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To optimize the process of physical culture and sports in higher educational institutions, a number of issues directly related to improving the health of each student are provided. The purpose of the research is theoretical systematization, development and practical testing of ways to optimize the physical culture and sports activities of students of higher educational institutions, substantiation of recommendations. The methods of analysis, pedagogical control, comparison of scientific and methodological literature and methodological guidelines on the research topic were used. To achieve the results of the theoretical analysis of scientific and methodological literature, principles and new approaches, methods and technologies that contribute to effective implementation are needed. Optimization of physical education is a conscious choice of the best forms, specific conditions and approaches to the construction of lessons and the educational process aimed at building a pedagogical process based on the laws and principles of theories and methods of physical education. In order to increase the effectiveness of physical education, it is necessary to introduce into programs not only proven methods, but also new organizational methods. Sports-oriented programs, competitions, and observational results aimed at in-depth study of individual sports and modern motor systems for students allow them to form a stable need for classes and evaluate their abilities. He actually trains national teams of universities and contributes to the formation of healthy youth. Thus, the choice of a sports-oriented curriculum in the organization of the educational process and the adjustment of the content of the work program meets the needs of students and provides new opportunities. To further improve physical education programs and the use of sports-oriented technologies, it is necessary to increase the physical culture and sports interests of students, increase their motor activity, and give new motivation to the lifestyle. All this makes it possible to determine the priorities of the choice of learning technologies. The most important conditions for optimizing the process of physical education, contributing to the involvement of students in physical education, are the actualization of the system of significant needs, motives, interests and a principled approach to the didactic content of the lesson content. The teacher should analyze in detail the previously used and applied methods of influence when involving students in physical activity and stimulate the ability to actively respond to the educational influences available in it.

The shift in strontium (Sr) concentrations in fish otoliths is a commonly used proxy for identification of marine environment entry during diadromous migrations. However, there is still controversy about the appearance of the Sr-based sea entry mark relative to the true point of entry. In this study, the Sr signal lag was assessed in otoliths of juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) under experimental conditions replicating the transition to seawater during juveniles’ seaward migration. A Sr signal delay was observed to average at 8.2 (SD = 5.1) days for fish with a body length of 140–170 mm (and a weight of 30–70 g). This lag may be species-specific and should be taken into consideration when estimating marine entry timing and marine residence duration of juvenile salmon.

The strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) profiles in otoliths of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka from British Columbia are measured using a Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) system and analyzed. The highest possible measurement resolution (near-daily) was used to assess variability and repeatability of the breakpoint (marine entry) estimates inferred from Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca ratios. Such resolution for the otolith chemical composition (to an accuracy of 2 μm) was reached using the rotating slit, which width was close to the daily circulus width of the otoliths. So, daily or 2-day changes in the elemental composition were recorded during the period of transition to the marine environment. Sr profiles were generally similar among the fish, starting with low values of Sr:Ca in the fresh water and increasing sharply after the marine entry. The Ba:Ca signal was more complex, showing in most cases a dramatic increase immediately before the breakpoint. Besides, multiple peaks in the Ba profiles were recorded prior to the marine transition with a significant difference of their number between fish from different populations. A breakpoint was detectable in the Ba profiles 3–11 µm prior to its appearance in the Sr profiles. The complexity of Ba profiles may cause erroneous estimates of the marine entry date; thus, the Sr signal is a more reliable marker of marine transition for juvenile sockeye.

The issues of the legal status of self-employed citizens are of interest not only from a legal point of view. Citizens who decide to use this tax regime are faced with many questions. In this regard, it is of interest to systematically analyze the legal status of self-employed citizens, taking into account the historical experience of our country. At different stages of the historical development of our state, this legal problem was solved in different ways by means of various regulatory legal acts. Of particular interest is the current interaction of self-employed citizens and individual entrepreneurs who carry out their activities in the manner prescribed by law. The analysis carried out will make it possible to determine the main directions of improving the legal status of self-employed citizens, to eliminate the ambiguities of certain provisions of tax legislation.

Modern legal relations in the field of regulation of alimony obligations have become relevant. These legal relations arise on the basis of certain legal facts. This article discusses the issues of alimony obligations in the Russian Federation and a number of foreign countries. There is a certain need to analyze the family legislation of States where there is a positive experience in the regulation of alimony obligations that meets the requirements of the parties to these legal relations. Examining the international aspects of this institution, it can be noted that the mechanism for collecting alimony is similar to that used in Russia. Nevertheless, states have differences in the amount of alimony obligations established, the procedure for paying alimony, the availability of the ability of individuals to independently and mutually resolve this issue, and the age at which the child is provided with material support differs. However, there is no doubt that the family is the most important social institution of any state and different countries use different approaches to maintain it, which try to maintain a balance between the interests of the child and the interests of the parent. In particular, for such support, the institution of alimony obligations has been created and is being developed, which provides property guarantees to those in need.

Background. The Eurasian Pygmy-owl Glaucidium passerinum (Linnaeus, 1758) is a rare and poorly studied species in Ukraine. It is listed in the Red Data book of Ukraine [2]. Its breeding locations can be found in the Carpathians, Roztochia and Polissia. There are insufficient data the on distribution and current state of abundance of Eurasian Pygmy-owl as well as breeding biology of the species on the territory of Polissia. Materials and Methods. The published data, internet sources, and unpublished materials of colleagues were used in addition to our own observations. Special studies were conducted on permanent study sites in Polissia Nature Reserve (Olevsk and Ovruch districts, Zhytomyr region) and Desniansko-Starohutskyi National Nature Park (Seredyno-Buda district, Sumy region). Small expeditions were organized to other locations within Polissia. Studies of this species were conducted in conjunction with the study of other owl species. They included surveys, behavioral observations, and eco­logy studies. During the surveys, the registrations on the routes of natural voca­lization of adult owls were made at twilight and at night; in cases when natural vocali­za­tion was absent, the recordings of mating calls of males and females were played [1]. The maximum distance of species registration by calling (500 m) was used for breeding density estimation. Results. During the breeding period, the Eurasian Pygmy-owl was found in all regions of Polissia. The southern boundary of that area lies near the villages Perebrody, Dubrovytsia district [12] – Karasyn, Sarny district [12] – Kochychyne, Yemilchyn district – Lypnyky, Luhyny district – Velyki Klishchi, Narodychi district – Stavrovka, Ivankiv district. The second site of regular breeding is the territory of Desniansko-Starohutskyi National Nature Park, where the species has been detected since 1996 [13]. For the first time, on the territory of Polissia, two nests in Zhytomyr and Sumy regions were found. For the first time in Ukraine, the clutch was measured. Behavioral observations of owls in breeding sites were conducted. Food remains were collected and identified. Conclusions. The Eurasian Pygmy-owl is a breeding species in Ukrainian Polissia. The average breeding density in Polissia is 5.8 pairs/100 sq. km. The permanent bree­ding range was identified; it covers the northeastern part of Rivne region, the northern part of Zhytomyr and Kyiv regions, the northeastern part of Chernihiv region and the northern part of Sumy region, on the area of 18.1 thousand sq. km. The estimated bree­ding population of this species is 330 pairs. During the mating season, there are two peaks of natural 24-hour vocalization activity: in the evening and morning twilight. In the evening, males often begin to call 30 min after sunset, in the morning – 30 min before sunrise. In the autumn-winter period, birds either stay within their breeding areas or migrate, flying outside the breeding habitats. The increase in the number of registrations is due to special surveys taking into account the narrow interval of 24-hour natural vocalization acti­vity in the twilight period and the use of phonogram reproduction techniques. Keywords: Eurasian Pygmy-owl, breeding, abundance, behavior, Polissia, Ukraine

Emphasis is placed on the social conditionality of criminal liability for the manufacture, storage, transportation or sale of counterfeit money or securities. Attention is drawn to the features of the signs of elements (objective and subjective sides) of the corpus delicti, which form the act we are analyzing under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and a number of foreign Criminal Code in countries belonging to the Romano-Germanic (Germany, Denmark and Switzerland) and post-socialist legal families (Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Belarus, Turkmenistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Republic of Latvia). The goal is to analyze the general and distinctive features that characterize the act in question through the prism of comparative legal research. The study concluded that there are differences in the technical and legal design of norms. Special attention is paid to the fact that in the current Russian criminal law, unlike the laws of some foreign countries, there are no such signs of the objective side of a crime as sending counterfeit money; import of counterfeit money from abroad; purchase of clichés, specialized paper, etc. for the production of items of corpus delicti. It is concluded that, according to judicial practice, these actions are qualified under Art. 186 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, but at the same time, the domestic legislator needs to analyze the feasibility of reflecting in it such alternative qualifying signs of the objective side of this crime as: importing from abroad and sending counterfeit money or securities.

The brief description of voting for new SI units’ definition at the 26-th General Conference on Weights and Measures meeting is given. Comments and illustrations on redefinitions are given. New challenges and tasks for national metrology system of Ukraine in status of Member State are described.

A Great Grey Owl population on the territory of Polisskiy Nature Reserve (Olevsk and Ovruch District, Zhytomyr Region, Ukraine) was investigated in 2006–2008, 2013–2016. The main breeding locations were mesotrophic mires, where the lack of Birds of Prey nests made owls to breed on artificial constructions. Reproductive indexes of mean clutch size were similar to such indexes achieved in 1985–1996, and indexes of mean number of fledglings on active nest and breeding success decreased reliably.

The methods of processing the measurement results of several homogeneous transfer standards existing in the form of single-valued or multi-valued measures/sensors or devices performed at many points on several stationary standards, which participate in key, regional or additional comparisons, are proposed in the article. The number of measurements far exceeds the number of unknown parameters of the standards, which are determined by the results of comparisons, that’s why the method of least squares was chosen as the mathematical apparatus for data processing.

The vision of the basis of the policy in the field of metrological activity, envisaged in the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On metrology and metrological activity», other legislative and regulatory acts regarding the assessment of conformity of measuring instruments, in view of the approach to such activities in the countries of the European Union is considered.

Since of the Law of Ukraine «On metrology and metrological activity» [1] was adapted, many requests from workers of the metrological services of enterprises and organizations concern the calibration of measuring instruments, which was traditionally carried out by metrological services. This article is devoted to the consideration of changes concerning calibration in accordance with the requirements of the Law [1], the importance of the calibration of measuring instruments and standards for obtaining traceable and comparable measurement results, their international recognition. The elements of metrological traceability are described. The article has an applied character and may be of interest to a wide range of metrologists of the national metrological service.

The article discusses the policy vision in the metrology field laid down in the provision of Law of Ukraine «On metrology and metrological activity» and regulations, concerning the general principles, use of measurement standards, verification of measuring instruments, calibration, ensure traceability of measurement results and calibrations, distribution and certain content metrological activity in law regulated and voluntary sectors.

As for the development of a national normative document on metrological terminology

Harmonic signal of a given frequency and amplitude is required for ultrasonic instrument operation.At a power output of 200 W there is a need to refine the scheme because of negative effects which could be neglected at lower power.This article shows an introduction of changes to the transformer switching circuit generating high power ultrasonic signal.