNA correlated with a high degree of sensitivity. To detect HCV in the blood of patients with AHC, it was shown to be sufficient to find freely circulating virions whereas an analysis of immune complexes should be included in cases of CHC to achieve more sensitivity. The findings are a basis for developing a test system for the diagnosis of hepatitis C, including its early stages before seroconversion and for determining a viral load during interferon therapy. Introduction of the method into practice increases the reliability of the diagnosis of hepatitis C and virus-free safety of blood transfusions.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence produced by viral proteins in the hepatic cells and RNA of hepatitis C virus (HCV) on the indices of T- and B-cell response in 52 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). A relative count of peripheral-blood lymphocytes (PBL), expressing antigens CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD20+ and CD95+ was estimated. The repertoire of antibodies to HCV proteins was specified. The thus obtained data were compared with an activity and a disease stage by using the histological diagnosis and alanine-amino-transferase (ALT) level as well as with the presence of HCV RNA in the serum and viral protein of the liver. Such comparison of data and the use of the correlation analysis made it possible to establish that the antibodies to NS5 protein were detected reliably more often in patients with a more pronounced hepatic fibrosis, with a higher ALT activity and with expression of HCV proteins in the liver. At the same time, the presence of proteins in the liver and of RNA in the serum were accompanied by a more active humoral response to the non-structure proteins of NS4 and NS5 as well as by more profound discrepancies of the immunity T-cell chain (a lowered ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and a smaller content of CD95+). There were no differences between PBL of the studied populations in patients with various activities and an HCV stage. A relatively bigger quantity of CD95(+)--positive PBL was found to be reliably higher in patients with viremia but lower in those cases, in which HCV proteins were detected in the liver. This confirms the inhibiting ability of HCV proteins to the Fas-mediated apoptose of PBL in CHC patient.

The optical properties of deposition zones formed by an erosion plamsa torch diverging in a vacuum, arising as a result of the action of a high-intensity, unpolarized laser radiation on a copper target are investigated. A very interesting effect has been revealed. On the substrate, approximately at the center of the deposition zone, coaxially to the laser beam, a ring with clearly defined boundaries was detected. The density of the deposited material in this ring was much smaller than in other places. An analysis of the state of the substrate in the ring has shown that this region is formed as a result of the effect of ionic clearing of the surface.

A correlation between the detection of proteins and an activity of the pathological process was analyzed in a study of the content of the C virus hepatitis (CVH) proteins in hepatic cells of patients with chronic C hepatitis (CCH). The expression of CVH proteins in frozen sections of biopsy samples of 69 CCH patients was evaluated by using the immune-histological method involving original monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to 5 CVH proteins. The results of the detection of proteins in patients were compared with an activity and stage of CCH (by using histological tests and a level of alanine aminotransferase--AAT). A set of the CVH proteins were found in the liver of 74% of patients, i.e. core proteins, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5A--in 28, 43, 43, 55 and 58%, respectively. All studied proteins were detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Proteins were found in the liver more often as compared with the detection rate of CVH RNA in the blood serum (61%). This demonstrates a high sensitivity of the discussed test at detecting the CVH infection. The accumulation of the core protein was shown to correlate with the presence of the replicative form of CVH RNA in the liver and with a higher level of AAT. The quantity of NS5 A-expressing cells correlated directly with a CCH stage. The quantity of NSB- and NS3-positive hepatocytes correlated negatively with an activity of the inflammatory-and-necrotic processes in the liver. Hyper-fermentation was found more often among the antigen-positive patients. The CCH histological activity was proven to be reliably higher at a simultaneous detection of CCH proteins in the liver and of CVH RNA--in the serum.

Acute HCV superinfection was studied in 23 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. HBsAg, anti-HCV (C-100, core, NS3, NS5) were detected in patients' sera at first investigation. Predominant replication of HBV DNA was detected in the sera of 68% patients and HCV RNA in only 24% patients. The clinical course of acute hepatitis C in patients with chronic HBV infection in general corresponded to HCV monoinfection except for more pronounced biochemical shifts and shorter intoxication. The role of HBV and HCV in infectious process is discussed.

The results of investigation of the Stokes parameters of He- Ne-laser radiation reflected by different zones of the material precipitated from the plasma torch formed by the interaction of the linearly polarized pulse Nd-laser radiation with a solid target (tantalum) are presented. It was found out, that the intensity ndicatrixes of reflected radiation depends on the deposited layer position. The dependencies of reflection character of the probing radiation on the types of the mentioned above layers are presented.

Seventy-six anti-HCV-positive patients with acute hepatitis B were observed. HBsAg, anti-HBc IgM, and anti-HCV were detected in the sera of all patients. During the acute phase of illness, HBV DNA was present in the sera of 90.8% patients, but not HCV RNA. The clinical picture of acute hepatitis B in anti-HCV-positive patients corresponded to HBV monoinfection with prolonged intoxication and a more benign biochemical course. Out of 10 patients observed during 2 years chronic mixed HBV/HCV hepatitis was diagnosed in 1 patient, in 8 patients only HCV infection was diagnosed, and in 6 cases HCV RNA was detected. Virus interference may be responsible for successive alternative dominant replication of HBV and HCV.