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Background. In the Russian Federation, correctional and compulsory labor are the most common types of criminal penalties that are not associated with the isolation of convicted persons from society. According to official statistics, over the past five years, almost a quarter of the total number of convicts have been sentenced by courts to these types of punishments. However, law enforcement officers often face organizational and legal difficulties that complicate their activities in carrying out correctional and compulsory labor. As a result, the study of issues of execution of these types of criminal penalties seems relevant both in theoretical and applied aspects. The purpose of the work is to identify the most common problems in the execution of correctional and compulsory labor and to propose effective ways to resolve them. Materials and methods. The article used scientific works on the analyzed issues, materials from judicial practice, official statistics, as well as the results of the author’s research. The methodological basis was the universal dialectical method of cognition. Also, when preparing the article, the following methods were implemented: logical, formal legal, sociological, statistical, expert assessments. Results. In the course of the study, recommendations were proposed aimed at increasing the efficiency of the activities of penal inspections in the execution of correctional and compulsory labor. Conclusion. It is concluded that the main difficulties in the execution of the considered types of punishments lie in the difficulty of finding employment for convicts sentenced to correctional labor and insufficient control over the performance of compulsory labor by convicts. In order to resolve them, it is recommended to make changes and additions to the relevant regulatory legal acts.

Background. Knowledge about the peculiarities of person’s criminal behaviour makes it possible to improve activities aimed at keeping an individual from committing criminal offenses. The mechanism of any intentional crime includes several interrelated and interdependent stages, one of which is decision-making and planning of illegal behavior. This stage has not been sufficiently studied by representatives of criminal law sciences and law enforcement agencies. As a result, research, analysis and scientific understanding of the features of this link in the mechanism of individual criminal behavior seem relevant and practically significant for improving the criminal legal and criminological policy of the state in the field of combating crime. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the need for subjects of prevention to study and evaluate the role of decision-making and planning in the person’s criminal behaviour in order to increase the effectiveness of measures aimed at pre-venting crimes. Materials and methods. The article used scientific works on the problem under study, materials from judicial practice, as well as the results of the author’s research. The methodological basis was the universal dialectical method of cognition. Also, when preparing the article, the following methods were implemented: logical, formal legal, socio-logical, expert assessments. Results. In the course of the study, recommendations were pro-posed aimed at improving the practice of combating crime. Conclusion. It is concluded that making a decision to commit a crime and its planning is an independent link in the mecha-nism of intentional person’s criminal behavior, its comprehensive research and analysis contribute to increasing the effectiveness of criminological and criminal law crime preven-tion.

Background. In recent years, Russian crime has been characterized by a steady modification of its quantitative and qualitative indicators. New forms of criminal activity are emerging, the ways of committing crimes are changing, new qualities and signs appear in the personality structure of a modern criminal. All this predetermines the study of the processes of determination of modern crime and the determination of the features of its social orientation in order to develop the most effective means and methods of countering socially dangerous acts. The above highlights the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to identify the main trends in the development of modern crime in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The article used official statistical data on registered crime and scientific papers on the problem under study. The methodological basis was the universal dialectical method of cognition. Also, during the preparation of the article, the following methods were implemented: logical, formal legal, statistical, expert assessments. Results. In the course of the study, the vector of the social orientation of modern crime was determined. Conclusion. It is concluded that crimes against public safety and public order, state power, as well as fraudulent acts and encroachments committed using information and telecommunication technologies have prevailed in the structure of crime in recent years.

Background. Crimes committed by persons suffering from mental disorders that do not exclude sanity differ significantly from other socially dangerous acts in their subjective characteristics. It is not uncommon for persons with mental illness to commit rather cruel and dangerous assaults. At the same time, some authors propose to recognize the state of mental disorder as a circumstance mitigating punishment, which does not always seem justified. An analysis of scientific sources on the issues under consideration indicates the absence of a consensus regarding the court taking into account the mental state of the de-fendant when sentencing and applying coercive medical measures to him, which emphasi-zes the relevance of this article. The purpose of the work is to develop recommendations that allow the most optimal use of the means of criminal law in relation to persons with mental disorders who have committed criminal offenses. Materials and methods. The artic-le used normative legal acts and scientific works on the problem under study. The methodo-logical basis was the universal dialectical method of cognition. Also, when preparing the article, the following methods were implemented: logical, formal-legal, deduction and in-duction, expert assessments. Results. Various points of view of scientists regarding the prosecution of persons suffering from mental disorders and the imposition of punishment against them are considered. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, proposals were made to change the domestic criminal legislation and recommendations were developed on the use of coercive measures of a medical nature, combined with sentencing.

Background. The commission of crimes related to the deliberate infliction of moderate harm to health in modern Russia is a fairly widespread socially dangerous phe-nomenon. In turn, the legal norms regulating criminal liability for such acts act as a means of preventing other grave and especially grave crimes against the individual. However, an analysis of the scientific literature shows that very little attention is paid to the problems of identifying and organizing the investigation of intentional infliction of moderate harm to health, which confirms the relevance of the content of this article. The purpose of the work is to propose the most effective directions for the investigators of the internal affairs bodies to identify and investigate the crimes in question. Materials and methods. The article used normative legal acts and scientific works on the problem under study, official statistical information on crimes associated with the deliberate infliction of moderate harm to health, materials of judicial practice. The methodological basis was the universal dialectical me-thod of cognition. Also, during the preparation of the article, the following methods were implemented: logical, formal-legal, statistical, the study of judicial practice. Results. The ana-lysis of the official statistical indicators on the crimes under consideration is carried out, the features of the identification and organization of acts associated with the deliberate inflic-tion of moderate harm to health are studied. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, proposals were made aimed at increasing the efficiency of the investigation units of the internal affairs bodies in the area under consideration.

One way of preserving grain from harvest to emergence is to prepare the seed for sowing. It is known as seed dressing. Single-disc chamber seed dressers are the most widely used, but at maximum flow rates the quality of the treatment is significantly reduced. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to develop a treatment chamber distributor to improve the quality of seed dressing in cereal crops. To solve this problem, it was necessary to develop a double-disc distributing device which is capable to improve the quality of treatment, to carry out a theoretical justification of its application, as well as to give a preliminary evaluation of the device use under laboratory conditions. For this reason, a double-disc distributing device has been developed. It is capable of redistributing the seed flow between the lower solid disc and the upper annular disc when changing the flow rate. Classical mechanics and mathematics were the basis of theoretical research. As a result, we have determined the forces exerting on the seed, the differential equations of motion of a constrained material particle and the motion of the seed on rotating discs in analytical form of a two-disc distributing device consisting of upper annular and lower solid discs with polymer spreaders, and the critical speed of the drive shaft 13,5 s-1, which determines the moment of the seed sliding on discs. The actual angular velocity (56.5 s-1) was found to be 4.2 times greater than the critical velocity of 13.5 s-1, which is sufficient to produce a uniform flow of seeds with discs directed towards the deflectors. The evaluation of the application of the developed device under laboratory conditions provides a maximum seed supply of 5.84 kg/s, a non-uniformity of 3.1 %, and a seed crushing of 0.04% by the dresser. This has a positive effect on the seed dressing quality.

The main objective of the country's agriculture and dairy production, in particular, is to further increase the production of dairy products necessary for the population, based on reducing its cost, and to create generally available solutions for mechanizing the processing of dairy products with minimized labor costs. In the state programme for the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation for 2013-2020, one of the priority areas is the development of small forms of farming – peasant (farm) enterprises and personal subsidiary farms (PSF). There are already more than 340,000 peasant (farm) enterprises (P(F)E) in our country. In 2016, P(F)E and PSF produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a percentage of 69%, they account for more than 1.1 million head of cows. In our country, more than 340 thousand peasant (farm) farms are already functioning, and according to the situation in 2016, P(F)E and private household plots produced about 1.5 million tons of milk, with a marketability percentage of 69%. They account for more than 1.1 million cows. With the introduction of economic and social measures in August 2014, which made it possible to free up to 20% of the Russian dairy market from imported products, domestic producers of cheeses and butter began to fill the gap.

The main task of dairy cattle breeding is to further increase the rate of milk production based on an increase in the milk yield of cows. The most important reserve for the growth of milk productivity is the use of milking equipment that best meets the physiology of animals, as well as its correct selec-tion and operation. An analysis of the designs of existing milking machines showed that one of the main disadvantages is their extremely severe effect on the teat receptors and, accordingly, inhibition of the milk flow reflex, which leads to a decrease in one-time milk yield and intensity of milking of a cow, thereby reducing milk yield. One of the points of the State Program of the Russian Federation “Development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020” is the technical and technological modernization of the agro-industrial complex, without which, it is impossible to fully ensure import substitution with competitive products and in-crease the economic security of the country. Therefore, the development of a milking machine with stepped teat tubes, which contributes to an increase in the intensity of milking, is relevant and has an important national economic signifi-cance.

The use of seed dressers improves their field germination, reduces smut diseases and root rot. The experience of the use of dressing agents in grain-sowing farms showed that the self-propelled seed dressers PS-20AM01, Mobitox Super, PSK-15 are most widely used in the Russian Federation. The disadvantages of these machines are expressed in the impossibility of conducting high-quality dressing on sites with an inclination angle of more than 7 degrees and when the machine is operating at a capacity in the range from 60 to 100% of the base. In addition, the increased moisture content of the seeds after dressing (according to the agrotechnical requirements of perfectly rigid body (PRB) – no more than 1%) and the crushing of seeds somewhat reduce the effectiveness of using chamber dressers. The aim of the research was to improve the quality of seed dressing through the use of a two-disk distributing and a two-level reflecting devices. We conducted comparative studies of the Mobitox Super seed dresser, equipped with a two-disk distributor and a two-level seed reflector, with the basic version of Mobitox Super. The studies were carried out in the OOO "Russkoye Polye" of Serdobsky district of the Penza region on the treatment of winter wheat Biryuza seeds with a combined insectofungic seed dresser Select Max with a consumption rate of 1.7 l/t. It was established that in the range from 30 to 150 mm of opening the spade-type dispenser flap of the developed chamber self-propelled seed dresser, the quality of seed dressing significantly increased and its productivity increased to 2.1 t/h in comparison with the commercially available Mobitox Super.

The materials of the article are devoted to an urgent problem – improving the technological process of butter churning and developing the design of the butter churn. The article notes that in the presence of a significant number of personal subsidiary farms and small farms with small volumes of butter production, there is a need for periodic butter churns. According to the analysis of existing designs and theoretical studies, it was found that in order to reduce the loss of butter due to its sticking to the churning mechanism and to reduce the churning energy intensity, it is necessary that the churning mechanism be made in the form of a membrane, which is also the bottom of the tank, which makes periodic oscillatory movements through a crank-and-rod mechanism. An optimization criterion is defined. It is the energy-intensity of butter churning. And the degree of use of milk fat is a limit to this target function. An adequate mathematical relation has been defined in a coded form of the energy intensity of butter churning in a butter churn with a flexible vibratory drive. At the same time, the energy intensity of butter churning by a butter churn with a flexible vibratory drive was Ec = 3.84 × (W × h / kg) at performance Qm = 11.5 kg/h and drive power Ndr = 43.2 W, and the degree of use of milk fat S=99.6 %, which corresponds to the 0.4% fat loss in buttermilk and does not exceed the requirements of GOST.

Background. The solution of the tasks facing the employees of the internal affairs bodies carrying out the preliminary investigation of criminal cases depends on the correct organization of their activities. Despite the fact that the work of investigative units is constantly being improved, investigators often face various problems in their work. This is largely due to their departmental affiliation, which significantly reduces the procedural independence in the investigation of crimes. The purpose of the work is to propose the most effective directions for organizing a preliminary investigation in the internal affairs bodies. Materials and methods. The article used scientific works on the problem under study, as well as regulatory legal acts and official statistical information. The methodological basis was the universal dialectical method of cognition. In addition, methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, statistical analysis and expert judgment were implemented. Results. In the course of the study, shortcomings in the organization of the preliminary investigation in the internal affairs bodies were revealed, which significantly reduce the effectiveness of the investigation of crimes. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, recommendations are proposed for improving organizational work in the investigative units of the internal affairs bodies.

This paper compares three methods for calculation of initial composition variation with depth in hydrocarbon reservoirs: considering thermal diffusion, considering temperature gradient without thermal diffusion effects; and by gravity forces only. Newton method-based numerical algorithm was implemented for solution of thermodynamic equations to evaluate pressure and hydrocarbon composition. Test calculations are performed for main gas-condensate reservoir of Vuktylskoye field with a gas column of 1350 m. The results obtained with the numerical algorithm indicate that gravity segregation impact is the strongest for all the cases considered. Concentration decreases with depth for low molecular weight components and increases for high molecular weight components. The higher molecular weight of the component, the stronger variation of its concentration with depth. Initial reservoir pressure also changes accordingly. However, thermal diffusion also has a significant influence on variation of hydrocarbon composition with depth and initial reservoir pressure. For the test case considered, thermal diffusion magnifies the impact of gravity and results in strongly nonlinear dependencies of component concentrations on depth. When thermal gradient is taken into account without thermal diffusion effects, the results are only slightly different from those with the isothermal gravity segregation calculations. None of the calculation methods were successful in matching estimates of initial composition variation with depth obtained from well exploitation data. Physical mechanisms governing variation of composition within the main reservoir of the Vuktylskoye field require additional investigation. Despite the long history of the reservoir development, this problem was previously studied based only on field development data.