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Crack growth in stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in 7xxx Al alloys is an intermittent process, which generates successive crack arrest markings (CAMs) visible on the fracture surface. It is conjectured that H is generated at the crack tip during crack arrest, which then facilitates crack advancement through hydrogen embrittlement. Here, nanoscale imaging by 4D-scanning-transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography show that CAMs are produced by oxidation at the arrested crack tip, matrix precipitates dissolve and solute diffuse towards the growing CAM. Substantial homogenous residual strain remains underneath the fracture surface, indicative of non-localized plastic activity. Our study suggests that H induces crack propagation through decohesion.

High strength 7xxx Al-alloys are currently commonly used in aerospace and are expected to be increasingly employed in the automotive sector for weight reduction purposes. These alloys can however be sensitive to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) depending on temper and loading conditions. Both the alloy's grain structure and composition are believed to play a key role in determining sensitivity to SCC. Here, we study at the nanometer scale the evolution of the microstructure near stress corrosion cracks on two different model variants of the 7140 aluminum alloy. We performed double cantilever beam (DCB) crack growth tests in hot (70{\deg}C) humid air, on samples extracted at quarter-thickness (T/4) and mid-thickness (T/2) and heat treated to a non-industrial, SCC sensitive T6 condition. The sample at T/4 shows a lower KISCC along with flatter grains and a higher solute content, whereas both samples exhibit similar crack growth rates at higher stress intensities. We report on precipitate dissolution and matrix solute enrichment near the crack tips, with the T/4 position presenting the higher increase in solute levels. The near grain boundary microstructure ahead of the crack is modified, with evidence of precipitate dissolution and transport of solutes towards the stress-corrosion crack tip. These results agree with a recent report on another 7xxx Al-alloy after SCC in Cl-solution, supporting the possibility that these mechanisms are generally occurring. We relate our findings with the measured SCC behavior and provide an array of possible mechanisms that could be widely applicable in SCC of high strength Al-alloys.

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) affects all major high-strength structural materials and as such is a major impediment to lightweighting e.g. vehicles and help reduce carbon-emissions and reach net-zero. The high-strength 7xxx series aluminium alloys can fulfil the need for light, high strength materials, and are already extensively used in aerospace for weight reduction purposes. However, depending on the thermomechanical and loading state, these alloys can be sensitive to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) through anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement. Here, we study at the near-atomic-scale the intra- and inter-granular microstructure ahead and in the wake of a propagating SCC crack. Moving away from model cases not strictly relevant to application, we performed an industry-standard test on an engineering Al-7XXX alloy. H is found segregated to planar arrays of dislocations and to grain boundaries that we can associate to the combined effects of hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) and hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) mechanisms. We report on a Mg-rich H-rich amorphous oxide on the corroded crack surface and evidence of Mg-related diffusional processes leading to dissolution of the strengthening eta-phase precipitates ahead of the crack. We show ingress of up to 1 at% O, i.e. well above the solubility limit of O in Al, near the oxide-metal interface, while no increased level of H is found in the matrix. We provide an array of discussion points relative to the interplay of structural defects, transport of solutes, thereby changing the resistance against crack propagation, which have been overlooked across the SCC literature and prevent accurate service life predictions.

The adoption of Common Core State Standards has increased the need for assessments capable of measuring more performance-based outcomes. This monograph brings together the current literature and resources for the development and implementation of performance assessment. The text was written as part of a project-based graduate course and has resulted in a clear, well researched and documented contribution that provides up to date information and references on Common Core State Standards and performance-based assessments. Three appendixes include: (1) Performance Task Examples; (2) Creating Rubrics; and (3) Glossary. (Contains 12 tables.) [This report was edited by: Eric V. Van Duzer and Gwen L. Neu.]